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Psych - Life Span Dev > Chao 2 Genetics, Prenatal, Dev & Birth > Flashcards

Chao 2 Genetics, Prenatal, Dev & Birth Flashcards

0
Q

Genes

A

The basic unit of genetic info

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1
Q

Zygote

A

The new cell formed by the process of fertilization

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2
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules

A

The substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body & how it will function

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs

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4
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Twins who are genetically identical

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5
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

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6
Q

Dominant trait

A

The one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present

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7
Q

Recessive trait

A

A trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed

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8
Q

Genotype

A

The underlying combo of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism

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9
Q

Phenotype

A

An observable trait; the trait that is actually seen

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10
Q

Homozygous

A

Inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait

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11
Q

Heterozygous

A

Inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait

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12
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Inheritance in which a combo of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait

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13
Q

X-linked genes

A

Genes that are considered recessive & located only on the X chromosome

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14
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

The study of the effects of heredity on behavior

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15
Q

Down syndrome

A

A disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism

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16
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

A disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation

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17
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

A blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it

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18
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

A disorder that produces blindness & muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment

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19
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

A disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals; extreme height, & enlarged breasts

20
Q

Genetic counseling

A

The discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders

21
Q

Ultrasound sonography

A

A process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the Mom’s womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size & shape can then be assessed

22
Q

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

A test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo

23
Q

Amniocentesis

A

The process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus

24
Q

Temperament

A

Patterns of arousal & emotionality that represent consistent & enduring characteristics in an individual

25
Q

Multifactorial transmission

A

The determination of traits by a combo of both genetic & environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed

26
Q

Fertilization

A

The process by which a sperm & an ovum–the male & female gametes, respectively–join to form a single new cell

27
Q

Germinal stage

A

The first–and shortest–stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first two weeks following conception

28
Q

Placenta

A

A conduit between the mom & fetus, providing nourishment & oxygen via the umbilical cord

29
Q

Embryonic stage

A

The period from two to eight weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs & body systems

30
Q

Fetal stage

A

The stage that begins at about eight weeks after conception & continues until birth

31
Q

Fetus

A

A developing child, from eight weeks after conception until birth

32
Q

Infertility

A

The inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant

33
Q

Artificial insemination

A

A process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a women’s vagina by a physician

34
Q

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

A procedure in which a women’s ova are removed from her ovaries, & a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a lab

35
Q

Teratogen

A

An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect

36
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

A disorder caused by the pregnant mom consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation & delayed growth in the child

37
Q

Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)

A

A condition in which children display some, although not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the Mom’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

38
Q

Episiotomy

A

An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass

39
Q

Preterm infants

A

Infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception (aka premature infants)

40
Q

Low-birthweight infants

A

Infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (around 5 1/2 lbs) at birth

41
Q

Small-for-gestational-age infants

A

Infants who, bc of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90%(or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age

42
Q

Very-low-birthweight infants

A

Infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams (around 2.25 lbs) or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks

43
Q

Postmature infants

A

Infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother’s due date

44
Q

Cesarean delivery

A

A birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling thru the birth canal

45
Q

Fetal monitor

A

A device that measures the baby’s heartbeat during labor

46
Q

Stillbirth

A

The delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in less than 1 delivery in 100

47
Q

Infant mortality

A

Death within the first year of life

Psych - Life Span Dev (13 decks)

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