Blindness

Question 1

Acuity

Answer 1

How far you can see

Question 2

Visual field

Answer 2

Peripheral vision (normal = 180 degree)

Question 3

Legal blindness (2 options)

Answer 3

• 20/200 or lower with best correction (acuity = 10%)

- Visual field < 10 degree (tunnel vision)

Question 4

Total blindness

Answer 4

• Inability to recognize a strong light shown directly into the eye
• > 80% have residual vision (<20% are totally blind)

Question 5

Sports Classification (3)

Answer 5

• B1: total blindness to very low residual vision
• B2: low residual vision
• B3: better residual vision

Question 6

Sports Classification - B1

Answer 6

• No light perception in either eye up to light perception and inability to recognize the shape of a hand in any direction and at any distance
• Sports:
  
  • Swimming, Judo, Wrestling (independently)
  • Track even with guide

Question 7

Sports Classification - B2

Answer 7

• Ability to recognize the shape of a hand up to a visual acuity of 2/60 and/or limitation of field of vision of 5 degree
• Can do many activities independently with sunlight/bright indoor light

Question 8

Sports Classification - B3

Answer 8

• 2/60 to 6/60 (20/200) vision and/or field of vision between 5 and 20 degrees
• Don’t use guides for most activities (except high risk ex rock climbing)

Question 9

Blind Alpine Skier - Recreational Skiing

Answer 9

99% of blind people are guided from behind by their sighted guide

Question 10

Blind Alpine Skier - Ski Racing

Answer 10

Almost 100% skiers are guided from the front

Question 11

Incidence in QC

Answer 11

• 8 000 people are legally blind
• 50% over 65 years old
• 10% under 20 years old

Question 12

Reality of vision loss

Answer 12

• Only 1/3 of adults with vision loss are unemployed
• 3x more likely to experience depression
• Greater risk of social isolation

Question 13

Eye Anatomy - Retina cells

Answer 13

Convert light into neutral impulses

Question 14

Eye Anatomy - Blood vessels

Answer 14

Supply nutrients to eye structures including retina cells

Question 15

Eye Anatomy - Macula

Answer 15

• Central vision

- Area use for focusing the vision

Question 16

Eye Anatomy - Optic nerves

Answer 16

• Connects vision to the occipital lobe (AP)

- Deteriorates by glaucoma

Question 17

Diabetic Retinopathy

Answer 17

• Leading cause of blindness
• Between 20 and 65 years old
• Complication of diabetes
• Damage to tiny blood vessel inside retina (stop receiving blood) = loss of retina cells = not reversible

Question 18

Cataracts

Answer 18

• More common in seniors
• Lens become clouded due to build up of protein
• Loose clearness and sharpness of vision
• Congenital cataracts = born with it*

Question 19

Glaucoma

Answer 19

• Increased fluid pressure in eye = loss of side vision and can lead to total blindness
• Pressure destroyed the optic nerve
• Avoid isometric exercises (increase pressure)
• Can happen in 1 or both eye
• Practice breathing patterns to reduce pressure buildup

Question 20

Macular degeneration

Answer 20

• Gradual loss of vision caused by degeneration of macula
• Role = detailed central vision
• Death of rods and cones
• 10% of individuals between 66 to 74 years old

Question 21

Retinal detachment

Answer 21

• Tear or hole in the retina
• Cause by injury : reversible when young and not big
• Cause by diabetic retinopathy : non-reversible

Question 22

5 causes of blindness

Answer 22

• Diabetic retinopathy
• Cataracts
• Glaucoma
• Macular degeneration
• Retinal Detachment

Question 23

Important things to remember (8)

Answer 23

1. People with vision problem = not deaf
2. Be direct
3. Never grab a blind person’s arm
4. Walk at a normal pace
5. Don’t point or say over there, when giving direction
6. Ask how much the person can see
7. Describe surroundings
8. Never distract or feed a service dog

Question 24

Implications for exercise

Answer 24

• Precise verbal instruction
• Sight no required for many sports
• Good lighting
• Color contrast and bright color are important
• Eliminate noise

Question 25

VI vs Fitness level

Answer 25

- Excess body fat is common among younger individuals with VI - Average grip strength for VI children was lower than sighted

Question 26

Fitness level

Answer 26

- Lack of regular vigorous activity = predisposes VI and adolescents to future hypokinetic disease (lack of mvmt)

Question 27

Effects of exercise training (4)

Answer 27

Limited information - Increase cardiovascular fitness - Decrease obesity - Increase balance skills and spatial orientation - Increase self-image and confidence

Question 28

How to increase spatial orientation

Answer 28

- Practice walking in a straight line - Practice walking different floor pattern - Take a short walk and find your way back - Following instructions, make 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, 1/1 turns

Question 29

Goal Ball

Answer 29

- Required a bell ball - Three player / team - Equipments: helmet, knee/ elbow pads and blindfold - Ball may bounce but most roll before reaching the opponents throwing area - Standing, kneeling or lying position to stop ball

Question 30

Beep Baseball

Answer 30

- Regulation softball with a battery sound device - Bases = 48 inches tall with electronic buzzer - 6 blindfolded players and 2 sighted player (act as pitcher, catcher, spotter) / team - Fair ball = umpire (referee) designates which one of the two buzzing bases shall be activated - Run scored if batter get to base before the ball is fielded.