1
Q
Atoms
A
Smallest unit of matter that retain the properties of a specific element
2
Q
What makes up an atom?
A
- central nucleus of protons and neutrons
- at least one outer electron shell
3
Q
What is a nucleus made up of?
A
Protons and neutrons
4
Q
Protons
A
Postive charge
5
Q
Neutrons
A
Neutral charge
6
Q
What defines its element
A
atomic number
7
Q
atomic number
A
the number of protons
8
Q
what can vary in an atom
A
the number of neutrons
9
Q
Isotopes
A
same number of protons but different number of neutrons
10
Q
How do you calculate atomic mass?
A
add the number of protons and neutrons
11
Q
Radioisotopes
A
unstable atom
12
Q
where are electrons found
A
in the cloud energy shells outside the nucleus
13
Q
Why do we ignore the weight of electrons
A
they are so tiny
14
Q
What happens during chemical bonding
A
Electrons come and go during chemical reactions as there are exchanged between atoms
15
Q
ions
A
atoms that have unequal numbers of electrons and protons
16
Q
anion
A
ion with a negative charge ( has more electrons then protons)
17
Q
Cation
A
ion with a positive charge (has more protons then electrons)
18
Q
What is an example of electrolytes
A
NaCl (salt)
19
Q
What can you all find on the periodic table
A
Name and symbol of each element as well as atomic number and atomic weight
20
Q
What is found in electron clouds orbiting the nucleus
A
atoms and electrons
21
Q
level 1 electron cloud
A
closest to the nucleus and fits two electrons
22
Q
how many electrons fit in a electron cloud (not including the first level)
A
8
23
Q
When are atoms stable?
A
when electron shells are stable
24
Q
When are atoms reactive?
A
when electron shells are incomplete
25
Ionic bonds
chemical bonds where electrons are transferred between atoms
26
what is an example of an ionic bond
sodium chloride
27
Covalent bonds
atoms that sharing electrons
28
polar covalent bond
Covalent bond where the electron sharing time is unequal
29
Hydrogen bonds
involves an attraction between the hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond to the negative region of another molecule
30
Why is hydrogen bonds not a true cheical bond?
Does not involve exchange or sharing of electrons
31
nonpolar covalent bonds
molecules that equally shared electrons
32
What is the strongest chemical bond
ionic bond
33
what is the second strongest bond
covalent
34
Molecule
may be two or more of the SAME atom
35
What is an example of a molecule
O2
36
compound
must be two or more DIFFERENT atoms
37
what is an example of a compound
CO2
38
Organic molecules
have a backbone of carbon and hydrogen atoms
39
Inorganic
a molecule that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen
40
polymer
chain of smaller molecules liked liked box cars on a train
41
monomer
individual molecule liked to form polymers ( one car on a train)
42
dehydration synthesis
a water is released from the reactant molecules when linking polymers
43
Hydrolysis
-a water molecule is broken apart during these reactions and the atoms are provided to the products
-breaks a monomer from a polymer
44
Carbohydrates
-made up of carbon and water
- has equal numbers of carbon and oxygen atoms
45
Monosaccharides
-simple sugar carbohydrates
- have between 3-7 carbon atoms
46
Most common monosaccharide
glucose
47
Disaccharides
formed by two monosaccharides bonded together
48
How are disaccharides formed
dehydration synthesis
49
how are disaccharides broken apart
hydrolysis
50
Polyssaccharides
Chains of monosaccharides
51
Lipids
molecules with an atom ratio around 1:2 C:H and contain very little oxygen
52
Triglycerides
lipids used to form structural fats, and for energy storage in adipose tissue
53
How are triglycerides formed
three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule
54
how are phospholipids formed
formed from triglycerides where one of the fatty acid chains is replaced by a phosphate group
55
Steroids
lipids built on a four ring base
56
Proteins
are organic molecules built from amino acids
57
Peptide bond link what together
amino acids
58
Organic molecules DNA and RNA
Nucleic acids
59
What makes up a primary structure of a protein
Amino acids liked by peptide bonds that joins one molecule to carboxylic acid group to another
60
What makes up a secondary structure of a protein
Alpha helix and beta sheets
61
What makes up a tertiary structure of a protein
Connecting sequences between secondary structures
62
What makes up a quaternary structure of a protein
multiple chains
63
Enzymes
proteins that help to guide chemical reactions
64
Can an enzymes be used over and over
yes
65
How do enzymes reduce the activation energy for a chemical reaction
by bring substrates of a chemical reaction together
66
Can an enzyme be used for different reactions
no, only for a particular reaction
67
What is the cellular job of kinases enzyme
to catalyze high energy phosphate groups from ATP to another molecule
68
Phosphorylation
the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule
69
dephosphorylation
removes phosphate from molecules
70
Hydrolases
-catalyze hydrolysis breaking of chemical bonds using water
71
what is an example of hydrolases
when a polysaccharide is broken down into simple sugars
72
Isomerases
catalyze shape changes within a molecule, such as moving a phosphate group from one carbon to another
73
cofactors
used to help stabilize the molecules in a reaction
74
ATP
universal energy currency in cells
75
what nucleotide is ATP built on
adenine
76
what does an ATP molecule contain
adenine nitrogen base, ribose sugar, and three high energy phosphate groups
77
Why are three phosphate groups in ATP high energy
they all carry a negative charge that repels each other
78
ADP
a molecule that only has two phosphate groups left
79
how much water is in a adult's body
2/3
80
what percent of a an adult males body is water
60%
81
what percent of a an adult female body is water
55%
82
what percent of a an childs body is water
65%
83
How much water is in an infant
75%
84
What are the functions of water in the body
-bathes tissues as interstitial fluid
- lubricates the lungs
- keeps substances moving though the intestines
85
What is the most important solvent in the body
water
86
emulsifiers
substances that do not dissolve readily in water
87
Colloids
large proteins may clump in water to make it opaque
88
suspension
particles that settle at the bottom
89
Electrolytes
-Charged ions that will conduct an electrical charge when dissolved in water
-a molecule that separates in to ions in water
90
hydrogen ion
H+
91
hydroxide ion
OH-
92
the more hydrogen ions in a solution
the more acidic
93
acid ph
0-6
94
the more hydroxide ions in a solution
more basic or alkaline
95
basic ph
8-14
96
what is bloods ph
7.40`
97
Acidosis
if blood falls below a ph of 7.35
98
how can acidosis occurs
if breathing is slowed or blocked and carbon dioxide buildup
99
alkalosis
is blood ph is about 7.45
100
how does alkalosis occurs
hyperventilation and an increase of loss of carbon dioxide
101
Buffers
molecules in blood that help prevent rapid shifts in hydrogen ion levels that stabilizes ph
102
most common buffers
proteins molecules
103
Cell
basic unit of life
104
What does the plasma membrane form
forms a barrier between the cell and the extracellular fluid
105
nucleus
host cell DNA, in eukaryotic cells that are not bacteria
106
fluid inside cells
intracellular fluid
107
what is found in the cytoplasm
organelles, fluid, proteins, and other molecules
108
what is the fluid portion of the cell
cytosol
109
cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers that supports the cytoplasm and cell membrane
110
Microtubules
long hallow tube proteins that are resistance to compression
111
what is the function of microtubules
-structure
-provides a path to guide organelle placement and movement
-guide movement of chromosomes during cell division
-form framework of cilia and flagella used to move the cell
112
Microfilaments
thin threads commonly made of the protein actin
113
actin and myosin
a contractile proteins
114
how do microfilaments provide cell movement
the contract and relax
115
What do intermediate filaments do
protect the cell from extreme shape changes and link cells together at junctions
116
What are intermediate filaments built from
Keratin, a strong protein
117
How is the Plasma membrane formed
formed from a double layer of phospholipid molecules and interspersed proteins
118
phospholipid bilayer
double layer that contains hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head
119
what charge do the phosphate heads carry
postive charge
120
phospholipid fatty acid tails have a what type of charge
negative non polar charge
121
Hydrophilic
water liking
122
hydrophobic
water fearing
123
intergral proteins
form channels though the membrane to allow charged particles to pass
124
peripheral proteins are located where
lay against one edge of the membrane
125
cholesterol
in the cell membrane that provides some rigidity to the structure
126
how are Glycoproteins formed
by sugars bind to proteins on the membrane
127
Cell membrane
separates the interior cytoplasm, the intracellular fluid, from the exterior, the extracellular fluid
128
what is another name for the cell membrane
plasma membrane
129
intracellular fluid functions
regulates internal cell functions
130
what forms the cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer
131
concentration gradient
movement of a substance across a cell membrane
132
substance prefer to move from ___ concentration to ____ concentration
high, low
133
Simple diffusion
the movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration
134
what powers diffusion
random molecular movement, no cellular energy required
135
osmosis
diffusion of water`
136
aquaporin protein channels
allows water to move easily across the cell membrane from high to low concentration
137
hypotonic solution
a solution that has a higher water concentration outside the cell than inside
138
lysis
when the cell takes in too much water that the membrane ruptures
139
hypertonic solution
a solution that has a higher water concentration inside the cell the outside
140
crenation
when a cell loses so much water that is shrivels
141
Isotonic
a solution that has equal water concentrations
142
protein channels
allows charged ions to pass
143
still diffusion
ions are moving from high to low concentration
144
facilitated diffusion
a way substances move into or out of a cell by traveling through special proteins in the cell membrane
145
Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are a _____ processes
passive
146
What generates the resting membrane potential
the difference in charge across the membrane
147
what are the main ions used in electrical signaling
sodium and potassium
148
sodium-potassium ATPase
pushes sodium out of the cell if it leaks in and pushes potassium into the cell if it leaks out to maintain a gradient
149
What type of transport is used to move substances against their concentration gradient from a low to a high concentration
active transport
150
cytosis
action of a cell
151
when do molecules pass through by cytosis
when molecules are too large to pass through a membrane
152
when does exocytosis occurs
when a large molecule needs to exist the cell
153
when does endocytosis occurs
when a large cell needs to enter a cell
154
phagocytosis
occurs to destroy the contents that enter the a cell
155
Endomembrane System
formed by a network of membranes that lie close to one another and the outer membrane of the nucleus
156
mRNA
copies DNA in the nucleus
157
ribosomes
where the genetic message arrives for translation
158
rough endoplasmic reticulum
where ribosomes are located
159
Golgi apparatus
looks like a stack of pancakes where proteins travels though
160
vesicles
transports proteins to the cell membrane where they leave the cell by exocytosis
161
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
responsible for the manufacture of lipids, such and steroids
162
peroxisomes
produce hydrogen peroxide to help cells detoxify and neutralize free radicals and reactive oxygen species
163
Lysosomes
contain digestive enzymes to recycle worn out cells components
164
what initiates apoptosis (cell death)
lysosomes
165
mito hondria
where energy is extracted from the chemical bonds of other molecules in organelles
166
Aerobic respiration
the use of oxygen to fully extract the stored energy from food molecules
167
what is the most common food particle from which chemical bond energy is extracted
Glucose
168
during aerobic respiration what enters the system and what is released
-glucose and oxygen enter
-water, carbon dioxide, and energy , as ATP is released
169
Glycolysis
- a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvate
-2 hydrogen atoms are released to hydrogen carriers and two net molecules of ATP are formed
170
where does glycolysis occur
the cytoplasm
171
Citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle
takes aceyl-CoA molecule and places it onto a molecular pathway where it is progressively dismantled to form carbon dioxide, hydrogen atoms, and ATP energy
172
where does the citric acid cycle occur
mitochondria
173
where does the electron transport chain occur
Mitochondria
174
Gene
codes from a particular protein
175
codons
-broken down gene
-made up of three nucleotides
176
how is a protein manufactured
1. DNA is transcribed into a temporary RNA code
2. RNA code is then translated one codon at a time to build the amino acid sequence of a protein
177
where is the DNA genetic information stored
in the nucleus
178
What is DNA and RNA made of
linked nucleotide molecules
179
in dna A binds with___ and G binds with____
t, c
180
in RNA u takes place for___
t
181
Transcription
The cell makes a copy of a gene from DNA into mRNA, like writing down instructions
182
DNA polymerase
the main enzyme that copies DNA to DNA
183
RNA polymerase
the main enzyme that copies DNA to RNA
184
Polymer
any long molecule built from simpler molecular parts
185
tRNA
mRNA is read and interpreted by molecules
186
Where is t RNA located
ribosomes
187
Translation
tRNA interprets a sequence of codons and matches it to one specific amino acid
188
most DNA is wrapped around...
histone proteins to form chromatin
189
Cell cycle
G1, S,G2, M
190
G1
Growth period where they gather the materials and size needed to divide
191
Checkpoints
serve to control the rate of cell growth and cells may be held until needed
192
what type of cells ignore checkpoints
Cancer cells
193
S stage
DNA replication occurs and chromatin is duplicated and an exact copy is made
194
G2
-the cells are manufacturing extensive protein networks to support cell division
-replicating the organelles that will be divided between the offspring cells
195
M (mitosis)
-active cell division
-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
196
what stages make up interphase
G1, s, G2
197
what stage of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their lives in
interphase
198
Prophase
- chromosomes condense and become visible
-chromosomes prepare for division
-spindle from
199
Mitotic spindle
an array of proteins that organize and direct cell division
200
Metaphase
-chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell
-spindle fibers attach to centromeres
201
Anaphase
-spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart
-chromosomes are split to opposite poles
202
Telophase
Cytokinesis occurs resulting in the formation of 2 cells from the one original cell
203
G0
where cells are functional in their day-to-day activities, but not prepared to divide
