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College of the Mainland Class Notes > A&P 1 L 2 > Flashcards

A&P 1 L 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Joining many simple sugar molecules to form larger molecules of glycogen is an example of

A

Anabolic Metabolism

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1
Q

Production of enzymes is controlled by genetic information held within molecules of

A

DNA

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2
Q

The splitting of a molecule into smaller portions by the addition of a water molecule is called

A

Hydrolysis

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3
Q

All metabolic reactions are controlled by mechanisms involving the presence of

A

Enzymes

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4
Q

Each enzyme sets only on a particular kind of substance. This substance is known as a

A

Substrate

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5
Q

What is the “active site” of an enzyme?

A

The particular region of the enzyme that temporarily combines with portions of the substrate

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6
Q

Enzymes promote specific chemical reactions within cells by lowering the __________ ___________ needed to start these reactions

A

Activation energy

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7
Q

An amylase breaks down

A

Carbohydrates

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8
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A small organic molecule that is needed to complete the proper shape of the active site of an enzyme molecule

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9
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

B’s & C’s

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10
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A,E, D & K

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11
Q

Nearly all enzymes are denatured at what temperature?

A

55 degrees Celsius

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12
Q

The process of burning glucose molecules in body cells is called

A

Oxidation

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13
Q

What type or types of phosphate bonds (and #s of these bonds) are found in ADP?

A

1-low energy phosphate & 1-high energy phosphate bond

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14
Q

What is the primary energy-carrying molecule within a cell

A

ATP

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15
Q

Excess glucose is stored as what in the liver and skeletal muscles

A

Glycogen

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16
Q

In the ATP Cycle, ATP is converted into ______ to release useable energy for cell metabolic processes

A

ADP

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17
Q

How many essential amino acids are there

A

8

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18
Q

The rates of metabolic pathways are determined/controlled by __________ enzymes

A

Regulatory

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19
Q

The anaerobic portion of cellular respiration is called

A

Glycolysis

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20
Q

Hydrogen atoms are released during what phase or phases of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis & Kreb’s Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle

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21
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced during the aerobic phase of cellular respiration

A

36

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22
Q

The Kreb’s Cycle begins when ________ is converted to citric acid

A

Acetyl coA

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23
Q

_______ is the final hydrogen electron carrier in the ETC

A

Oxygen

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24
Q

What is the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

Cristae

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25
Q

_________ are the sub-units of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

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26
Q

In nucleic acid, complementary base pairs a held together by _______ bonds

A

Hydrogen

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27
Q

In a nucleotide, the organic base is always joined to the _______ by a _______ bond

A

5-carbon sugar; covalent

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28
Q

DNA contains what 4 organic bases

A

A, T, C & G

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29
Q

What is complementary base of uracil in RNA?

A

Adenine

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30
Q

During what phase of mitosis does DNA replication occur

A

Interphase

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31
Q

The process by which mRNA is formed from a DNA strand is called

A

Transcription

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32
Q

A set of 3 nucleotides in a tRNA molecule is called a/an

A

Anticodon

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33
Q

A set of 3 nucleotide in a mRNA molecule is called

A

A codon

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34
Q

Amino acids are joined together by ______ bond

A

Peptide

35
Q

DNA: GCG CAT AGC

What is the mRNA form from this strand of DNA

A

mRNA: CGC GUA UCG

36
Q

mRNA: UUA CGU ACC

Determine the tRNA complimentary anticodons

A

AAU GCA UGG

37
Q

Fluids of extra cellular compartments constitute approximately ______% by volume of the total body water

A

37%

38
Q

_______ fluids have high concentrations of sodium, chloride & bicarbonate ions

A

Extracellular

39
Q

What are the two primary ways that the movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is regulated?

A

Hydrostatic pressure & osmotic pressure

40
Q

Where is the thirst center located?

A

Hypothalamus

41
Q

Where is the anti diuretic hormone (ADH) produced?

A

Hypothalamus

42
Q

When the body’s output of water exceeds the body’s intake of water, a condition of

A

Dehydration

43
Q

What results from increased capillary permeability accompanying an inflammation reaction?

A

Edema

44
Q

The greatest lost of electrolytes occurs as the result of

A

Kidney function and urine formation

45
Q

What hormone causes an increase in sodium ion rebabs option in the kidneys and where is it produced?

A

Aldosterone; adrenal cortex

46
Q

Abnormal decreases in blood calcium is called

A

Hypocalcemia

47
Q

Renal and respiratory mechanisms are called

A

Physiological buffers

48
Q

What are the 2 major types of buffer systems in the human body?

A

Physiological & chemical

49
Q

Where is the respiratory center of the brain located?

A

Medulla oblongata

50
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense against shifts in pH?

A

Chemical buffer system

51
Q

__________ acidosis is caused by factors that produced an increase in CO2, accompanied by an increase in the concentration of carbonic acid

A

Respiratory

52
Q

All chemical reactions occurring in cells that results in the use or storage of energy

A

Metabolism

53
Q

A loss of H2O molecules

A

Dehydration synthesis

54
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolism

A

Anabolic & Catabolic

55
Q

Proteins —–> amino acids (larger to smaller)

A

Catabolic Metabolism

56
Q

Addition of molecules (adding to create something bigger release energy for cell usage)

A

Hydrolysis

57
Q

Lipases digests

A

Lipids

58
Q

Proteases digests

A

Proteins

59
Q

Enzymes deactivates at what temperature

A

45 degrees Celsius

60
Q

What are differences between DNA & RNA?

A

DNA: contains genetic info

  • replicate during interphase
  • double helix
  • 5-C sugar deoxyribose
  • A, T, C, G

RNA: takes info from DNA synthesize proteins

  • single stranded
  • 5-C sugar ribose
  • A, U, C, G
61
Q

What does semi conservation replication mean?

A

Conserve what you got & replicate to form more

62
Q

Mutation causing agents are called

A

Mutagens

63
Q

What are the 3 protein synthesis phases?

A
  1. Transcription -mRNA copying DNA
  2. Translation- DNA to protein
  3. Elongation phase
64
Q

What are the 2 systems for homeostasis?

A

Nervous & endocrine

65
Q

What are the 2 types of electrolytes?

A

Positive ion & negative ion

66
Q

What are the 3 major electrolytes in our body?

A

Na+
K+
Ca+

67
Q

What is produced by the parathyroid gland; produces Calcium; targets osteoclasts, nephrons & targets cells in the cell walls of small intestines?

A

Parathormone

68
Q

What is the 2nd line of defense?

A

Physiological buffers

69
Q

pH of the body

A

7.35-7.45

70
Q

What is it called when you breathe too much CO2?

A

Hyperventilation

71
Q

Water & electrolytes are

A

Interdependent

72
Q

Percentages of water weight in the body

A

63%

73
Q

Percentage of intracellular compartments

Water inside the cell

A

~63%

74
Q

Percentage of extra cellular compartments

Water outside cell

A

~37%

75
Q

Percentage of dehydration

A

1-2%

76
Q

When we are dehydrated what hormone is release and where does it take out water to reserve?

A

ADH; urine

77
Q

What disease can be completely fatal

Insufficient production of aldosterone

A

Addison’s disease

78
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical buffers?

A

Bicarbonate B.S sodium bicarbonate: carbonic acid
(Found intracellular/extracellular fluids) not always tho

Phosphate B.S phosphate compounds
(Base & acids responds)

Protein B.S. large protein molecules
(Grab H+ out of solution….) intracellular only

79
Q

What is the secondary Respiratoy center?

A

Pons

80
Q

Respiratory acidosis (fast breathing) known as:

A

Hyperventilation

81
Q

Releases too much OH-

A

Metabolic alkalosis

82
Q

Releases too many H+

A

Metabolic acidosis

83
Q

When you excrete more H+ ion in the urine it’s known as:

A

Acidic

84
Q

When you conserve H+

A

Basic

College of the Mainland Class Notes (19 decks)

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