amines, amino acids and proteins Flashcards

1
Q

aliphatic amine

A

nitrogen atom is attached to at least one straight or branched carbon chain

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2
Q

aromatic amine

A

nitrogen atom is attached to an aromatic ring

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3
Q

primary amine

A

nitrogen atom attached to 1 alkyl or aryl group

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4
Q

secondary amine

A

nitrogen atom attached to 2 alkyl or aryl group

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5
Q

tertiary amine

A

nitrogen atom attached to 3 alkyl or aryl group

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6
Q

amines as bases

A
  • lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom
  • can accept a proton
  • dative covalent bond is formed
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7
Q

formation of primary amines

A
  • haloalkane + NH₃ →ammonium salt

- ammonium salt + NaOH (aq) → primary amine

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8
Q

formation of secondary amines

A
  • haloalkane + primary amine → ammonium salt

- ammonium salt + NaOH (aq) → secondary amine

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9
Q

formation of tertiary amines

A
  • haloalkane + secondary amine → ammonium salt

- ammonium salt + NaOH (aq) → tertiary amine

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10
Q

condensation polymerisation

A

joining of monomers with loss of a small molecule

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11
Q

how can polyesters be made?

A
  • one monomer containing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol group
  • 2 monomers, one containing 2 carboxylic acid groups and other containing 2 alcohol group
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12
Q

how can polyamides be made?

A
  • one monomer containing a carboxylic acid (or acyl chloride) and an amine group
  • 2 monomers, one containing 2 carboxylic acids groups (or acyl chlorides) and other containing 2 amine groups
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13
Q

polyamides

A

condensation polymers formed when monomers are joined together by amide linkages on a long chain to form the polymer

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14
Q

polyesters

A

condensation polymers formed when monomers are joined together by ester linkages to form the polymer

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15
Q

how can polyesters and polyamides be hydrolysed?

A
  • using hot aqueous alkali (e.g. hot NaOH)

- using hot aqueous acid (e.g. hot HCl)

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16
Q

what are the characteristics of addition polymerisation?

A
  • monomers contains a C=C double bond

- backbone of polymer is a continuous chain of carbon atoms

17
Q

what are the characteristics of condensation polymerisation?

A
  • 2 monomers, each with 2 functional groups
  • 1 monomer with 2 different functional groups
  • polymer contains ester or amide linkages
18
Q

conditions to make primary amines

A
  • ethanol as a solvent- prevent any substitution of the haloalkane by water to produce alcohols
  • excess ammonia is used- reduces further substitution of amine group to form secondary and tertiary amines
19
Q

why is the reaction for making primary amines unsuitable for making a pure primary amine?

A
  • product still contains a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom that can react further with a haloalkane to form a secondary amine