ID definition
- Substantial limitation in certain personal capabilities (slower)
- Manifested is significantly subaverage intellect: IQ = 70
ID diagnosis
Exist with related disability in 2 or more adaptive sill area: - Communications - Home living independently - Community use (services) - Health and Safety - Work - Self-care - Social skills (interactions) - Self-direction - Functional academics - Leisure New concept : Adaptive Functioning Begins before age 18
4 Range of ID and Functional Level
- Mild
- Moderate
- Severe
- Profound
Range of ID and Functional Level - Mild
- Learn reading, writing and math skills between 3rd and 6th grade
- May have jobs and live independently
Range of ID and Functional Level - Moderate
- Learn basic reading and writing
- Able to learn functional skill (safety and self-help)
- Require some type of supervision
Range of ID and Functional Level - Severe
- Not able to read and write
- May learn self-help skills and routines
- Require supervision in their activity of daily living (ADL)
Range of ID and Functional Level - Profound
- Require intense support
- May be able to communicate by verbal or other means
- My have medical condition requiring ongoing treatment
Incidence of ID
- Mild 90%
- Moderate 5%
- Severe 3,5%
- Profound 1,5%
Incidence of ID in Canada
- 0,5 to 1% of Canadian population = 190 000 to 380 000 people
Worldwide incidence and cause
- Number one factor is malnutrition
- Higher incidence for total population worldwide
Were you born with this IQ potential or did you acquire it through stimulation during your childhood + teenage years?
- You need both
- If you are under stimulated as a kid it can reduce your IQ potential
- vice versa
Etiology of ID (causes)
- In 30-40% of individuals, no etiology can be determined
- Prenatal : from conception to the end of 27th week of pregnancy
- Perinatal : from 28th week of pregnancy to 28 days after birth
- Postnatal: from 28 days postnatal to age 18
Etiology - Prenatal (Chromosomal/genetic disorders)
- No control
- abnormality of genes inherited from parents
Example: Fragile X syndrome - result of a defective gene (cannot produce enough protein)
- Mental function varies from severe to normal. Behaviours are often autistic, hyperactive, and impulsive
Etiology - Prenatal (down syndrome)
Errors when genes combine (no control)
- failure of chromosomes pairs to separate properly during fertilization
- ID level = mild
- most people with DS fall into the mild category
Etiology - Prenatal (Environmental Influences)
Can be modified
- Alcohol or drugs (10-20% of mild ID in developed countries can be traced directly to mother’s drinking)
- Smoking
- Malnutrition
- Illness of the mother during pregnancy
- Rubella
- STI (HIV/AIDS & syphilis)
Etiology - Perinatal
- Abnormal labor or delivery
- Prematurity and lower birth weight babies
Etiology - Postnatal
-Childhood diseases (meningitis, encephalitis)
- swelling to the brain compressing the tissue and
leading to the death of neurons
- Accidental TBI (before 18)
- Exposure to lead, mercury, and other environmental toxins
- Environmental deprivation
- malnutrition
- under-stimulated (child neglect + abuse)
Dendrite Formation & Child Neglect
Dendritic spines can be determined by stimulation
- fewer, unusually thin and long are correlated with the degree of ID
– the more severe of ID the greater the changes to the dendritic spines
IT IS reversible if intervention occurs early
- done by less neglect and more stimulation
ID - most limited capabilities
- Abstract thinking
- Concept formation
- Generalization
- Problem solving
ID - Learning characteristics & implications for exercise (4)
- Learn at a slower rate
- Memory and retention: needs more repetitions
- Difficulty generalizing (ex: treadmill)
- Instructions must be concrete
ID - Social characteristics
- Able to live independently if IQ is higher than 50 (under supervision)
ID - Motor Characteristics
Developmental motor delays
- Increase in severe mental impairment = more lag
- Increase in severe mental impairment = increased difficulty with ADLs and self-care
- Walk (can be up to 3.2 years behind and talk later)
ID - Physical Characteristics
Physical Constraints: - Short, fatter, wide hips Fitness is a problem: - Decreased strength, endurance, agility, balance, running speed, flexibility and reaction time - Overweight - Lower cardiovascular fitness
Are physical constraints the only cause of fitness problems with ID?
No, also has to do with the motor delays that will contribute as well
