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Infection > Influenza > Flashcards

Influenza Flashcards

1
Q

When does seasonal influenza occur in the northern hemisphere?

A

Winter months (Dec- Feb)

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2
Q

When are severe epidemics of influenza observed periodically?

A

Every 11 years

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3
Q

What type of virus is influenza virus?

A

RNA

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4
Q

What are the 3 main groups of influenza?

A

A,B,C

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5
Q

What type of influenza only infects humans?

A

B & C

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6
Q

What H antigens are detected in humans?

A

H1-3

H18

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7
Q

What is the name given to the mechanism of genetic variation within the virus?

A

Antigenic drift

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8
Q

What is antigenic diff?

A

Point mutations in the genes coding for antibody binding sites. No longer recognised by immune system

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9
Q

What is an antigenic shift?

A

An abrupt major change in the virus, resulting in new antigen

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10
Q

How can antigenic shift occur?

A

When 2 different strains of a virus combine to form a new subtype

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11
Q

What can lead to a pandemic?

A

Antigenic shift

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12
Q

What is the difference between seasonal flu & pandemic flu?

A

Ordinary outbreaks occur every year during winter months whilst pandemics can occur at any point in year and are less frequent.

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13
Q

What % of the population is affected by seasonal flu?

A

10-15%

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14
Q

What % of the population is affected by pandemic flu?

A

25% +

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15
Q

Which type of flu, seasonal or pandemic, is usually more serious?

A

Pandemic

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16
Q

What are the requirements for pandemic flu?

A

Human pathogenicity
New virus (antigenic shift)
Efficient person -to -person transmission

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17
Q

What strand of flu demonstrated a pandemic in 09?

A

H1N1

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18
Q

What population will usually be affected by seasonal flu?

A

Young & old

19
Q

What population will usually be affected by pandemic flu?

A

Usually young healthy individual, in addition to extremes of age

20
Q

How does avian flu spread?

A

Direct contact with infected birds, dead or alive

Close human to human cnotact

21
Q

What are the main types of avian flu?

A

H5N1

H7N9

22
Q

How long is the incubation period of flu?

A

2 - 4 days

23
Q

What other clinical features are observed in flu?

A 
Abrupt fever 
Cough
Myalgia
Headache
Malaise
Sore throat
24
Q

What is the WHO definition of flu?

A

Fever (>38) AND
cough
Onset within last 10 days

25
Q

What does SARI stand for?

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Infection

26
Q

What are some of the mechanisms of transmission of flu?

A

Airborne (person to person)

Contact (direct or indirect)

27
Q

When can viral shedding of flu occur?

A

First 4 days (longer in children & immunocompromised)

28
Q

How long can the influenza virus survive on non-porous surface?

A

24-48hrs

29
Q

How long can influenza survive on porous surface?

A

8-12 hours

30
Q

How are those at high risk of complicated influenza?

A 
Patients with chronic illnesses
Diabetics
Immunocomprimised 
>65yrs
Pregnant
Children < 6 months
Obese
31
Q

What are some of the acute respiratory complications of flu?

A

Acute bronchitis

Secondary bacterial pneumonia

32
Q

What are the most common bacteria which cause pneumonia?

A

S. pneumonia
S. aureus
H. influenzae

33
Q

What are some of the less common complications of flu?

A

Primary viral pneumonia
Myocarditis/ pericarditis
Guillain-Barre

34
Q

What investigations can be done in influenza?

A 
Viral nose &amp; throat swabs 
CXR
Blood culture
Pulse oximetry
RR
U &amp; Es, FBC, CRP
35
Q

What assessment score can be used as a prognostic factor for pneumonia?

A 
CURB-65
Confusion
Urea>7
Respiratory rate >30
Blood pressure (diastolic <60)
>65 yrs of age
36
Q

What are the names of neuraminidase inhibitors?

A

Oseltamivir

Zanamivir

37
Q

When should antiviral therapy be used in flu?

A

Within 48hrs of symptoms onset

38
Q

What are some of the adverse affects of tamiflu?

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Abdominal pain

39
Q

Can oseltamivir be used in pregnancy?

A

Yes

40
Q

When does an individual become non-infectious?

A

24hrs after last symptoms or when antiviral therapy complete

Longer in immunocompromised/ young

41
Q

What protection should be worn by healthcare worker in cases of flu?

A

Surgical face mask
Plastic apron
Gloves
FFP 3 respirator

42
Q

What type of vaccination is the seasonal flu vaccine?

A

Inactivated vaccine

43
Q

Why should healthcare workers have the flu vaccine?

A

To protect themselves & family
Reduce risk of at risk patients
Reduce absence from work

Infection (7 decks)

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