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College of the Mainland Class Notes > A&P 2 L1 > Flashcards

A&P 2 L1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 3 largest parts of the large intestine?

A

Transverse colon, ascending colon & descending colon

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1
Q

Thru evolution, our different systems produces different functions

A

Compartmentalization

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2
Q

What are the accessory organs of digestion?

A

Salivary glands, gall bladder, Liver & pancreas

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3
Q

Name the parts of the alimentary canal

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine & large intestine

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4
Q

Name the layers of the canal wall from inner —-> outer

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer & serosa

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5
Q

What are the two types of digestion

A

Extracellular digestion & intracellular digestion

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6
Q

2 types of digestion: food digested before the cells could use them

A

Extracellular digestion

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7
Q

2 types of digestion: single cell organisms that digest food themselves

A

Intracellular digestion

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of extracellular digestion

A

Physical & chemical

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9
Q

2 types of extracellular digestion: chewing with teeth breaking them down & churning

A

Physical

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10
Q

2 types of extracellular digestion: digestive enzymes, HCL & bile

A

Chemical

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11
Q

Taking in food

A

Ingestion

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12
Q

Physical & chemical breakdown of food into a form that the body absorb and use

A

Digestion

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13
Q

Wave-like motion due to smooth muscle

A

Peristalsis

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14
Q

What system controls the digestive system

A

Autonomic system

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15
Q

An increase of peristalsis of the digestive system causes

A

Diaherra

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16
Q

A decrease in peristalsis of the digestive system causes

A

Constipation

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17
Q

Anchors the tongue

A

Frenulum

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18
Q

What is the roof of the mouth called

A

Hard & soft palate

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19
Q

Uvula is the part of

A

Soft palate

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20
Q

Spaces between the teeth & lips; teeth & cheeks

A

Vestibule

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21
Q

The chewing of food

A

Mastication

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22
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A

Cardiac, fundic, body & pyloric

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23
Q

What are the 2 sphincters in the stomach

A

Cardiac & pyloric

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24
Q

What are the 2 hormones by the duodenum

A

Intestinal somatostatin & cholecystokinin

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25
Q

Intestinal somatostatin produced by what cells

A

Parietal

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26
Q

A circular band of muscle acting as a valve

A

Sphincter

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27
Q

What stops the contraction of smooth muscle in the stomach

A

Cholecystokinin

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28
Q

What sphincter regulates chyme into the small intestine

A

Pyloric

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29
Q

What sphincter regulate passage of food thru the esophagus to the stomach

A

Cardiac

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30
Q

What controls the sphincters

A

Peristalsis

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31
Q

What is the entry point for the bolus

A

Cardiac region

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32
Q

What part of the stomach that temporary stores the food

A

Fundic region

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33
Q

When bolus passes the cardiac sphincter and in the stomach it’s called

A

Chyme

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34
Q

Where is the cardiac sphincter located

A

Between esophagus & stomach

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35
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter located

A

Between stomach & small intestine

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36
Q

What are the functions of the liver

A

Metabolic processes (carbs/proteins/lipids)

  • stores fat soluble vitamins A,E,D,K
  • stores glycogen, iron, blood
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37
Q

What does the bile store

A

Bile salts, electrolytes, bile pigments, & cholesterol

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38
Q

What 3 ducts produces the alkaline fluids

A

Hepatic duct

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39
Q

Where does the bile go after its stored in the gall bladder

A

Cystic duct

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40
Q

What is the junction of alkaline & bile dumps into the pyloric sphincter

A

Common bile duct

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41
Q

What emulsify fastest in the bile

A

Bile salts

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42
Q

Inflammation of the liver is called

A

Hepatitis

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43
Q

Which accessory organ produces bile

A

Liver

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44
Q

Where is the gag reflex center (causes vomiting)

A

Medulla oblongata

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45
Q

What are the main purposes of the stomach

A

Digestion

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46
Q

What substances are limited absorbed in the stomach

A

Medication
Electrolytes
Alcohol
Water

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47
Q

What are the little micro channels runs into walls of stomach

A

Gastric pits

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48
Q

What cause more surface area in the stomach to protect the linings

A

Rugae

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49
Q

What organ transport bolus through the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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50
Q

What is the normal pH level

A

2.5-3.0

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51
Q

What are the 4 accessory organs of digestion

A

Gall bladder, liver, pancreas, & salivary glands

52
Q

What hormone is produced by the duodenum

A

Secretin

53
Q

Secretin targets what organs

A

Liver & pancreas

54
Q

What cells in the pancreas produce the digestive enzymes

A

Acrinar cells

55
Q

What is the purpose of the alkaline fluid

A

Neutralizes the stomach acids

56
Q

What does the pancreas produce

A

Pancreatic juice

57
Q

What 2 accessory organ dump fluids in the duodenum

A

Common bile duct & pancreas

58
Q

Which accessory organs produce alkaline fluid

A

Pancreas & hepatic duct

59
Q

What does malabsorption mean

A

Not properly absorbing nutrients

60
Q

What are the 2 capillaries in the villi

A

Blood capillaries & lymphatic capillaries

61
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are also called

A

Lacteals

62
Q

Lipids cannot go into the_______; but goes into __________ & then transported where

A

Blood; lacteals; liver

63
Q
  • completion of digestion
  • absorbs nutrients
  • transport waste to large intestine
A

Small intestine

64
Q

Where is the Brunner’s glands located

A

Small intestine

65
Q

What does the Brunner’s glands produce

A

Alkaline mucus

66
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, & ileum

67
Q

What 3 systems that controls digestion

A

Endocrine, ANS & digestive

68
Q

The innermost mucosa function of the canal wall is & consists of what 2 tissues

A

Protection; ET/CT

69
Q

The submucosa of the canal wall consists of what

A

Nerves
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Loose CT

70
Q

The muscle layer of the canal wall consists of what

A

Smooth muscle

71
Q

What are the 3 smooth muscles of the muscle layer of the canal wall called

A

Longitudinal, lateral & circular

72
Q

What is the function of the serosa membrane of the canal wall

A

Keeps it moist with serous fluid

73
Q

Tooth decay also known as

A

Caries

74
Q

When you drill through the center of the enamel to kill the pulp cavity to get rid of blood vessels that procedure is called

A

Root canal

75
Q

The pulp cavity consists of what

A

Blood vessels

76
Q

Gum disease/disorder; gum inflammation are known as

A

Gingivitis

77
Q

What does itis mean

A

Inflammation

78
Q

How many sets of teeth do we go through a lifetime?

A

2

79
Q

Milk teeth/ baby teeth consists of how many teeth

A

20

80
Q

Permanent teeth consists of how many teeth

A

32

81
Q

What are the 2 sets of teeth called

A

Primary & secondary

82
Q

Amylases is an enzyme that breaks down what

A

Carbs

83
Q

Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down what

A

Lipids

84
Q

Proteases breaks down what

A

Proteins

85
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

An opening from pharynx to esophagus

86
Q

What is the glottis

A

An opening from pharynx to larynx

87
Q

What are the rings that line down the throat made out of

A

Hyaline cartilage

88
Q

What are 2 types of salivary gland cells

A

Mucous & serous

89
Q

What are the 2 substances secreted by the parietal cells

A

HCL; intrinsic factor

90
Q

What is gastrin & what is its function

A

Hormone; causes gastric glands to increase their secretion

91
Q

What is an open sore on the surface of an organ called

A

Ulcer

92
Q

Where is the vomiting center located

A

Medulla oblongata

93
Q

Pancreatic juice is produced by what type of cells

A

Acinar cells

94
Q

Where is the secretin produced

A

Duodenum (sm int)

95
Q

Inflammation of liver is known as what

A

Hepatitis

96
Q

What digestive function do bile salts have

A

Emulsify salts

97
Q

What is the name giving of the 2nd part of the large intestine

A

Transverse colon

98
Q

What are the 2 sphincters in the anal canal

A

Internal; external

99
Q

What is the name of the bacteria found in the large intestine

A

E. Coli

100
Q

If a nutrient is not produced by the body or cannot be produced in sufficient amounts, it’s called a

A

Essential nutrient

101
Q

50% or more of the dry weight of most living things is

A

Protein

102
Q

A starving person would have what type of nitrogen balance

A

Negative

103
Q

What is meant by a “positive” energy balance

A

Caloric intake exceeds caloric output (weight gain)

104
Q

Where is the ileocecal valve Located

A

Between small intestine & ascending colon

105
Q

Name 3 major minerals

A

Ca, P, K, S, Cl, Na, Mg

106
Q

Name 3 trace minerals

A

Fe, Mn, Cu, I, Co, Zn

107
Q

What are the 2 types of malnutrition

A

Primary- due to diet; secondary- individual’s characteristic

108
Q

Can’t absorp nutrients properly

A

Malabsorption

109
Q

Vomiting of food

A

Bulimia

110
Q

What is calories measured in

A

Units of heat

111
Q

Measures the content of food

A

Bomb calorimeter

112
Q

Amount of energy (calories) required by the body at REST to sustain life

A

Basal metabolic rate

113
Q

Taking in less, using more

A

Negative nitrogen balance

114
Q

Taking in more protein

A

Positive nitrogen balance

115
Q

Time to relieve the waste (simple complex)

A

Deification reflex

116
Q

what 2 sphincters in the anal canal are involuntary then which one becomes voluntary

A

Internal/external; external

117
Q

Hemorrhoids are caused by

A

Pregnancy

118
Q

Inflammation of the colons is called

A

Colitis

119
Q

Where is the cecum located

A

Behind the ileocal sphincter

120
Q

Where is the appendix located

A

Right off the cecum

121
Q

What is the functions of the large intestine

A

Stores & eliminates wastes
Limited absorption of water & electrolytes
Absorbs vitamins B & K

122
Q

What is in the wall of anal, receives pressure from spinal cord—> smooth muscle in colon wall

A

Baroreceptors “presso”

123
Q

The 2 parts of the rectum

A

Anal canal & sigmoid colon

124
Q

What is in bile

A

Bile salts, electrolytes, bile pigments, cholesterol

125
Q

Can’t digest gluten because it coats the small intestine so you can’t absorb nutrients

A

Celiac disease

126
Q

Proteins, found in grains

A

Gluten

127
Q

Both the pancreas & common bile duct dumps fluids in the

A

Duodenum

College of the Mainland Class Notes (19 decks)

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