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Pediatrics > Disorders of the Eyes/Ears > Flashcards

Disorders of the Eyes/Ears Flashcards

1
Q

Variations of Child’s Eye

A
  • visual acuity develops through childhood
  • eyeball occupies larger space; more prone to injury
  • color discrimination is incomplete
  • retinal vascularization incomplete
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2
Q

Variations of Ear

A
  • hearing is intact at birth
  • recurrent disorders may affect hearing
  • placement of eustachian tubes and enlarged adenoids make ears prone to infection
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3
Q

Common Lab/Diagnostic Tests

A
  • culture of eye/ear discharge
  • tympanic fluid culture
  • tympanometry
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4
Q

Tympanometry

A

determines the effusion of the middle ear

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5
Q

Physical Exam of the Eye

A
  • extraocular movement
  • pupillary light response and accommodation
  • symmetry of corneal light reflex
  • presence of red reflex
  • age appropriate visual acuity
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6
Q

Common medical treatment for eyes and ears is?

A
  • warm compress
  • corrective lenses
  • patching
  • eye muscle surgery
  • pressure-equalizing tubes
  • hearing aids
  • cochlear implants
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7
Q

Prescription eye glasses may be used for what?

A
  • hyperopia
  • myopia
  • astigmatism
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8
Q

What can be done to help manage amblyopia?

A

Strengthening the weaker eye with eye patch or atropine drops in the better eye

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9
Q

What can be done for Strabismus?

A
  • vision therapy

- eye muscle surgery

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10
Q

Types of Infectious Diseases of the Eye

A
  • conjunctivitis
  • nasolacrimal duct obstruction
  • eyelid lesion
  • periorbital cellulitis
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11
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

“Pink Eye”

  • inflammation of the conjunctiva
  • bacterial or viral
  • allergic or chemical
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12
Q

Risk Factors for Retinopathy

A
  • low birth weight
  • early gestational age
  • sepsis
  • high light intensity
  • hypothermia
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13
Q

What is the most common causes of conjunctivitis in the newborn?

A

Chlamydia or Gonorrhea

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14
Q

Factors Increasing the Risk for Visual Impairment

A
  • prematurity
  • developmental delay
  • genetic syndrome
  • family hx
  • African American
  • previous injury
  • Diabetes, HIV
  • Chronic corticosteroid use
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15
Q

S/S of Conjunctivitis

A
  • redness
  • edema
  • tearing
  • discharge
  • eye pain
  • itching of the eyes
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16
Q

The child can not return to school until when?

A

They have been on an antibiotic for 24 hours

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17
Q

What two virus are the common causes of viral conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus and influenza

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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19
Q

What should the nurse teach the parents to do for a child with conjunctivitis?

A
  • encourage not to touch or rub eyes
  • rinse eyelids periodically w/ clean washcloth or cool water
  • when child comes in from outside wash face and hands
  • ensure child showers and shampoos before bed
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20
Q

Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

A

stenosis or simple obstruction of the nasolacrimal du0ct

  • common disorder for newborn
  • should resolve by 12 months
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21
Q

Periorbital Cellulitis

A

bacterial infection of the eyelids and tissue surrounding the eye
-via abrasion, laceration, insect bite, foreign body, or lesion

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22
Q

S/S of Periorbital Cellulitis

A
  • hx of fever
  • pain around eye/restricted movement
  • eyelid edema
  • purplish/red color of eyelid
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23
Q

Nursing Management of Periorbital Cellulitis

A
  • warm soaks to eye for 20 mins q 2-4 hours
  • antibiotics
  • teach when to call physician
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24
Q

What is the most common cause of visual difficulties in children?

A

Refractive errors

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25
Q

Refractive Errors

A

when light enters the lens and does not bend appropriately to allow it to fall directly on the retina or when the light focuses in front of the retina

26
Q

Hyperopia

A

farsightedness

-blurriness at close range

27
Q

Myopia

A

nearsightedness

-may see well at close range but have difficulty focusing on distant objects

28
Q

Astigmatism

A

Cornea’s curvature is uneven which results in an irregular quality of vision because light rays are refracted unevenly

29
Q

Strabismus

A

misalignment of the eyes

30
Q

What are the two most common causes of Strabismus?

A

Exotropia and Esotropia

31
Q

Exotropia

A

eyes turn outward

32
Q

Esotropia

A

eyes turn inward

33
Q

Amblyopia

A

“Lazy Eye”

  • poor visual development in otherwise structurally normal eye
  • vision in one eye is reduced b/c eye and brain are not working properly together
  • develops w/in the first decade of life
34
Q

If left untreated what is the most common cause of vison loss in children and young adults?

A

Amblyopia

35
Q

Nursing Management for Amblyopia

A
  • patching the stronger eye
  • atropine drops in stronger eye
  • vision therapy
  • eye muscle surgery if cause is strabismus
36
Q

Nystagmus

A

very rapid, irregular eye movement

“bouncing” of the eyes

37
Q

What is the most common cause of nystagmus?

A

neurologic problems

38
Q

Infantile Glaucoma

A

autosomal recessive disorder

-obstruction of aqueous humor flow and increased intraocular pressure that results in large, prominent eyes

39
Q

S/S of Infantile Glaucoma

A
  • infant keeps eyes closed or rubs eyes a lot
  • corneal enlargement and clouding
  • enlarged appearance of eyes
  • photophobia
  • tearing or conjunctivitis
  • eyelid squeezing or spasm
40
Q

Nursing Postop Care for Infantile Glaucoma

A
  • protect surgical site
  • maintain bed rest
  • distraction methods
  • teach to avoid contact sports for 2 weeks
41
Q

Congenital Cataract

A

opacity of the lens of the eye that is present at birth

42
Q

S/S of Visual Impairment in Infant

A
  • does not “fix and follow”
  • does not make eye contact
  • unaffected by bright light
  • does not imitate facial expression
43
Q

S/S of Visual Impairment of Toddler and Older Child

A
  • rubs, shuts, and covers eyes
  • squints and blinks frequently
  • holds object close or sits close to TV
  • bumps into objects
  • displays head tilt or thrust forward
44
Q

Otitis Media

A

illness in children resulting from infection of fluid in middle ear

45
Q

What are common complications of Otitis Media

A
  • hearing loss
  • expressive speech delay
  • tympanosclerosis
  • tympanic membrane perforation
  • chronic drainage
  • acute mastoiditis
  • intracranial infections
46
Q

S/S of Otitis Media

A
  • fever
  • ear pain
  • irritability
  • crying inconsolably
  • tugging at ear
  • poor feeding
  • lethargy
  • difficulty sleeping
  • drainage
47
Q

Otitis Media w/ Effusion

A

presence of fluid w/in the middle ear w/o signs or symptoms of infection

48
Q

Risk Factors for OME

A
  • passive smoking
  • absence of breastfeeding
  • frequent viral URI
  • allergy
  • young age
  • male
  • eustachian tube dysfunction
  • congenital tube disorders
49
Q

What is the standard treatment for persistent or problematic OME?

A

Surgical insertion or pressure-equalizing tubes

50
Q

Otitis Externa

A

an infection and inflammation of the skin of the external ear canal
“swimmers ear”

51
Q

Normal Level of Hearing

A

0-20

52
Q

Mild Hearing Loss

A

20-40

53
Q

Moderate Hearing Loss

A

40-60

54
Q

Severe Hearing Loss

A

60-80

55
Q

Profound Hearing Loss

A

Greater than 80

56
Q

Types of Delayed-Onset Hearing Loss

A
  • Conductive hearing loss
  • Sensorineural hearing loss
  • Mixed hearing loss
57
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A

results when transmission of sound through the middle ear is disrupted, as in OME

58
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Caused by damage to the hair cells in the cochlea or along the auditory pathway

59
Q

Mixed Hearing Loss

A

Occurs when the cause may be attributed to both conductive and sensorineural problem

60
Q

Types of Eyelid Disorders

A
  • Hordeolum
  • Chalazion
  • Blepharitis

Pediatrics (24 decks)

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