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Psych - Life Span Dev > Chap 1 - Orientation to Lifespan Dev > Flashcards

Chap 1 - Orientation to Lifespan Dev Flashcards

0
Q

Physical development

A

Development involving the body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, & senses, & the need for food, drink, & sleep

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1
Q

Lifespan development

A

Field of study that examines patterns of growth, change & stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span.

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2
Q

Cognitive development

A

Development involving the ways that growth & change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior

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3
Q

Personality development

A

Development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span

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4
Q

Social development

A

The way in which individuals’ interactions with others & their social relationships grow, change, & remain stable over the course of life.

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5
Q

Continuous change

A

Gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels

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6
Q

Discontinuous change

A

Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior of earlier stages

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7
Q

Critical period

A

Specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences & the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally

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8
Q

Sensitive period

A

A point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences

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9
Q

Maturation

A

The predetermined unfolding of genetic info

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10
Q

Theories

A

Explanations & predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles

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11
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

The approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, & conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness & control

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12
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

The theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality & behavior

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13
Q

Psychosexual development

A

According to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, focuses on a particular biological function & body part

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14
Q

Psychosocial development

A

The approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with & understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge & understanding of ourselves as members of society

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15
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

The approach suggesting that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior & outside stimuli in the environment

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16
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response

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17
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences

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18
Q

Behavior modification

A

A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors & decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

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19
Q

Social-cognitive learning theory

A

Learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model

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20
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

The approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, & think about the world

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21
Q

Information processing approaches

A

Models that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, & store info

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22
Q

Cognitive neuroscience approaches

A

Approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes

23
Q

Contextual perspective

A

The theory that considers the relationship between individuals & their physical, cognitive, personality, & social worlds

24
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

The theory contending that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives & control their behavior

25
Q

Bio ecological approach

A

The perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals

26
Q

Sociocultural theory

A

The approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture

27
Q

Evolutionary perspective

A

The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

28
Q

Scientific method

A

The process of posing & answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation & the collection of data

29
Q

Hypothesis

A

A prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested

30
Q

Experimental research

A

Research designed to discover casual relationships between various factors

31
Q

Correlational research

A

Research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exist

32
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A type of correlational study in which some naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation

33
Q

Case studies

A

Studies that involve extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals

34
Q

Survey research

A

A type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic

35
Q

Psychophysiological method

A

Research that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes & behavior

36
Q

Experiment

A

A process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for participants & then studies & compares the outcomes

37
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment

38
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that researchers measure in an experiment & expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation

39
Q

Sample

A

The group of participants chosen for the experiment

40
Q

Field study

A

A research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting

41
Q

Laboratory study

A

A research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant

42
Q

Theoretical research

A

Research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation & expand scientific knowledge

43
Q

Applied research

A

Research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems

44
Q

Longitudinal research

A

Research in which the behavior of one or more participants in a study is measured as they age

45
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

Research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time

46
Q

Sequential studies

A

Research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time

47
Q

Cohort

A

A group of people born at around the same time in the same place

48
Q

Confounding variables

A

Can’t control in experiment but will most likely affect outcome of experiment

49
Q

Control group

A

Getting placebo

50
Q

Experimental group

A

Getting meds

51
Q

Social construction

A

A shared notion of reality, one that is widely accepted but is a function of society & culture at a given time

52
Q

Nature

A

Refers to traits, abilities, & capacities that are inherited from one’s parents

53
Q

Nurture

A

Refers to the environmental influences that shape behavior

54
Q

Fixation

A

Behavior reflecting an earlier stage of dev due to an unresolved conflict

Psych - Life Span Dev (13 decks)

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