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.DENTAL BOARD EXAM REVIEWER > 23. Pharmacology: Part 1 (-Anticonvulsants) > Flashcards

23. Pharmacology: Part 1 (-Anticonvulsants) Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with the USES, EFFECTS, and MODES OF ACTION of drugs

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

Branch of pharmacology concerned with the EFFECTS OF DRUGS and the MECHANISM of their action (“action of drug on the body”)

A

Pharmacodynamics

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3
Q

Branch of pharmacology concerned with the MOVEMENT OF DRUGS within the body (“action of body to the drug”)

A

Pharmacokinetics

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics steps: “ADME”

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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5
Q

Main site of absorption in the body

A

Jejunum of small intestine

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6
Q

BQ: Primary solubility of drug to be absorbed?

Form of drug that is EASY TO ABSORB

A

Lipid soluble form

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7
Q

Major site of metabolism

A

Liver

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8
Q

converts drugs into water soluble form to easily excreted by the kidney

A

Liver

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9
Q

Form of drug that is EASY to EXCRETE

A

Water soluble

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10
Q

Major site of excretion

A

Kidney

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11
Q

Study of drug’s harmful effects

A

Toxicology

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12
Q

General rule: Kailan nagiging toxic yung drug?

A

Pag na-“overdose”

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13
Q

Has “Adsorption” property (nagsstick sakanya yung toxins; diretso sa excretory system) to prevents ORALLY taken drugs TOXICITY

A

Activated charcoal

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14
Q

INDUCES VOMITING (emetic) ; can be used pag nasa GIT pa yung drugs na tinake para di na pumunta sa circulatory system

A

Syrup of Ipecac

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15
Q

BQ: It is the “accumulation of drug” because it cannot be excreted by the body?

A

Cumulation

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16
Q

“Cumulation” or accumulation of drug in the body is associated with what organ damage?

A
  1. Liver damage - clearance rate: ⬇️ (marereduce yung nacconvert na Lipid soluble ➡️ WATER soluble)
  2. Kidney damage - Normal yung liver:nacoconvert yung drug into water soluble BUT hard to excrete!
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17
Q

BQ: Drugs contraindicated for GLAUCOMA?

A

Diazepam

Anticholinergic drugs

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18
Q

BQ: What is the most common allergenic drug?

A

Penicillin

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19
Q

BQ: Drugs SAFE FOR PREGNANCY

A

Local anesthetics : lidocaine
Analgesics : biogesic
Sedative-Hypnotics
*AMOXICILLIN (safe!)

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20
Q

BQ: study of DAMAGE TO FETUS during development

A

Teratology

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21
Q

Most critical period of development of fetus?

A

1st trimester: organogenesis

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22
Q

Examples of Teratogenic drugs

A
  1. Tetracycline :tooth discoloration (til 8y/o)
  2. Thalidomide
    - An anti cancer drug {no effect sa pregnant rats=no effect ; clinical trial=dysplastic tissues: bata kulang body parts}
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23
Q

BQ: study of drug DOSAGE

A

Posology

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24
Q

Process of DRUG UPTAKE from the site of administration towards the bloodstream

A

Absorption

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25
Q

“Enteral”

A

Oral

Rectal

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26
Q

“Parenteral” - uses needle

A 
IV
IM
Intradermal
Subcutaneous
Intrathecal
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27
Q

Most common route; easy to administer

A

Oral route

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28
Q

Suppositories

A

Rectal

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29
Q

Route with 100% bioavailability; bypasses the first pass effect; “TOTAL ABSORPTION”
- (100ml inject = 100ml circulatory system)

A

Intravenous

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30
Q

Term: Dose ng drug na nakakarating sa circulatory system

A

Bioavailability

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31
Q

Most common site of IV administration

A

Antecubital region

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32
Q

BQ: Most common muscle used in IM administration

A

Vastus lateralis

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33
Q

Other muscles that can be used in IM administration

A
  1. Gluteus maximus - BQ: (“superolateral”/upper outer corner)
  2. Deltoid
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34
Q

Used during skin testing to determine if patient has drug allergy

A

Intradermal

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35
Q

Why intradermal during skin test?

A

Least and slow absorption

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36
Q

administration of drug in the SPINAL

A

Intrathecal

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37
Q

Fastest route if the target site is the BRAIN; (sedation)

A

Inhalational

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38
Q

Degree of needle insertion in IV

A

35 degrees

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39
Q

Degree of needle insertion in IM

A

90 degrees

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40
Q

Degree of needle insertion in Intradermal

A

0 - 15

{sa boards: piliin yung LOWEST value}

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41
Q

Degree of needle insertion in Subcutaneous

A

45 degrees

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42
Q

Most common drug administered subcutaneously

A

Insulin

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43
Q

BQ: Which route bypasses membranes?

A

Intravenous

- diretso na sa circulatory system

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44
Q

BQ: Which route bypasses ABSORPTION process?

A

IV

- distribution na agad

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45
Q

Drug properties that influence absorption

A

Must be “weak acids / weak bases”
- they become MORE LIPID SOLUBLE (mas madali iabsorb sa circulatory system)

ph of blood = 7.4

✨ WEAK ACIDS (pH of 6)

  • weak acids are attracted to HIGHER pH levels
  • 6 ❤️ 7.4

✨ WEAK BASES (ph of 8)

  • weak bases are attracted to LOWER pH levels
  • 8 💜 7.4
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46
Q

Amount of drug that reaches the circulatory system after administration

A

Bioavailability

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47
Q

Synonymous terms to “water soluble” drugs

A

Hydrophilic
Lipid INSOLUBLE
Ionized

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48
Q

Synonymous terms to “lipid soluble”

A

Fat soluble
Hydrophobic
Water INSOLUBLE
UNionized

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49
Q

Drug solubility that is UNABLE to cross the PHOSPHOLIPID bilayer

A 
Very hydrophilic (very water soluble)
- hindi makakatagos sa membrane
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50
Q

Solubility of drug that is UNABLE to be absorb due to INSOLUBILITY IN AQUEOUS FLUID

A

Very very hydrophobic/lipid soluble

- insoluble sa aqueous fluid ng intestinal area: hindi nalulusaw sa tubig

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51
Q

In reality: What must be the “drug’s solubility” to be absorbed?

A

Drugs must be SLIGHTLY HYDROPHILIC and LARGELY HYDROPHOBIC

Mej water soluble pero MAS lipid soluble

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52
Q

BQ: Primary solubility of drug to be absorbed (sa boards)

A

Lipid soluble

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53
Q

Phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the CONCENTRATION OF ORALLY TAKEN DRUGS IS REDUCED before reaching the systemic circulation

A

First pass effect

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54
Q

Responsible for First Pass Effect

A

Liver

- dadaan muna yung drug sa portal vein to liver(metabolizes drug) bago makarating sa target site

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55
Q

Bioavailability is influenced by (3):

A

Drug solubility
Route
First pass effect

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56
Q

Ability of drug to move from circulatory system into their target sites
(- Once na pumasok na sa blood stream)

A

Distribution

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57
Q

Once the pumasok drug sa circulatory system: Meron 2 forms: (active and inactive)

A
  1. Free ionized drug - may effect agad; free floating drug

2. Bound drug - reserve; bounded to albumin

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58
Q

Most common binding site of drugs?

A

Albumin

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59
Q

Tendency of a substance to separate or dissociate from its binding

A

Dissociation constant (Kd)

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60
Q

Lower Kd ⬇️:
Separation -
Duration of effect -
Onset of action -

A

Lower Kd ⬇️:
Separation - lesser ⬇️
Duration of effect - longer
Onset of action - slower distribution

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61
Q

Higher Kd ⬆️:
Separation -
Duration of effect -
Onset of action -

A

Higher Kd ⬆️:
Separation - higher ⬆️
Duration of effect - shorter
Onset of action - faster distribution

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62
Q

BQ: Most important microsomal enzyme of Liver?

A

Cytochrome P450

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63
Q

FUNCTIONS OF LIVER

A
  1. Lipid soluble to lipid insoluble
    - “Water soluble” easily excreted by the kidney
  2. Active drug to INACTIVE drug
    - detoxification (kasi yung hindi pwdeng magstay na active yung drug: kahit sya yung may effect, toxic pa din)
  3. PRODRUGS ➡️ ACTIVE FORM
    - prodrug = “inactive drug”
    - para maconvert to active need muna mag pass sa LIVER
    -
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64
Q

Examples of PRODRUGS (inactive drugs=no effect) that must go to the LIVER to be activated:

A
  1. Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) ➡️ Salicylates
  2. Codeine ➡️ Morphine
  3. Alcohol ➡️ Ethanol
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65
Q

2 types of Local anesthesia:

A

Amide - “ii”

Ester - “i”

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66
Q

Metabolism of Local anesthetics: “EPAL”

A

Ester - Plasma

Amide - Liver

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67
Q

Most common topical anesthesia?

A

Benzocaine

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68
Q

Exception: dalawang “ii” PERO ester

A

piPEROcaine

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69
Q

Exception: Amide but metabolized in BOTH liver and plasma

A

Articaine - (“maarti” : metabolized sa liver and plasma)

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70
Q

BQ: local anesthesia used if allergic in both ester and amide

A 
Diphenhydramine Hcl (Benadryl)
- injected!!
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71
Q

BQ: Plasma enzyme (metabolism)

A

Plasma pseudocholinesterase

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72
Q

Drugs metabolized in PLASMA

A

Ester LA

Succinylcholine

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73
Q

BQ: primary use of succinylcholine

A

For laryngospasm

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74
Q

Major organ for excretion

A

Kidney

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75
Q

Drug excreted by the lungs

A

Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)

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76
Q

Drugs or substances excreted by BREAST MILK

A

Alcohol
Caffeine
Cocaine
Nicotine

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77
Q

Time required for a drug to REDUCE HALF of its initial value

A

Half life (t1/2)

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78
Q

Rate at which the active drug is removed from the body

A

Clearance

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79
Q

Amount of drug eliminated is CONSTANT and is NOT DEPENDENT on the CONCENTRATION of drug in plasma fluid

A

Zero order kinetics

  • constant: clearance rate
  • not constant: half life
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80
Q

Examples of drugs that follow ZERO ORDER KINETICS

A

Alcohol - (clearance rate=15ml/hr)
Phenytoin
Aspirin

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81
Q

Amount of drug eliminated is DEPENDENT on the CONCENTRATION of drug in plasma fluid (most drugs follow this)

A

First order kinetics

- may “constant half life”

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82
Q

BQ: Which drug has more chances of CUMULATION

a. Zero order kinetics
b. First order kinetics
c. Same

A

Zero order kinetics: ⬆️ cumulation
( if ⬆️ dose = LONGER to eliminate)

  • Sa first order: kahit increase yung dose=may certain time na maeeliminate ung drug (CONSTANT HALF LIFE)
83
Q

Dosage of drug needed to produce an effect

A

Potency

84
Q

More potent ⬆️

Dose needed =

A

⬆️ More potent = ⬇️ dose needed

85
Q

⬇️ Less potent

Dose needed =

A

⬇️ potent = ⬆️ dose needed

86
Q

“Potency” of Fentanyl vs Morphine (narcotics: for pain)

A

Fentanyl (effect: 2-3mcg) MORE POTENT than Morphine (effect: 200-800mcg)

87
Q

Refers to the EFFECT of a DRUG

A

Efficacy

88
Q

⬆️ Efficacy:

Efficacious =

A

⬆️ Efficacy

⬆️ MORE efficacious

89
Q

⬇️ Efficacy:

Efficacious =

A

⬇️ Efficacy:

⬇️ LESS efficacious

90
Q

“Efficacy” of Fentanyl vs Morphine

A

Fentanyl LESS EFFICACIOUS than Morphine

Morphine MORE EFFICACIOUS than Fentanyl

91
Q

Maximum effect of a drug where NO EFFECT is added even though DRUG DOSE is INCREASED (Limit)

A

“Maximal effect” or “Ceiling effect”

{ ⬆️ dose = ⬆️ effect until MAXIMAL EFFECT is reached }

92
Q

BQ: Does doubling the dose, doubles the effect? Yes/No

A

No - because it will reach “maximal effect”: no effect even you add more dose

93
Q

It refers to how well the drug can be used in REAL WORLD

A

“Effectiveness”

Drug can have HIGH EFFICACY but ⬇️Effectiveness: “effective pero nakakamatay agad or mas toxic”

94
Q

Dose-Effect (“Dose-Response”) Rel:

  • The effects of a drug are dose dependent
  • (either Therapeutic or Toxic)
    • It can be shown into 2 types of DOSE RESPONSE CURVES:
A

Graded dose-effect curve

Quantral Dose-effect curve

95
Q

Curve that describes the Degree of response of a SINGLE BIOLOGICAL UNIT (cell or human) to a given drug dose

A

Graded Dose-Effect Curve

96
Q

Graded dose effect curve
Y-axis:
X-axis:

A

Graded dose effect curve
Y-axis: effect
X-axis: dose

97
Q

Curve that describes relationship between the increasing drug dosage and the percentage of POPULATION that shows the drug’s pharmacological and lethal effects

A

Quantal Dose Effect Curve

98
Q

Curve that detects the “MARGIN OF SAFETY” of a drug by comparing the therapeutic dose and toxic dose

A

Quantal Dose effect curve

99
Q

Quantal Dose effect curve
Y-axis:
X-axis:

A

Quantal Dose effect curve
Y-axis: Population
X-axis: Dose

100
Q

BQ: Formula of Therapeutic Index

A

TI = LD50/ED50 (“TLE”)

101
Q

BQ: dose of drug that has THERAPEUTIC EFFECT in 50% of population

A

ED50 (“median EFFECTIVE DOSE”)

102
Q

BQ: dose of drug that has LETHAL EFFECTS in 50% of population

A

LD50 (“median lethal dose”)

103
Q

Example of drug that has narrow therapeutic index (drug very lethal)

A
  1. Chemotherapeutic agents

2. Digoxine - antihypertensive drug that has VERY NARROW TI

104
Q

Targets of drug action:

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Enzymes
  3. Drugs acting as Physical or Chemical agents
105
Q

Examples of Drugs with RECEPTORS as target sites:

A
  1. Narcotics
    - receptor: mu kappa delta
  2. Cholinergic drugs
    - receptor: muscarinic
106
Q

Examples of Drugs with ENZYMES as target sites:

A
  1. MAO-Inhbitors
    - (Mao breakdown excitatory nt “DoNES”)
    - MAO-I : “antidepressant” = iniinhbit yung MAO : ⬆️DoNES
  2. Anti acetylcholinesterase or Anticholinesterase
    - reduce action of “Acetylcholinesterase”
    - used to improve muscular contraction
107
Q

BQ: Anti-acetylcholinesterase or Anticholinesterase is used in what disease?

A

Myasthenia gravis: “muscle weakness”

- to improve muscular contractions

108
Q

Ability of drug to BIND to its target site

A

Affinity

- (“ALL DRUGS have AFFINITY”)

109
Q

Ability of drug to produce an EFFECT after binding to its target site
- (kaya niya “iactivate yung receptor”)

A

Intrinsic activity

- (“NOT ALL can activate receptor/have intinsic activity”)

110
Q

Examples of drugs that acts as physical or chemical agents (ginagaya ung sa body)

A

Epinephrine

Insulin

111
Q

Part of body where drugs interact to produce their effects

A

Receptors

112
Q

Drugs that have AFFINITY + INTRINSIC ACTIVITY

A

Agonists

- (example: Ach)

113
Q

Drugs that has ✅affinity but no ❌ intrinsic activity (hindi kayang iactivate yung receptor)

A

Antagonist

114
Q

Elicits a MAXIMAL RESPONSE by activating all or a portion of the receptors

A

Full agonists

115
Q

Acetylcholine : Agonist/Antagonist?

A

Ach = Agonist!

  • Ach: Parasympathetic
  • ✅ Affinity: Nagbbind to sa “muscarinic receptor” ng lahat ng effector organs ng parasympathetic (ex. Lacrimal glands)
  • ✅ Intrinsic act: Inaactivate ng Ach yung muscarinic receptor ng lacrimal glands to depolarize para magproduce ng tears
116
Q

Anticholinergic drugs: Agonist/Antagonist?

A

Antagonists : Anticholinergics

  • Belladonna alkaloids (atropine and scopolamine)
  • nagaact sa sympathetic NS
  • ✅Affinity - nagbbind sa muscarinic receptors
  • ❌Int act - doesnt activate receptor
  • 📌 Pinaprevent nya lang yung pag bind ng “Ach” sa muscarinic receptor para hindi maactivate!
  • 📍 wala tlgang effect sa receptor: Prevents effects of parasympathetics ➡️ ✅sympa effects
117
Q

Anticholinergic drugs: Belladonna alkaloids (2)

A

Atropine

Scopolamine

118
Q

What type of antagonist are the anticholinergic drugs (atropine and scopolamine)?

A

Competitive antagonists

- nakikipagcompete sa cholinergic drugs

119
Q

Type of antagonist that competes with the receptor of agonists
- which results to decrease POTENCY ⬇️ (dose needed to produce effect)

A

Competitive antagonists

120
Q

Type of antagonist that has its OWN Receptors; doesnt compete
- results in decrease EFFICACY ⬇️

A

Non competitive

121
Q

BQ: Naloxone is an ANTAGONIST of what drug?

A

Narcotics

- (morphine, codeine, heroin)

122
Q

BQ: Flumazenil is an ANTAGONIST of what drug?

A

Benzodiazepines

123
Q

BQ: DOC to reverse narcotic effects

A

Naloxone

If wala sa choices: go for Naltrexone

124
Q

Intrinsic activity of >0 and <1

  • act as antagonist and agonist
  • naactivate lng ung receptor partially
  • produces LESS maximal response even all receptors are occupied
A

Partial agonist

125
Q

Theory: Drug effect is proportional to the RATE at which the drug and receptor combine
- (both agonist and antagonist have affinity and intrinsic activity; “immediate binding of drug t receptor dun magkakaeffect then dahan dahan mawawala ung effect”)

A

Paton’s Rate Theory

126
Q

Paton’s rate theory: Drug associates quickly and disassociates immediately to the receptor, to be able to reassociate again.

A

Agonists (pag mabilis association and dissociation ng drug)

127
Q

Paton’s rate theory: drug associates, but dissociates much SLOWER, therefore REASSOCIATION to the receptor is also SLOWER

A

Antagonists (pag mabagal dissociation)

128
Q

More accepted drug receptor interaction theories: Clark’s or Paton’s?

A

Clark’s occupational theory

129
Q

Sedative hypnotics are drugs that are used for:

A

Sedation - feeling asleep
Hypnosis - sleep
Muscle relaxation

130
Q

Feeling asleep; “loss of anxiety”

A

Sedation

131
Q

Type of sedation: awake and relax

A

Minimal or conscious

132
Q

Type of sedation: feeling asleep but can follow commands

A

Moderate

133
Q

Type of sedation: sleep but can be awaken

A

Deep sedation

134
Q

“Medically induced coma”

A

General anesthesia

135
Q

2 classifications of sedative hypnotics

A

Barbiturates - with Barbaric acid

Non barbiturates - without

136
Q

Active ingredient of Barbiturates that produces sedative effect

A

Barbaric acid

137
Q

Barbiturate used to induce general anesthesia

A

Ultra short acting

  • fast induction because “very lipid soluble”
  • but rapid recovery
138
Q

Ultra short acting barbiturates

ultra mura - “TM”

A

Thiopental

Methohexital

139
Q

Stage 1 Gen Anes

A

🔺Anterograde Amnesia (hindi nagfform ng new memories)

🔺analgesia (absence of pain)

140
Q

Stage 1 - 4 of General anesthesia by?

A

Guedel’s stages of general anesthesia

141
Q

Type of amnesia na hindi nagfform ng new memories

A 
Anterograde amnesia (50 first dates)
- example pag "drunk" = nakakalimot ka
142
Q

Type of amnesia na nabubura yung old memories

A

Retrograde memories (meteor garden)

143
Q

End of stage 1 and Start of stage 2 GA:

A

Unconscious patient

144
Q

Stage with “delirium”

  • very unstable patient: high bp, seizure, etc
  • ayaw na ayaw ng anesthesiologist dto kasi madaming complication dito
A

Stage 2 GA

145
Q

Most stable stage of General anesthesia?

A

Stage 3 : surgical anesthesia

146
Q

Stage 4 GA:

A

Stage 4: respiratory depression ➡️ death

147
Q

Kailan umaabot sa stage 4 of GA?

A

Overdose

148
Q

Used to maintain stage 3 general anesthesia

A

Long acting barbiturates

149
Q

Where very lipid soluble drugs are stored

A

Adipocytes

150
Q

BQ: Short acting barbiturates (“SPENT”)

A

Secobarbital

Pentobarbital

151
Q

BQ: Intermediate acting drugs

“Kalahati” = “AmBuy”

A

Amobarbital

Butabarbital

152
Q

BQ: Long acting barbiturate or sedative hypnotics (pag hndi mo alam, eto na sagot)

A

Phenobarbital
Mephobarbital
Primidone

153
Q

Type of barbiturate used in insomia

A

Short acting

Intermediate acting

154
Q

Type of barbiturate or sedative hypnotic used during epileptic seizures

A

Long acting

155
Q

BQ: Most commonly used “non barbiturate” in patients

A

Chloral hydrate (orally)

156
Q

Non barb for insomia

A

Flumazepam (benzodiazepines)

157
Q

Non barb found in alcohol beverages

A

Ethanol

158
Q

Classifications of DIPHENHYDRAMINE Hcl

A
  • H1 blocker : anti histamine📌(primary use)
  • sedative
  • local anes if allergic to amide/ester
  • slight anticholinergic effect
159
Q

Regulates “sleep wake cycle” in sedative hypnotics can affect what system

A

RAS

Reticular activating system

160
Q

Most common inhibitory nt?

A

GABA

161
Q

Sedatives vs GABA

A

Sedatives ENHANCES Gaba

162
Q

Drug Components of lethal injection

A

Thiopental
Pancuronium bromide
Potassium chloride

163
Q

Primary use of sedative hypnotics?

A

Sedation

Induces general anesthesia (ultrashort)

164
Q

BQ: “Any drug that acts on CNS can cause drug dependence” True or False?

A

True

165
Q

Adverse effect of sedative hypnotics = reddish skin

A

Stimulates PORPHYRIN PRODUCTION

166
Q

DO NOT COMBINE Sedatives hypnotics with what drugs?

A 
CNS depressants: "SNAB"
Sedative hypnotics
Narcotics
Alcohol
Benzodiazepines
167
Q

Depressants (“SNAB”)

A

Sedative hypnotics
Narcotics
Alcohol
Benzodiazepines

168
Q

Respiratory depression - death is seen during what stage of general anesthesia

A

Stage 4

169
Q

Property of CNS depressants (shouldnt be combined because it has excessive effects ⬆️⬆️)

A

Synergistic (1+1= >2)

170
Q

1+1=0

A

Antagonistic (cancels effect)

171
Q

1+1=2

A

Additive

172
Q

BQ: Sedative-Hypnotics produces ANALGESIA. True/False?

A

Falseeeeeee

173
Q

BQ: Sedative-Hypnotics produces DRUG DEPENDENCE. True/False?

A

Trueeeee

174
Q

“Anticonvulsants” are aka:

A

Anti seizure
Anxiolytics
Anti anxiety
Minor tranquilizers

175
Q

Primary use of anticonvulsant drugs

A

Anti-epileptic or anti seizure

Antianxiety

176
Q

Type of seizure: abnormal activity in just ONE PART of the brain

A

Partial seizure

177
Q

Type of seizure: abnormal activity in ALL parts of the brain

A

Generalized seizure

178
Q

“PETIT MAL”

- Absence of consciousness; absence of movements for few seconds

A

Absence seizure

179
Q

Type of Generalized seizure: Awake; muscles are jerking for few seconds to few mins

A

Myoclonic

180
Q

“Drop seizure”

  • Absence of muscle tone
  • Awake; muscle relaxation for few seconds to few min
A

Atonic

181
Q
  • most common type of generalized seizure
  • Unconscious
  • muscle stiffness + jerking movts few mins
A

Tonic clonic

182
Q

“Grand mal”

A

Tonic clonic

183
Q

Petit mal

A

Absence seizure

184
Q

Drop seizure

A

Atonic seizure

185
Q

“Repeated grand mal” 30mins seizure

A

Status epilepticus

186
Q

BQ: DOC for tonic clonic seizures and status epilepticus

A

Diazepam (benzodiazepines)

Pag wala to sa choices: go for phenytoin

187
Q

BQ: Examples of Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Nifepidine

Verapamil

188
Q

Brand name of phenytoin

A

Dilantin sodium

189
Q

Dental side effect of phenytoin

A

Gingival hyperplasia

190
Q

Drugs assoc with gingival hyperplasia

A

Phenytoin
Cyclosporins
Calcium channel blockers (nifedipine / verapamil)

191
Q

Brand name of Carbamazepine

A

Tegretol

192
Q

BQ: DOC for Tic Douloureux (painful spasms)

A

Carbamazepine

193
Q

BQ: Common antiseizure drugs (except:)

A
  1. Benzodiazepines (Diazepam)
  2. Phenytoin (Dilantin Na)
  3. Carbamazepine (Tegretol: Tic douloureux)
    BQ: 4. VALPROIC ACID
    BQ: 5. Barbiturates (least) - mainly a “sedative hypnotic”
194
Q

Mechanism of action of antiseizure drugs

A

Potentiates GABA (-) receptors and inhibitory nt

195
Q

Drug uses of anticonvulsants or antiseizure drugs

A
  1. Anti convulsanr or anti seizure or anti epileptics
  2. Preoperative sedation (anti anxiety)
  3. Induction of Gen Anes
196
Q

BQ: Anticonvulsants used to induce general anesthesia? Which is the most common?

A

Benzodiazepines
✅ Midazolam : most common; most lipid soluble
📌 Diazepam
❌ Lorazepam : least common; least lipid soluble

197
Q

Primary adverse effect of anticonvulsants

A

Severe sedation

*And paradoximal excitement (nakabold hahaha) : “stimulatory effect”

198
Q

Other adverse effects of anticonvulsants

A 
✅Severe sedation
✅ Paradoximal excitement
- Drug dependence
- Respiratory depression : stage 4 - overdose
- Drug induced gingival hyperplasia
199
Q

BQ: anti-seizure + anti-arrythmic drug

A

Phenytoin

200
Q

Drug interaction of anticonvulsants

A

Potentiates other CNS depressants

wag icocombine bec synergistic 1+1=>2

201
Q

Benzodiazepines are metabolized SLOWLY by the

A

Liver

202
Q

BQ: active metabolite of benzodiazepines

A

Dimethyldiazepam

203
Q

BQ: Diazepam is slowly and poorly absorbed in what route of administration?

A

IM!!

Diazepam: oral and Iv

204
Q

BQ: Drugs with slight anticholinergic effects (“DiTriBeAM”)

A 
Diphenhydramine Hcl
Tricyclic antidepressants
Benzodiazepines
Antipsychotic
Meperidine - "Demerol" (narcotic agent)

.DENTAL BOARD EXAM REVIEWER (38 decks)

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