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Vertebrae Mobilisation > Vertebral Exam > Flashcards

Vertebral Exam Flashcards

1
Q

How many articulations are there on each Vertebra

A

5

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2
Q

What are Cartilaginous Joints

A

Made from Fibrocartilage and Designed for Weight Bearing.

Also known as Symphysis joints

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3
Q

What are Articular surfaces covered by and what do they connect to?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

Connects to the fibrocartilage of the Intervertebral Disc.

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4
Q

What type of joints are the Superior and Inferior Articular Processes?

A

Synovial Joint.

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5
Q

What are Intervertebral Discs made of?

What’s the anatomy of The Disc?

A

Fibrocartilidge.
Annulus Fibrosus.
Nucleus Pulposus.

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6
Q

What do the Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments do?

A

Anterior is thick and prevents hyperextension.

Posterior is weaker and prevents hyper flexion.

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7
Q

What does the Ligamentum Flavum do?

A

Extends from lamina to lamina.

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8
Q

What does the Interspinous and Supraspinous ligaments attach to?

A

They attach the Spinous Processes together.
Interspinous connects the Processes.
Supraspinous connects the Tips.

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9
Q

What’s different about the Interspinous and Supraspinous ligaments within the cervical Spine?

A

They are thicker and form the Nuchal ligament.

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10
Q

What do the intertransverse ligaments do?

A

Extend between the transverse Processes.

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11
Q

What is the iliolumbar ligament?

A

Stretches between the L5-S1 Joint and attaches from the transverse Process of L5 - ilia of pelvis.

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12
Q

What are the three regions of the stress strain curve?

A

Toe Region.
Linear Region.
Yield and Failure Region.

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13
Q

Describe the Toe Region of the SSC:

A
  • Begging phase that un crimples the tendon fibrils.

- Occurs due to 2% of strain.

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14
Q

Describe the Linear Region of the SSC:

A
  • Upper limit of the tendon strain where collagen fibrils begin to stretch.
  • Less that 4% of strain will allow tendon to return to original state.
    This portion of elastic is reversible.
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15
Q

Describe the Yield and Failure Region:

A
  • Stretches beyond physiological limit and fibres begin to fail.
  • If failure continues it causes irreversible plastic deformation.
  • Stretching beyond 8-10% causes macroscopic failure to soon occur.
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16
Q

What does Viscoelasticity mean?

A

How tendons react to strain.

17
Q

Name all 3 types of viscoelasticity tendons:

A
  • Creep.
  • Stress Relaxation.
  • Hysteresis or Energy Dissipation.
18
Q

Explain the Creep phase of how a tendon reacts:

A

Indicates increasing deformation once constant load is applied.

19
Q

Explain the Stress Relaxtion phase of how a tendon reacts:

A

Indicates stress acting upon a tendon will eventually reduce under a constant deformation.

20
Q

Explain the Energy Dissipation phase of how a tendon reacts:

A
  • The loading and unloading of stress causes different results after each rep.
  • The difference in curvature represents the amount of energy lost during the load.
  • After about 10 cycles the curve no longer changes and the amount of hysteresis is reduced allowing the S-SC to become reproducible.
21
Q

How many grades are categorised in a Ligament Sprain?

A

3 Grades.

22
Q

What does a Grade 1 Sprain consist of?

A
  • Mild stretching of ligamentous tissue.

- No discontinuity of the ligament or clinical signs of excess laxity.

23
Q

What does a Grade 2 Sprain consist of?

A
  • Moderate stretching of ligament with some torn fibres.
  • Enough are intact so the ligament has not failed.
  • Abnormal joint laxity compared to uninsured side.
24
Q

What does a Grade 3 Sprain consist of?

A
  • Severe tearing.

- Nearly complete or complete ligament disruption with significant joint laxity.

25
Q

How many stages of healing will a ligament sprain go through?

A

3 stages.

26
Q

How long does the 1st stage of healing take and what does it do?

A
  • Within the first 42-72 hours after injury.
  • haemorrhaging and inflammation around the area.
  • Blood rushes to the injured site and causes a blood clot that forms a lattice structure for cellular events to take place.
27
Q

How long does the 2nd stage of healing take and what does it do?

A
  • 48 hours after the injury and continues for 6 weeks.
  • During the inflammatory stage cells are directed to the injury site to begin removing damaged cells.
  • Scar tissue forms a dense cellular collagenous connective tissue matrix that bridges the torn ligament ends.
28
Q

How long does the 3rd stage of healing take and what does it do?

A
  • Days to weeks following injury.
  • Begins to remodel and mature the tissue matrix, filling in defects of scar tissue causing the matrix to become similar in appearance as uninsured tissue.
  • Although defects in composition and architecture, mechanical defects also remain.
29
Q

What are the 7 layers of muscle called?

A 
Semi-spinalis Capitis
Iliocostalis Cervics 
Longissimus Cervics 
Longissimus Capitis 
Longissimus Thoracic 
Iliocostalis Thoracic 
Semi-spinalis Thoracic
30
Q

What are the 3 muscle groups found within the Erector Spinae and what actions do they perform?

A

Spinalis - Extends and Rotates Head.
Longissimus - Rotates Head, Extension and Lateral Flexion of Spine.
Iliocostalis - Extension and Lateral Flexion of Spine.

31
Q

Name all parts in the structure of a muscle:

A
  • Periosteum
  • Tendon
  • Deep Fascia
  • Skeletal
  • Perimysium
  • Epimysium
  • Fascicle
  • Endomysium
  • Muscle Fibre
  • Myofibril
32
Q

Contraindications to Manual Therapy:

A
  • Diabetes
  • Joint Inflammation
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Osteoporosis
  • Hypermobility
  • Pregnancy
  • Dizziness
33
Q

What is the Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency Test?

A
  • Used to assess the vertebral artery blood flow within the neck
  • If positive signs a reduction in blood flow may result in a Transient Ischiamic Attack (TIA) possible stroke.
  • Refer to hospital immediately

Vertebrae Mobilisation (18 decks)

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