1
Q
What does being different means historically?
A
being:
- Destroyed
- Tortured
- Exorcised
- Sterilized
- Ignored
- Exiled
2
Q
Double standard?
A
Physical vs mental impairment (MR vs MI)
3
Q
What group received the worst treatment throughout most of history?
A
Mental illness
4
Q
Survival and Superstition
A
- 3000 to 500 B.C.
- Concept of survival of the fittest (need to be physically fit for providing for the clan (food/protection))
- Superstition guided social responses (if you had a deformity it was seen as a bad omen)
5
Q
Humanitarian Reform
A
- 500 B.C to 400 A.D.
- Doctrine of the survival of the fittest
- Double standard : born with disability = bad, disability cause by war = hero.
- Treatment for MI: purification, exorcism
- Hippocrate: recognize MI as a disease of natural cause
- Plato: recognize MI as curable through physical activity, massage and hydrotherapy
- PA does help with MI
- Better if you combine PA medication
6
Q
Judeo-Christian Influence
A
- 400 to 1500 A.D.
- Religious influence increase the level of acceptance and understanding = better humanitarian treatment
- Concept that taking a life was a sinful act
- Protective environment of monasteries and royal courts
- MR = child of God, MI = possessed by Devil
7
Q
Influence of Science and Medicine
A
- 16th to 17th centuries
- MI are still persecuted
- Deaf of noble birth = education
- MR = good treatment but perceived as a burden
8
Q
Initial Acceptance
A
- 18th century
- Influence of French Revolution: more compassion and education (schools for blind and deaf children), more individual responsibility and better treatment for MI.
- Disability no longer due to Satan
9
Q
Beginnings of Educational Treatment
A
- 19th century
- Jean-Marc Itard: children with severe MR can be taught and improved functioning
- Edouard Seguin: developed educational system focusing on physical intellectual and more development.
- Influence of European: residential institutions for MR, Deaf and blind people in USA
10
Q
Social Reform
A
- 20th century
- Concern about disability from education, psychology (Freud & Pavlov) and medecine
- IQ tests developed
- Quest for quantification of disability and individuals
- Positives effect of WWs on attitude toward persons with a disability.
11
Q
Trends
A
- Concept of true inclusion (choice of friends, work ,etc and be able to say yes or no without penalty)
- progressive inclusion and acceptance of disability in sport (ex. commonwealth)
- Individuals with disability are individuals who can contribute to the betterment of society.
12
Q
Disablement Model
A
Trauma / disease - Impairment - Disability - Handicap
13
Q
Disablement Model - Trauma
A
- Injury of living tissues caused by extrinsic agent
- Ex: TBI (traumatic brain injury) , amputation, SCI (spinal cord injury)
14
Q
Disablement Model - Disease (active pathology)
A
- Interruption of normal cellular processes
- Top 2 in CAN: Cancer and heart disease
- Other ex: Parkinson’s, ALS, diabetes, stroke
15
Q
Disablement Model - Impairment
A
- Loss or abnormality at the tissues, organ or body system level
16
Q
3 categories of psychologic impairments
A
- Musculoskeletal system (ex: muscular atrophy, inflammation)
- Pulmonary system (ex: loss of a lung, shortness of breathing)
- Neuromuscular system (ex: demyelination, decreased in proprioception)
17
Q
Disablement Model - Disability
A
Any restriction or lack of ability to perform a task or an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being
18
Q
If someone is in a wheelchair can you say he/she is handicapped ?
A
No
19
Q
Disablement Model - Handicap
A
- Disadvantage resulting from an impairment or disability that limits or prevents fulfillment of an individual’s role.
- Classification of a circumstances or situations
20
Q
Mental Retardation
A
Issues with adaptation and critical thinking
- seen around grade 4-6
- can continue education but will not be passing in most cases
21
Q
Mental Illness
A
Lose sense with reality
- schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression
- Mental processes are not slower like MR
22
Q
Arthritis - Disease
A
Arthritis in hips and knee
23
Q
Arthritis - Impairment
A
Decreased in ROM
- loss of muscle strength and endurance
- inflammation in the affected hip and knee
24
Q
Arthritis - Disability
A
Decreased in walking capacities
25
Arthritis - Handicap
Can no longer play his role as a volunteer in hospital because the person needed to walk for a while
26
Number 1 parasport in the world
Wheelchair basketball
27
Effect of world wars
1. increase number of people with a disability
| 2. increase health services
28
Significant Events in Parasport (12)
1. First Sports Club for Deaf (berlin)
2. First International Silent Games (Paris)
3. Sir Ludwig Gutman established the Spinal Injuries Center of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital (England = war vets)
4. First wheelchair basketball game played by war vets (USA)
5. First Stoke Mandeville Games for the Paralyzed (England)
6. International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF)
7. International Sport Organization for Disabled (ISOD)
8. First male wheelchair entrant in Boston Marathon
9. First female wheelchair entrant in Boston Marathon
10. Cerebral Palsy-International Sport and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA)
11. International Blind Sports Association (IBSA)
12. Creation of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
29
International Paralympic Committee (IPC) Mandates
1. To promote elite sports for athletes with disabilities
| 2. To integrate these athletes to the Olympics
30
Who is allowed to participate in the Paralympics?
- BSA : International Blind Sport Association
- ISOD : International Sport Organisation for Disabled
- ISMWSF : International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation
- CP-ISRA : Cerebral Palsy-International Sport and Recreation Association
- INAS-FMH : International Sport Federation for Persons with Mental Handicap *wasn't part of it before so they also have World Championship*
* CISS can compete but they prefer the world games instead*
31
Before being called Paralympics, what was the name of the game?
Olympics for the disabled
32
Significant Dates in Paralympics (6)
1. First game in 1960 with 400 athletes: for wheelchair sports (Spinal cord injury)
2. In 1980, they added Amputee, Blind and Cerebral palsy
3. In 1988, rename it to Paralympics and added les autres
4. in 1992, two differents paralympics game one for visual and physical impairment and one for mentral impairments.
5. From 1994 to 2004, only for physical and visual impairments.
6. In 2004, 3200 athletes participated.
33
Key points of the Chronology of Paralympics Games (2)
1. Negotiation between IPC and IOC in 1985
| 2. Paralympics means attached to the Olympics
