Chapter 11

Question 1

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What bacterial group does Vibrio cholerae belong to?

Answer 1

Vibrionales

Question 2

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is the shape of Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 2

Curved rod

Question 3

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is the oxygen requirement of Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 3

Facultative anaerobe

Question 4

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is a key trait of Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 4

Flagella

Question 5

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What disease clue is associated with Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 5

Rice-water stool, profuse watery diarrhea

Question 6

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What bacterial group does E. coli belong to?

Answer 6

Enterobacteriales

Question 7

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is the shape of E. coli?

Answer 7

Rod

Question 8

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is the oxygen requirement of E. coli?

Answer 8

Facultative anaerobe

Question 9

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is a key trait of E. coli?

Answer 9

Enteric, “classic” organism

Question 10

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What disease clues are associated with E. coli?

Answer 10

Traveler’s diarrhea, food recalls, ~75% of UTIs

Question 11

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What bacterial group does Salmonella enterica belong to?

Answer 11

Enterobacteriales

Question 12

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is the shape of Salmonella enterica?

Answer 12

Rod

Question 13

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is the oxygen requirement of Salmonella enterica?

Answer 13

Facultative anaerobe

Question 14

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is a key trait of Salmonella enterica?

Answer 14

Food-borne pathogen

Question 15

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What disease does Salmonella enterica cause?

Answer 15

Gastroenteritis

Question 16

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What bacterial group does Salmonella Typhi belong to?

Answer 16

Enterobacteriales

Question 17

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is the shape of Salmonella Typhi?

Answer 17

Rod

Question 18

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is the oxygen requirement of Salmonella Typhi?

Answer 18

Facultative anaerobe

Question 19

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is a key trait of Salmonella Typhi?

Answer 19

Human carrier state (gallbladder)

This means that a person can still carry the bacteria even after they recover from the infection

• bacteria hide in the gallbladder

The person may:
- not feel sick anymore
- but still shed bacteria in their stool
- Infect others

Question 20

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What disease does Salmonella Typhi cause?

Answer 20

Typhoid fever (severe / fatal)

Question 21

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What bacterial group does Shigella dysenteriae belong to?

Answer 21

Enterobacteriales

Question 22

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is the shape of Shigella dysenteriae?

Answer 22

Rod

Question 23

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is the oxygen requirement of Shigella dysenteriae?

Answer 23

Facultative anaerobe

Question 24

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is a key trait of Shigella dysenteriae?

Answer 24

Shiga toxin

Question 25

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What disease clues are associated with Shigella dysenteriae?

Answer 25

Severe dysentery, fecal-oral transmission - dysentery is a severe form of diarrhea that indicates: blood or mucus in stool, abdominal cramps, fever, painful frequent bowel movements - Fecal oral contamination when poop enters someone’s mouth

Question 26

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What bacterial group does Haemophilus influenzae belong to?

Answer 26

Pasteurellales

Question 27

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is the shape of Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 27

Coccobacillus

Question 28

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What is the oxygen requirement of Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 28

Aerobic

Question 29

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What growth requirements does Haemophilus influenzae need?

Answer 29

Cannot grow on its own, needs X factor (iron) and V factor (NAD) H.influenzae = XV factor

Question 30

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What diseases are associated with Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 30

Meningitis pneumonia otitis media

Question 31

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What special culture medium is used for Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 31

Chocolate agar

Question 32

**Gram Negative Bacteria - What vaccine is associated with Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 32

Hib vaccine

Question 33

*What organisms are covered in this course section?

Answer 33

Only Eubacteria

Question 34

*What are Eubacteria also called?

Answer 34

“True bacteria”

Question 35

*Which bacteria are included for study?

Answer 35

Only organisms that cause human disease

Question 36

*What is the professor’s key instruction regarding what to study?

Answer 36

Only study the groups provided

Question 37

*Are organisms outside the provided groups tested on exams?

Answer 37

No

Question 38

*Should you study additional bacterial *groups “just in case”?

Answer 38

No — they are not relevant for exams or human disease

Question 39

*What is the safest and smartest study strategy for this course?

Answer 39

Study only the Eubacteria groups provided by the professor

Question 40

*What is the name of the main Gram-negative bacterial group?

Answer 40

Pseudomonadota

Question 41

*Which Gram-negative group should you focus on most for exams?

Answer 41

Pseudomonadota

Question 42

*If a question asks for the main, largest, or most clinically important Gram-negative group →

Answer 42

Answer: Pseudomonadota

Question 43

** Gram Posiitve - Bacillota

Answer 43

A major subdivision of Gram-positive bacteria

Question 44

** Gram Posiitve - Mycoplasmatota

Answer 44

A major subdivision of Gram-positive bacteria

Question 45

** Gram Posiitve - Actinomycetota

Answer 45

A major subdivision of Gram-positive bacteria

Question 46

*What core features should you focus on for each organism?

Answer 46

Morphology Respiratory requirements Transmission Virulence factors Diseases Exam Strategy Insight

Question 47

*What is the smartest way to prepare for exam questions in this chapter?

Answer 47

Learn systems and key traits, not isolated facts

Question 48

*GRAM -NEGATIVE* What is the medically important Alpha Pseudomonadota organism?

Answer 48

Rickettsia

Question 49

*GRAM -NEGATIVE*Is Rickettsia a family, genus, or both (as taught)?

Answer 49

Both family and genus

Question 50

*GRAM -NEGATIVE*What is the morphology of Rickettsia?

Answer 50

Cocobacilli (can resemble rods)

Question 51

*GRAM -NEGATIVE*What is the oxygen requirement of Rickettsia?

Answer 51

Aerobic

Question 52

*GRAM -NEGATIVE* What type of lifestyle does Rickettsia have?

Answer 52

Obligate intracellular parasite Obligate = required Intercellular = inside a cell Parasite = lives off another organism Rickettsia must live and reproduce inside host cells - it cannot survive or multiply on its own outside a cell

Question 53

*GRAM -NEGATIVE*What does “obligate intracellular” mean?

Answer 53

Must live inside mammalian cells

Question 54

*GRAM -NEGATIVE*How is Rickettsia transmitted?

Answer 54

Insect and tick bites

Question 55

*GRAM -NEGATIVE*What disease is caused by Rickettsia?

Answer 55

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Question 56

*GRAM -NEGATIVE* Why is it called “spotted” fever?

Answer 56

Damage to the cardiovascular system

Question 57

*GRAM -NEGATIVE*If an organism is named Rickettsia, what should you immediately think?

Answer 57

Tick-borne Obligate intracellular Spotted fever

Question 58

*GRAM -NEGATIVE* Alpha Pseudomonadota → Rickettsia: give 3 key traits.

Answer 58

Obligate intracellular Tick-borne Causes spotted fever

Question 59

**GRAM NEGATIVE** How many important groups are emphasized in Beta Pseudomonadota?

Answer 59

Two

Question 60

**GRAM NEGATIVE** What is the medically important Bordetella species?

Answer 60

Bordetella pertussis

Question 61

**GRAM NEGATIVE** What is the morphology of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 61

Rod

Question 62

**GRAM NEGATIVE**What is the oxygen requirement of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 62

Aerobic

Question 63

**GRAM NEGATIVE**What is the major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 63

Capsule

Question 64

**GRAM NEGATIVE**What part of the body does Bordetella pertussis target?

Answer 64

Lower respiratory tract

Question 65

**GRAM NEGATIVE**Who is most affected by pertussis?

Answer 65

Infants and children

Question 66

**GRAM NEGATIVE**What disease does Bordetella pertussis cause?

Answer 66

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Question 67

**GRAM NEGATIVE** What vaccine prevents pertussis?

Answer 67

DTaP vaccine

Question 68

**GRAM NEGATIVE** In DTaP, what does the “P” stand for?

Answer 68

Pertussis

Question 69

**GRAM NEGATIVE** Who commonly spreads pertussis to infants?

Answer 69

Adults

Question 70

**GRAM NEGATIVE** Why is pertussis especially dangerous in infants?

Answer 70

It can be fatal

Question 71

**GRAM NEGATIVE** What is the morphology of Neisseria species?

Answer 71

Diplococci

Question 72

**GRAM NEGATIVE** What is the oxygen requirement of Neisseria species?

Answer 72

Aerobic

Question 73

**GRAM NEGATIVE** What is the major virulence factor of Neisseria species?

Answer 73

Capsule

Question 74

**GRAM NEGATIVE** What disease does Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause?

Answer 74

Gonorrhea (STD)

Question 75

**GRAM NEGATIVE** What virulence factors does Neisseria gonorrhoeae have?

Answer 75

Capsule and fimbriae

Question 76

**GRAM NEGATIVE** What is the infection rate of gonorrhea?

Answer 76

>90%

Question 77

**GRAM NEGATIVE** Is there a vaccine for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Answer 77

No

Question 78

**GRAM NEGATIVE** What disease does Neisseria meningitidis cause?

Answer 78

Meningococcal meningitis

Question 79

**GRAM NEGATIVE** What virulence factor does Neisseria meningitidis have?

Answer 79

Capsule (no fimbriae)

Question 80

**GRAM NEGATIVE** Is there a vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 80

Yes

Question 81

**GRAM NEGATIVE** How do you differentiate Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 81

Gonorrhea → STD, fimbriae, no vaccine Meningitis → meninges, capsule, vaccine exists

Question 82

**GRAM NEGATIVE** Beta Proteobacteria — name the two key groups and one disease each.

Answer 82

Bordetella → Pertussis Neisseria → Gonorrhea or meningitis

Question 83

** What two groups are Beta Proteobacteria?

Answer 83

- Bordetella - Neisseria

Question 84

**Which class of Pseudomonadota is the largest and most pathogenic?

Answer 84

Gamma Pseudomonadota

Question 85

**What is the major organism in Pseudomonadales?

Answer 85

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 86

**What is the morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 86

Rod

Question 87

**What is the oxygen requirement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 87

Aerobic

Question 88

**Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa motile?

Answer 88

Yes

Question 89

**What type of flagella does Pseudomonas aeruginosa have?

Answer 89

Monotrichous or lophotrichous

Question 90

**What pigment does Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce?

Answer 90

Blue-green, water-soluble pigment

Question 91

**Why is pigment production important clinically?

Answer 91

It helps identify the organism

Question 92

**What type of growth does Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibit?

Answer 92

Psychrotroph (can grow in cold environments)

Question 93

**What type of infections is Pseudomonas aeruginosa most associated with?

Answer 93

Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections

Question 94

**What types of hospital infections does Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

Answer 94

Burn wound infections Catheter-associated UTIs Biofilm-associated infections

Question 95

**What distinctive clinical sign may be seen in Pseudomonas infections?

Answer 95

Blue-green pus

Question 96

**What severe diseases can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

Answer 96

Sepsis Meningitis

Question 97

**What phrase is commonly used to describe Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 97

“Notorious hospital pathogen”

Question 98

**What organism represents Moraxellaceae?

Answer 98

Moraxella lacunata

Question 99

**What is the morphology of Moraxella lacunata?

Answer 99

Cocobacilli

Question 100

**What is the oxygen requirement of Moraxella lacunata?

Answer 100

Aerobic

Question 101

**Does Moraxella lacunata have flagella?

Answer 101

No

Question 102

**What disease does Moraxella lacunata cause?

Answer 102

Conjunctivitis (pink eye)

Question 103

**How does Moraxella lacunata differ clinically from Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 103

Pseudomonas → severe hospital infections Moraxella → eye infections, less severe

Question 104

**What pattern is commonly used to identify organisms on exams?

Answer 104

Group → morphology → disease

Question 105

**What does the presence of a capsule usually indicate?

Answer 105

Virulence

Question 106

**What does the presence of flagella indicate?

Answer 106

Motility

Question 107

**Why are pigments important in microbiology exams?

Answer 107

They aid in organism identification

Question 108

**Why is vaccine presence vs absence important?

Answer 108

It helps differentiate similar organisms

Question 109

**Blue-green pigment + hospital infection + biofilms = ?

Answer 109

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 110

**Cocobacilli + pink eye = ?

Answer 110

Moraxella lacunata

Question 111

**What is the main Gram-negative bacterial group called in the new textbook?

Answer 111

Pseudomonadota

Question 112

**What was Pseudomonadota called in older textbooks?

Answer 112

Proteobacteria

Question 113

**Is Pseudomonadota the larger or smaller Gram-negative group?

Answer 113

Larger

Question 114

**Why is Pseudomonadota considered more important clinically?

Answer 114

It contains more medically significant pathogens

Question 115

**How is the second Gram-negative category described?

Answer 115

Smaller, mixed group It does not fit neatly into one category Features with nearby bacterial neighbors

Question 116

**How does this group compare to Pseudomonadota in scope?

Answer 116

Less extensive

Question 117

**Which Gram-negative group should you focus on the most?

Answer 117

Pseudomonadota

Question 118

**GRAM POSITIVE** What is Bacillota?

Answer 118

A major subdivision of Gram-positive bacteria

Question 119

**GRAM POSITIVE** What was Bacillota called in older textbooks?

Answer 119

Firmicutes

Question 120

**GRAM POSITIVE** What is Mycoplasmatota?

Answer 120

The mycoplasma group of Gram-positive bacteria

Question 121

**GRAM POSITIVE** What is Actinomycetota?

Answer 121

A major subdivision of Gram-positive bacteria

Question 122

**GRAM POSITIVE** Is Actinomycetota further subdivided?

Answer 122

Yes

Question 123

**List the three Gram-positive subdivisions using current terminology.

Answer 123

Bacillota Mycoplasmatota Actinomycetota

Question 124

**What key identifiers should be included for each organism?

Answer 124

Morphology (shape) Oxygen requirement Transmission Virulence factors Disease(s) Virulence Factors to Watch For

Question 125

**What virulence factors are especially important to track?

Answer 125

Capsule Fimbriae Flagella Toxins

Question 126

** What is the smartest way to prepare for Chapter 11 exams?

Answer 126

Learn systems and key identifiers, not isolated facts

Question 127

**What is the key medically important Alpha Proteobacteria organism?

Answer 127

Rickettsia

Question 128

**What term did the transcript mispronounce, and what is the correct term?

Answer 128

“Richtea / rigstea” → Rickettsia

Question 129

**What is the morphology of Rickettsia?

Answer 129

Coccobacilli (can appear rod-like)

Question 130

**What type of lifestyle does Rickettsia have?

Answer 130

Obligate intracellular parasite

Question 131

**What does “obligate intracellular” mean?

Answer 131

Must live inside host (mammalian) cells

Question 132

**How is Rickettsia treated in terms of respiration in this course?

Answer 132

Aerobic

Question 133

**How is Rickettsia transmitted?

Answer 133

Insects and ticks

Question 134

**What transmission route is emphasized for exams?

Answer 134

Tick bites

Question 135

**What disease does Rickettsia cause?

Answer 135

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Question 136

**Why is it called “spotted” fever?

Answer 136

Damage to the cardiovascular system (vascular/endothelial damage → rash)

Question 137

**What automatic associations should you make with Rickettsia on an exam?

Answer 137

Obligate intracellular Tick / insect-borne Spotted fever

Question 138

**Alpha Proteobacteria → Rickettsia: list 3 defining traits.

Answer 138

Obligate intracellular Tick-borne Causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Question 139

**How many main Beta Proteobacteria subgroups are emphasized?

Answer 139

Two

Question 140

**What is the key Bordetella species?

Answer 140

Bordetella pertussis

Question 141

**What is the morphology of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 141

Rod

Question 142

**What is the respiration of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 142

Aerobic

Question 143

**What is the major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 143

Capsule

Question 144

**What body site does Bordetella pertussis target?

Answer 144

Lower respiratory tract

Question 145

**What disease does Bordetella pertussis cause?

Answer 145

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Question 146

**Who is most affected by pertussis?

Answer 146

Infants and children

Question 147

**Who often transmits pertussis to infants?

Answer 147

Adults

Question 148

**Why is pertussis clinically serious in infants?

Answer 148

It can be severe or fatal

Question 149

**What vaccine prevents pertussis?

Answer 149

DTaP

Question 150

**In DTaP, what does the “P” stand for?

Answer 150

Pertussis

Question 151

**What is the morphology of Neisseria species?

Answer 151

Diplococci

Question 152

**What is the respiration of Neisseria species?

Answer 152

Aerobic

Question 153

**What virulence factor do both Neisseria species have (per lecture emphasis)?

Answer 153

Capsule

Question 154

**What disease does Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause?

Answer 154

Gonorrhea (STD)

Question 155

**What additional virulence factor does N. gonorrhoeae have?

Answer 155

Fimbriae/pili

Question 156

**How did the prof describe its virulence?

Answer 156

“Double weapon” — capsule + fimbriae

Question 157

**Is there a vaccine for N. gonorrhoeae?

Answer 157

No

Question 158

**What disease does Neisseria meningitidis cause?

Answer 158

Meningococcal meningitis

Question 159

**Does N. meningitidis have fimbriae (per prof’s notes)?

Answer 159

No

Question 160

**Is there a vaccine for N. meningitidis?

Answer 160

Yes (meningococcal vaccine)

Question 161

**How do you quickly differentiate the two Neisseria species on exams?

Answer 161

gonorrhoeae → STD, pili/fimbriae, no vaccine; meningitidis → meningitis, vaccine exists

Question 162

**Beta Proteobacteria — name one Bordetella disease and one Neisseria disease.

Answer 162

Bordetella → Pertussis; Neisseria → Gonorrhea or meningococcal meningitis

Question 163

**Which Gram-negative class is the largest and most pathogenic in this chapter?

Answer 163

Gamma Proteobacteria

Question 164

**How is Gamma Proteobacteria organized?

Answer 164

Divided into five subgroups (some further subdivided)

Question 165

**What is the key pathogen in Pseudomonadales?

Answer 165

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 166

**What transcript mispronunciation should you correct on exams?

Answer 166

“arginosa” → aeruginosa

Question 167

**What is the morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 167

Rod

Question 168

**What is the oxygen requirement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 168

Aerobic

Question 169

**Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa motile?

Answer 169

Yes

Question 170

**What flagellar arrangements can Pseudomonas aeruginosa have?

Answer 170

Monotrichous (one flagellum) or lophotrichous (lots at one end)

Question 171

**What pigments does Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce?

Answer 171

Water-soluble pigments

Question 172

**What is the classic pigment color for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 172

Blue-green

Question 173

**What type of organism is Pseudomonas aeruginosa regarding temperature?

Answer 173

Psychrotroph (can grow in cold)

Question 174

**Why is psychrotrophic growth clinically relevant?

Answer 174

Can grow in cool environments (e.g., food storage; persistence in hospitals)

Question 175

**How did the professor characterize Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinically?

Answer 175

A major “hospital challenge”

Question 176

**What type of infections is Pseudomonas aeruginosa most associated with?

Answer 176

Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections

Question 177

**What is a classic infection site and clue for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 177

Burn wounds with blue-green pus

Question 178

**How does Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause catheter-associated UTIs?

Answer 178

Forms biofilms on catheters

Question 179

**What severe systemic outcomes can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

Answer 179

Sepsis (septicemia)

Question 180

**What severe systemic outcomes can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

Answer 180

Meningitis (if it spreads)

Question 181

**Blue-green pigment + burn patient + hospital infection = ?

Answer 181

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 182

**List 4 defining traits of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Answer 182

Aerobic rod Motile (mono- or lophotrichous flagella) Blue-green pigment Nosocomial pathogen with biofilms

Question 183

**What family does Moraxella belong to within Gamma Proteobacteria?

Answer 183

Moraxellaceae

Question 184

**What is the key Moraxella species mentioned?

Answer 184

Moraxella lacunata

Question 185

**What shared clinical theme groups Moraxella organisms?

Answer 185

They cause eye infections

Question 186

**What is the morphology of Moraxella lacunata?

Answer 186

Coccobacilli

Question 187

**What is the oxygen requirement of Moraxella lacunata?

Answer 187

Aerobic

Question 188

**Is Moraxella lacunata motile?

Answer 188

No (no flagella)

Question 189

**Is Moraxella lacunata psychrotrophic?

Answer 189

No

Question 190

**Which organism is contrasted as psychrotrophic?

Answer 190

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 191

**What disease does Moraxella lacunata cause?

Answer 191

Conjunctivitis (pink eye / red eye)

Question 192

**How can morphology help differentiate organisms in conjunctivitis?

Answer 192

Staining pus and identifying coccobacilli helps distinguish Moraxella from other pathogens

Question 193

**Eye infection + coccobacilli + aerobic + non-motile = ?

Answer 193

Moraxella lacunata

Question 194

**What is the next Gamma Proteobacteria subgroup introduced after Moraxellaceae?

Answer 194

Legionellales

Question 195

**What organism does the professor begin discussing under Legionellales?

Answer 195

Legionella pneumophila (likely, based on standard coverage)

Question 196

**What is the morphology of Legionella (as stated before the cut)?

Answer 196

Rod

Question 197

**What is the oxygen requirement of Legionella?

Answer 197

Aerobic

Question 198

**Is Legionella spread person-to-person?

Answer 198

No

Question 199

**What organism is associated with Q fever?

Answer 199

Coxiella burnetii

Question 200

**What disease does Coxiella burnetii cause?

Answer 200

Q fever

Question 201

**What type of pneumonia is associated with Q fever?

Answer 201

Atypical pneumonia

Question 202

**What does “atypical pneumonia” mean clinically?

Answer 202

Not always a classic heavy cough Symptoms may be subtle or prolonged Patient may not improve as expected

Question 203

**Why might patients with Q fever not get better right away?

Answer 203

The organism can persist and cause ongoing disease

Question 204

**How did the professor explain this persistence (conceptually)? Q fever

Answer 204

She described it as the organism persisting/re-activating (not literally endospores clinically, but persistence is the key idea)

Question 205

**How severe can Q fever be?

Answer 205

It can be severe or fatal

Question 206

**What is the main teaching point when comparing pneumonia organisms here?

Answer 206

Some cause mild pneumonia Others cause severe or fatal pneumonia Presentation and persistence differ by organism

Question 207

**Q fever → organism → pneumonia type?

Answer 207

Q fever → Coxiella burnetii → atypical pneumonia

Question 208

**Persistent pneumonia without classic cough = think of what organism?

Answer 208

Coxiella burnetii

Question 209

**Which Gamma Proteobacteria subgroup is Vibrio found in?

Answer 209

Vibrionales

Question 210

**What is the key organism in Vibrionales?

Answer 210

Vibrio cholerae

Question 211

**What name must you always know in full for exams?

Answer 211

Vibrio cholerae

Question 212

**What is the shape of Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 212

Curved rod (vibrio)

Question 213

**Does Vibrio cholerae have flagella?

Answer 213

Yes

Question 214

**What is the oxygen requirement of Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 214

Facultative anaerobe

Question 215

**What does “facultative anaerobe” imply for Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 215

It is adaptable and can survive with or without oxygen

Question 216

**What disease does Vibrio cholerae cause?

Answer 216

Cholera

Question 217

*What system of the body is affected by cholera?

Answer 217

Gastrointestinal tract

Question 218

*What type of diarrhea is associated with cholera?

Answer 218

Profuse watery diarrhea

Question 219

*What does “profuse” mean clinically?

Answer 219

Loss of large amounts of water and electrolytes

Question 220

*Why can cholera be fatal?

Answer 220

Severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Question 221

*What is the classic stool description in cholera?

Answer 221

“Rice-water stools”

Question 222

*Why is it called rice-water stool?

Answer 222

Watery fluid like boiled rice water; Contains debris (cells, bacteria, tissue)

Question 223

*Curved rod + flagella + facultative anaerobe + rice-water stool = ?

Answer 223

Vibrio cholerae

Question 224

*Name 4 defining features of Vibrio cholerae.

Answer 224

Curved rod Flagella Facultative anaerobe Causes rice-water diarrhea (cholera)

Question 225

*What is another name commonly used for Enterobacteriales?

Answer 225

Enterics

Question 226

*Why are they called “enterics”?

Answer 226

They commonly inhabit the intestines (enteron) of mammals

Question 227

*In humans, what types of infections do enterics often cause?

Answer 227

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections

Question 228

*How did the professor describe the size of this group?

Answer 228

Very large (many pathogens)

Question 229

*How many enteric organisms does she focus on primarily?

Answer 229

Three main ones

Question 230

*What is the shape of enteric bacteria?

Answer 230

Rods

Question 231

*What is the oxygen requirement of enterics?

Answer 231

Facultatively anaerobic

Question 232

*Are enterics motile?

Answer 232

Yes

Question 233

*What flagellar arrangement do enterics use?

Answer 233

Peritrichous flagella (flagella all over)

Question 234

*Why did the professor call this the “worst arrangement”?

Answer 234

It provides very strong mobility

Question 235

*What structure do enterics use to attach to surfaces/cells?

Answer 235

Fimbriae

Question 236

*What structure allows enterics to transfer genetic material?

Answer 236

Pili

Question 237

*Why is genetic transfer important clinically?*

Answer 237

It allows transfer of traits between strains/species (e.g., resistance)

Question 238

*What are bacteriocins?

Answer 238

Proteins that kill nearby bacteria

Question 239

*Why do enterics produce bacteriocins?

Answer 239

To dominate a niche by eliminating competitors

Question 240

*Summarize enterics in one line.

Answer 240

Enterics = facultative anaerobic motile rods with peritrichous flagella + fimbriae/pili + bacteriocins.

Question 241

**GI pathogen + motile rod + peritrichous flagella = which group?

Answer 241

Enterobacteriales

Question 242

**Which organism is considered the “classic” enteric bacterium?

Answer 242

Escherichia coli

Question 243

**Why is E. coli widely used in genetics and biochemistry labs?

Answer 243

It is easy to grow and manipulate (ties to earlier chapters)

Question 244

**Why do public health and regulatory agencies track E. coli?

Answer 244

It is used in coliform counts as an indicator organism

Question 245

*What does E. coli indicate when found in water or food testing?

Answer 245

Contamination (often fecal contamination)

Question 246

**What GI illness is commonly associated with E. coli?

Answer 246

Traveler’s diarrhea

Question 247

**What food-related issues are classically linked to E. coli?

Answer 247

Food contamination and outbreaks (e.g., ground beef, spinach recalls)

Question 248

**What urinary condition is E. coli strongly associated with?

Answer 248

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Question 249

**Approximately what proportion of UTIs commonly involve E. coli (per lecture)?

Answer 249

~75%

Question 250

**Does E. coli cause UTIs in both males and females?

Answer 250

Yes

Question 251

**Recurrent UTI → think which organism?**

Answer 251

Escherichia coli

Question 252

**Traveler’s diarrhea → think which organism?

Answer 252

Escherichia coli

Question 253

**Food recalls (ground beef / spinach) → think which organism?

Answer 253

Escherichia coli

Question 254

**Give three classic associations of E. coli.

Answer 254

Traveler’s diarrhea Food contamination/outbreaks UTIs (~75%)

Question 255

**Ate food → severe traveler’s diarrhea → which organism?

Answer 255

Escherichia coli

Question 256

**Patient keeps returning with UTIs — what organism should you check?

Answer 256

Escherichia coli

Question 257

**Why does the professor say “E. coli” is a broad label?

Answer 257

Different strains behave differently

Question 258

**How should you approach scenario-based MC questions?

Answer 258

Identify the key clues Match them to the most likely organism Choose the most appropriate test or answer

Question 259

**Why is overthinking lab tests a mistake on exams?

Answer 259

Because the goal is to pick one logical test, not all possible tests

Question 260

**Scenario + traveler’s diarrhea OR recurrent UTI = ?

Answer 260

Escherichia coli

Question 261

*What type of illness does Salmonella enterica cause?

Answer 261

Gastroenteritis

Question 262

*What are the typical symptoms of Salmonella enterica infection?

Answer 262

Diarrhea; stomach and intestinal upset

Question 263

*How is Salmonella enterica usually managed?

Answer 263

Supportive care (fluids, light diet)

Question 264

*What are common sources of Salmonella enterica?

Answer 264

Undercooked poultry Beef / ground beef Contaminated foods

Question 265

*What disease does Salmonella Typhi cause?

Answer 265

Typhoid fever

Question 266

*How does typhoid fever differ in severity from gastroenteritis?

Answer 266

More severe; can be fatal

Question 267

*What serious complications did the professor emphasize?

Answer 267

Severe intestinal damage and bleeding (hemorrhaging)

Question 268

*What is the key source difference for Salmonella Typhi?

Answer 268

Human source

Question 269

*How is Salmonella Typhi spread?

Answer 269

From human carriers

Question 270

*Where do carriers often harbor Salmonella Typhi?

Answer 270

Gallbladder

Question 271

*Compare Salmonella enterica vs Salmonella Typhi.

Answer 271

enterica → foodborne → gastroenteritis → usually supportive care Typhi → human carrier → typhoid fever → severe/fatal

Question 272

*Food poisoning after poultry vs severe hemorrhagic illness from a carrier — which is which?

Answer 272

Poultry/food → Salmonella enterica Carrier/typhoid → Salmonella Typhi

Question 273

*What is the main Shigella pathogen emphasized?

Answer 273

Shigella dysenteriae

Question 274

*What disease does Shigella dysenteriae cause?

Answer 274

Severe dysentery

Question 275

*How is dysentery different from regular diarrhea?

Answer 275

It is more severe and involves significant tissue damage

Question 276

*How is Shigella dysenteriae spread?

Answer 276

Fecal–oral route

Question 277

*In what settings is Shigella most commonly spread?

Answer 277

Low sanitation environments, Crowded conditions, Children, Outbreaks in vulnerable populations, homelessness

Question 278

*What toxin does Shigella dysenteriae produce?

Answer 278

Shiga toxin

Question 279

*What part of the GI tract does Shigella primarily target?

Answer 279

Large intestine

Question 280

*What type of tissue damage does Shigella cause?

Answer 280

Abscess/pus formation, Severe inflammation

Question 281

*What is a key clinical sign of Shigella infection?

Answer 281

Many bowel movements per day

Question 282

*Fecal–oral + severe dysentery + Shiga toxin = ?

Answer 282

Shigella dysenteriae

Question 283

*Which enteric pathogen causes the most severe intestinal tissue damage?

Answer 283

Shigella dysenteriae

Question 284

*Which Gamma Proteobacteria subgroup includes Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 284

Pasteurellales

Question 285

*What is the key organism in Pasteurellales?

Answer 285

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 286

*Why is the name Haemophilus influenzae misleading?

Answer 286

It is not the flu virus; it is a bacterium

Question 287

*What is the shape of Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 287

Coccobacilli

Question 288

*What is the respiration of Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 288

Aerobic

Question 289

*What does the name Haemophilus mean?

Answer 289

Hemo = blood; philus = loving

Question 290

*Why is Haemophilus influenzae described as “blood-loving”?

Answer 290

It requires growth factors found in blood

Question 291

*What is the V factor required by H. influenzae?

Answer 291

NAD (a coenzyme)

Question 292

*What does the V factor (NAD) support?

Answer 292

Aerobic metabolism

Question 293

*What is the X factor required by H. influenzae?

Answer 293

Iron / cytochromes

Question 294

*What is the role of the X factor?

Answer 294

Needed for electron transport components

Question 295

*Why are humans considered a “rich medium” for H. influenzae?

Answer 295

Blood supplies X and V factors, allowing rapid growth and spread

Question 296

*What severe disease does H. influenzae cause, especially in infants?

Answer 296

Meningitis

Question 297

*What respiratory disease can H. influenzae cause?

Answer 297

Pneumonia

Question 298

*Who is at higher risk for H. influenzae pneumonia (per lecture)?

Answer 298

Smokers; People who drink alcohol; Older males

Question 299

*What ear infection is commonly caused by H. influenzae?

Answer 299

Otitis media (middle ear infection) also Sinus infections; Epiglottitis but not as common

Question 300

*What vaccine prevents serious H. influenzae infections?

Answer 300

Hib vaccine

Question 301

*Who typically receives the Hib vaccine?

Answer 301

Infants (also at-risk adult populations)

Question 302

*What special medium is used to grow Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 302

Chocolate agar

Question 303

*Why is chocolate agar used instead of regular blood agar (per lecture)?

Answer 303

Blood is highly concentrated and appears brown, releasing X and V factors

Question 304

*How did the professor describe chocolate agar in lecture context?

Answer 304

As a differential media

Question 305

*Coccobacillus + needs X & V factors + chocolate agar + meningitis = ?

Answer 305

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 306

*List 4 defining clues for Haemophilus influenzae.

Answer 306

Coccobacilli Requires X (iron) & V (NAD) factors Grows on chocolate agar Causes meningitis / pneumonia / otitis media

Question 307

*What domain do all disease-causing bacteria in this course belong to?

Answer 307

Eubacteria (EuBacteria)

Question 308

*What does “Eubacteria” mean?

Answer 308

True bacteria

Question 309

* Is Psuedomonatoda Gram Positive or Gram Negative?

Answer 309

Gram Negative

Question 310

** Which are Gram Positive

Answer 310

Bacillota Mycoplasma Actinmycetota

Question 311

**Pseudomonadota

Answer 311

A major Gram-negative bacterial group

Question 312

**GRAM-NEG - What is the key organism in Alpha Pseudomonadota?

Answer 312

Rickettsia

Question 313

**GRAM-NEG - What is the shape of Rickettsia?

Answer 313

Coccobacillus (can appear rod-like)

Question 314

**GRAM-NEG - What type of organism is Rickettsia?

Answer 314

Obligate intracellular parasite

Question 315

**GRAM-NEG - What does “obligate intracellular” mean?

Answer 315

Must live inside host cells to survive

Question 316

**GRAM-NEG - How is Rickettsia treated in terms of respiration in this course?

Answer 316

Aerobic

Question 317

**GRAM-NEG - How is Rickettsia spread?

Answer 317

Insects and ticks (tick bites emphasized)

Question 318

**GRAM-NEG - What disease does Rickettsia cause?

Answer 318

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Question 319

**GRAM-NEG - Why is it called “spotted” fever?

Answer 319

Damage to the cardiovascular system causes a rash (vascular damage)

Question 320

**GRAM-NEG - Coccobacillus + obligate intracellular + tick-borne + spotted fever = ?

Answer 320

Rickettsia

Question 321

**GRAM-NEG - Alpha Pseudomonadota → Rickettsia: list 4 traits.

Answer 321

Gram-negative Coccobacillus Obligate intracellular parasite Causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Question 322

**What Gram status does the Beta group belong to?

Answer 322

Gram-negative

Question 323

**In this course, how should you treat oxygen requirements unless stated otherwise?

Answer 323

Assume aerobic

Question 324

**(What is the key Bordetella species?

Answer 324

Bordetella pertussis

Question 325

**What is the morphology of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 325

Rod

Question 326

**What is the respiration of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 326

Aerobic

Question 327

**What is the main virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 327

Capsule

Question 328

**What disease does Bordetella pertussis cause?

Answer 328

Whooping cough (pertussis)

Question 329

**What is the morphology of Neisseria species?

Answer 329

Diplococci

Question 330

**What key virulence factor do both Neisseria species have?

Answer 330

Capsule

Question 331

**What is the respiration of Neisseria species?

Answer 331

Aerobic

Question 332

**What disease does Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause?

Answer 332

Gonorrhea (STD)

Question 333

**What additional virulence factor does N. gonorrhoeae have?

Answer 333

Fimbriae (pili)

Question 334

**Why are fimbriae important in gonorrhea?

Answer 334

They help attachment and increase infectivity

Question 335

**Is Neisseria meningitidis an STD?

Answer 335

No

Question 336

**What disease does Neisseria meningitidis cause?

Answer 336

Meningitis

Question 337

**What is the respiration of Neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 337

Aerobic

Question 338

**How do you differentiate the two Neisseria species on exams?

Answer 338

gonorrhoeae → STD, fimbriae, capsule; meningitidis → meningitis, capsule, not an STD

Question 339

**Diplococci + capsule + aerobic → think which genus?

Answer 339

Neisseria

Question 340

**Which Pseudomonadota group is the largest and most pathogenic?

Answer 340

Gamma Proteobacteria

Question 341

**What is the key organism in Pseudomonadales?

Answer 341

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 342

**What is the morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 342

Rod

Question 343

**What is the oxygen requirement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 343

Aerobic

Question 344

**What type of flagella does Pseudomonas aeruginosa have?

Answer 344

Monotrichous or lophotrichous

Question 345

**What pigment does Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce?

Answer 345

Blue-green, water-soluble pigment

Question 346

**Why is the blue-green pigment clinically important?

Answer 346

It helps identify infections (blue-green pus)

Question 347

**What classic infection is seen in burn patients with Pseudomonas?

Answer 347

Blue-green pus in burn wounds

Question 348

**How can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause UTIs?

Answer 348

Enters catheters → forms biofilms → causes catheter-associated UTIs

Question 349

**Why is Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with food spoilage?

Answer 349

It is a psychrotroph (can grow in cold)

Question 350

**Why are Pseudomonas infections a major hospital challenge?

Answer 350

They cause hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections

Question 351

**What Moraxella species is emphasized?

Answer 351

Moraxella lacunata

Question 352

**What is the morphology of Moraxella lacunata?

Answer 352

Coccobacilli

Question 353

**What is the respiration of Moraxella lacunata?

Answer 353

Aerobic

Question 354

**What disease does Moraxella lacunata cause?

Answer 354

Conjunctivitis (pink eye / red eye)

Question 355

**Which two Gamma Proteobacteria mentioned can be associated with eye infections?

Answer 355

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella lacunata

Question 356

**How do their eye infections differ clinically?

Answer 356

Pseudomonas → more severe, often hospital-related Moraxella → common conjunctivitis

Question 357

**Blue-green pigment + burn patient + hospital infection = ?

Answer 357

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 358

**Pink eye + coccobacilli = ?

Answer 358

Moraxella lacunata

Question 359

**Gamma Proteobacteria — name the two key organisms and one disease each.

Answer 359

Pseudomonas aeruginosa → nosocomial burn wounds / UTIs Moraxella lacunata → conjunctivitis

Question 360

**Which Gamma Proteobacteria subgroup includes Legionella?

Answer 360

Legionellales

Question 361

**What is the key organism in Legionellales?

Answer 361

Legionella pneumophila

Question 362

**What is the morphology of Legionella pneumophila?

Answer 362

Rod

Question 363

**What is the oxygen requirement of Legionella pneumophila?

Answer 363

Aerobic

Question 364

**How is Legionella pneumophila spread?

Answer 364

Through water aerosols

Question 365

*Give examples of common sources of Legionella exposure.

Answer 365

Showers Air conditioning systems Hospital water systems Cooling towers

Question 366

*Is Legionella pneumophila spread person-to-person?

Answer 366

No

Question 367

*What is Pontiac fever?

Answer 367

A mild form of pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila

Question 368

*Is Pontiac fever usually fatal?

Answer 368

No

Question 369

*What is Legionnaires’ disease?

Answer 369

A severe and potentially fatal pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila

Question 370

*Which form of Legionella infection is more dangerous?

Answer 370

Legionnaires’ disease

Question 371

*What do Pontiac fever and Legionnaires’ disease have in common?

Answer 371

Both are caused by Legionella pneumophila Both involve pneumonia

Question 372

*How do they differ?

Answer 372

Pontiac fever → mild Legionnaires’ disease → severe / fatal

Question 373

*Water system exposure + pneumonia + no person-to-person spread = ?

Answer 373

Legionella pneumophila

Question 374

*Mild vs fatal pneumonia from the same organism = which one?

Answer 374

Legionella pneumophila

Question 375

*Legionella pneumophila — list 4 defining clues.

Answer 375

Aerobic rod Water-borne (aerosols) Not person-to-person Causes Pontiac fever or Legionnaires’ disease

Question 376

*What is the correct name of the organism?

Answer 376

Coxiella burnetii (common misspelling: “burnetti” → correct: burnetii)

Question 377

*What is the morphology of Coxiella burnetii?

Answer 377

Rod

Question 378

*How is Coxiella burnetii treated in terms of respiration in this course?

Answer 378

Aerobic (obligate intracellular)

Question 379

*Does Coxiella burnetii form a true endospore?

Answer 379

❌ No — it does NOT form a true bacterial endospore

Question 380

*Why does it often get described as “endospore-like”?

Answer 380

It forms a highly resistant spore-like survival form, but not a true endospore like Bacillus or Clostridium

Question 381

*Coxiella burnetii is extremely resistant but does not form true endospores.

Question 382

*What is the primary source of Coxiella burnetii?

Answer 382

Animals (especially livestock)

Question 383

*How is Coxiella burnetii transmitted to humans?

Answer 383

Aerosols from animals Contaminated milk (unpasteurized)

Question 384

*What disease does Coxiella burnetii cause?

Answer 384

Q fever

Question 385

*What type of pneumonia is associated with Q fever?

Answer 385

Atypical pneumonia

Question 386

*Why is Q fever considered dangerous?

Answer 386

Symptoms may persist Can be severe or fatal Not always a classic pneumonia presentation

Question 387

*Animal exposure + milk/aerosols + atypical pneumonia = ?

Answer 387

Coxiella burnetii

Question 388

*Q fever = which organism?

Answer 388

Coxiella burnetii

Question 389

*Coxiella burnetii — list 4 defining features.

Answer 389

Aerobic intracellular rod Extremely resistant (spore-like form) Animal / milk / aerosol transmission Causes Q fever (atypical pneumonia)

Question 390

*Which Gamma Proteobacteria group includes Vibrio species?

Answer 390

Vibrionales

Question 391

*What is the key organism in Vibrionales?

Answer 391

Vibrio cholerae

Question 392

*What is the shape of Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 392

Curved rods (vibrios)

Question 393

*Does Vibrio cholerae have flagella?

Answer 393

Yes

Question 394

*What is the oxygen requirement of Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 394

Facultative anaerobe

Question 395

*What disease does Vibrio cholerae cause?

Answer 395

Cholera

Question 396

*What type of diarrhea is characteristic of cholera?

Answer 396

Very watery, profuse diarrhea

Question 397

*Why can cholera be fatal?

Answer 397

Massive loss of water and electrolytes → severe dehydration

Question 398

*What is the classic stool description in cholera?

Answer 398

Rice-water stool

Question 399

*What does “rice-water stool” look like?

Answer 399

Watery fluid with debris, resembling water from boiled rice

Question 400

*Curved rod + flagella + facultative anaerobe + rice-water diarrhea = ?

Answer 400

Vibrio cholerae

Question 401

*List 4 defining features of Vibrio cholerae.

Answer 401

Curved rod (vibrio), Flagellated, Facultative anaerobe, Causes profuse watery diarrhea (rice-water stool)

Question 402

*What are Enterobacteriales commonly called?

Answer 402

Enterics

Question 403

*Why are they called “enterics”?

Answer 403

They commonly live in the intestines (enteron) of mammals

Question 404

*In humans, what types of infections do enterics often cause?

Answer 404

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections

Question 405

*What is the shape of enteric bacteria?

Answer 405

Rods

Question 406

*What is the oxygen requirement of enterics?

Answer 406

Facultative anaerobes

Question 407

*Are enterics motile?

Answer 407

Yes

Question 408

*What type of flagella do enterics use?

Answer 408

Peritrichous flagella (flagella all over)

Question 409

*Why is peritrichous flagella considered the “worst” arrangement (per prof)?

Answer 409

It provides very strong motility

Question 410

*How do enterics attach to host cells?

Answer 410

Fimbriae

Question 411

*What structure allows genetic exchange in enterics?

Answer 411

Pili

Question 412

*What do enterics produce to kill competing bacteria?

Answer 412

Bacteriocins

Question 413

*Summarize enterics in one sentence.

Answer 413

Enterics are facultative anaerobic motile rods with peritrichous flagella, fimbriae/pili, and bacteriocin production.

Question 414

*Which organism is considered the “classic” enteric bacterium?

Answer 414

Escherichia coli

Question 415

*Why is E. coli widely used as a lab organism?

Answer 415

It is easy to grow and manipulate (“lab pet”)

Question 416

*Why do public health agencies monitor E. coli?

Answer 416

It is used in water, sewage, and coliform counts as an indicator of contamination

Question 417

*What GI illness is commonly caused by E. coli?

Answer 417

Traveler’s diarrhea

Question 418

*What food is classically associated with E. coli outbreaks?

Answer 418

Ground beef (also other contaminated foods)

Question 419

*What urinary condition is E. coli a leading cause of?

Answer 419

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Question 420

*Does E. coli cause UTIs in both males and females?

Answer 420

Yes

Question 421

*People ate food and developed traveler’s diarrhea — which organism?

Answer 421

Escherichia coli

Question 422

*Patient has recurrent/constant UTIs — which organism should you suspect?

Answer 422

Escherichia coli

Question 423

*List 4 classic clues for E. coli.

Answer 423

Enteric facultative anaerobic rod Traveler’s diarrhea Food contamination (ground beef) Leading cause of UTIs

Question 424

*What disease does Salmonella enterica cause?

Answer 424

Gastroenteritis

Question 425

*How severe is Salmonella enterica infection?

Answer 425

Usually mild to moderate (“stomach flu”–like)

Question 426

*Is Salmonella enterica usually life-threatening?

Answer 426

No

Question 427

*How is Salmonella enterica typically acquired?

Answer 427

Food-borne

Question 428

*What kinds of foods are commonly involved with Salmonella Enteric?

Answer 428

Contaminated foods (e.g., poultry, meat)

Question 429

*What disease does Salmonella Typhi cause?

Answer 429

Typhoid fever

Question 430

*How does typhoid fever compare in severity to gastroenteritis?

Answer 430

Much more severe and can be fatal

Question 431

*What major intestinal complication did the professor emphasize in Salmonella Typhi?

Answer 431

Severe hemorrhaging of intestinal tissue

Question 432

*What is the reservoir of Salmonella Typhi?

Answer 432

Humans only

Question 433

*Where do human carriers often harbor Salmonella Typhi?

Answer 433

Gallbladder

Question 434

*How is Salmonella Typhi transmitted to others?

Answer 434

Through food or water contaminated by human carriers

Question 435

*Is Salmonella Typhi transmitted from animals?

Answer 435

No

Question 436

*Compare Salmonella enterica vs Salmonella Typhi.

Answer 436

enterica → food-borne → gastroenteritis → usually mild Typhi → human reservoir → typhoid fever → severe/fatal

Question 437

*“Stomach flu” after eating contaminated food = ?

Answer 437

Salmonella enterica

Question 438

*Severe intestinal bleeding + human carrier = ?

Answer 438

Salmonella Typhi

Question 439

*What is the single biggest difference between the two Salmonella types?

Answer 439

enterica → animal/food source Typhi → human reservoir (gallbladder carrier)

Question 440

*What is the main Shigella species emphasized?

Answer 440

Shigella dysenteriae

Question 441

*How is Shigella dysenteriae transmitted?

Answer 441

Fecal–oral route (fecal matter entering the mouth)

Question 442

*In what populations/settings is Shigella commonly spread?

Answer 442

Children not washing hands Homeless populations Crowded or low-sanitation environments

Question 443

*Is Shigella dysenteriae considered dangerous?

Answer 443

Yes — very dangerous

Question 444

*What disease does Shigella dysenteriae cause?

Answer 444

Severe dysentery

Question 445

*How is dysentery different from regular diarrhea?

Answer 445

It is more severe and involves tissue damage

Question 446

*What is a key clinical feature of Shigella infection?

Answer 446

Many bowel movements throughout the day

Question 447

*What toxin makes Shigella dysenteriae so dangerous?

Answer 447

Shiga toxin

Question 448

*What does Shiga toxin do?

Answer 448

Causes severe damage to intestinal cells

Question 449

*Which part of the GI tract does Shigella dysenteriae primarily affect?

Answer 449

Large intestine

Question 450

*What happens to the large intestine during Shigella infection?

Answer 450

Severe inflammation Tissue destruction Ulceration and pus (abscess) formation

Question 451

*Fecal-oral + severe dysentery + Shiga toxin + many bowel movements = ?

Answer 451

Shigella dysenteriae

Question 452

*List 4 defining features of Shigella dysenteriae.

Answer 452

Fecal–oral transmission Produces Shiga toxin Targets the large intestine Causes severe dysentery with frequent bowel movements

Question 453

*Which Gamma Proteobacteria group includes Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 453

Pasteurellales

Question 454

*What is the key organism in Pasteurellales?

Answer 454

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 455

*Why is the name Haemophilus influenzae misleading?

Answer 455

It is not the flu virus — it is a bacterium that can cause severe disease

Question 456

*What is the shape of Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 456

Coccobacillus

Question 457

*What is the oxygen requirement of Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 457

Aerobic

Question 458

*What does the name Haemophilus mean?

Answer 458

Hemo = blood; philus = loving

Question 459

*Why does Haemophilus influenzae “love blood”?

Answer 459

Blood provides essential growth factors

Question 460

*What is the V factor required by Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 460

NAD (a coenzyme)

Question 461

*What does the V factor (NAD) support in Haemophilus Influenza?

Answer 461

Aerobic metabolism

Question 462

*What is the X factor required by Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 462

Iron / cytochromes

Question 463

*Why is the X factor important in Haemophilus influenza?

Answer 463

It is required for the electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 464

*Why are humans a “rich growth medium” for Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 464

Human blood supplies both X and V factors, allowing rapid growth and spread

Question 465

*How does Haemophilus influenzae behave once it establishes infection?

Answer 465

It spreads very quickly

Question 466

*How would you describe Haemophilus Influenzae organism clinically?

Answer 466

A very nasty aerobic coccobacillus - deadly

Question 467

*What life-threatening disease does Haemophilus influenzae cause, especially in infants?

Answer 467

Meningitis

Question 468

*Why is Haemophilus influenzae meningitis especially dangerous in infants?

Answer 468

It can be rapidly fatal

Question 469

*What vaccine protects against Haemophilus influenzae infections?

Answer 469

Hib vaccine

Question 470

*What lung disease does Haemophilus influenzae cause?

Answer 470

Pneumonia

Question 471

*Who is at higher risk for Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia?

Answer 471

Older males; Smokers; People who drink heavily

Question 472

*What common ear infection does Haemophilus influenzae cause?

Answer 472

Otitis media (middle ear infection)

Question 473

*What additional infections can Haemophilus influenzae cause?

Answer 473

Sinus infections and other respiratory infections

Question 474

*Why does Haemophilus influenzae grow well in humans?

Answer 474

Our blood provides needed growth factors

Question 475

*What agar is used to grow Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 475

Chocolate agar

Question 476

*Why is chocolate agar used instead of regular blood agar in Haemophilus influenza?

Answer 476

It releases X and V factors from blood cells

Question 477

*How did the professor describe chocolate agar in lecture context?

Answer 477

Differential media

Question 478

*Aerobic coccobacillus + needs X & V factors + chocolate agar + meningitis = ?

Answer 478

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 479

*List 5 defining clues for Haemophilus influenzae.

Answer 479

Aerobic coccobacillus Blood-loving (X & V factors) Grows on chocolate agar Causes meningitis (infants) Causes pneumonia, otitis media, sinus infections

Question 480

*Is Hib a virus or a bacterium?

Answer 480

A bacterium.

Question 481

*Is Hib related to the influenza virus?

Answer 481

No. Despite the name, it is not related to influenza.

Question 482

*Which population is most affected by the current Hib cases in Calgary? VIDEO

Answer 482

Homeless adults or those with unstable housing.

Question 483

VIDEO *Why is Hib more common in homeless populations?

Answer 483

Crowded living conditions, Limited access to hygiene, Reduced access to healthcare, Higher likelihood of weakened immune systems.

Question 484

*Where was this strain previously reported? VIDEO HIB

Answer 484

British Columbia, including Vancouver Island.

Question 485

*Who issued the memo warning healthcare workers? HIB

Answer 485

Alberta’s Primary and Preventative Health Services.

Question 486

*What actions are being taken by Alberta Health? HIB VIDEO

Answer 486

Increased surveillance, Contact tracing.

Question 487

*How does Hib typically spread?

Answer 487

Coughing, Sneezing, Sharing utensils or cups.

Question 488

*What flu-like symptoms can Hib cause?

Answer 488

Ear infections, Sinus infections.

Question 489

*What happens when Hib enters the bloodstream?

Answer 489

It can infect multiple organs.

Question 490

*What severe symptoms can occur in invasive Hib infections?

Answer 490

Fever, Drowsiness, Vomiting.

Question 491

*Can Hib be fatal?

Answer 491

Yes, in rare severe cases.

Question 492

*Is Hib difficult to diagnose or treat?

Answer 492

No, it is generally easy to diagnose, treat, and prevent.

Question 493

*Will this outbreak overwhelm the healthcare system? VIDEO HIB

Answer 493

No, it is not expected to add significant pressure.

Question 494

*Who did Hib primarily affect before vaccination?

Answer 494

Children.

Question 495

*What changed Hib epidemiology?

Answer 495

The introduction of routine childhood Hib vaccination.

Question 496

*What social factors increase Hib risk in homeless populations?

Answer 496

Poor infrastructure, Limited hygiene access, Reduced healthcare access, Increased immune system vulnerability.

Question 497

*Why is this Hib cluster important for healthcare workers to recognize?

Answer 497

Because patients with homelessness or unstable housing presenting with flu-like or invasive symptoms may have Hib, despite it being rare.

Question 498

*How is this year’s flu season being described by doctors?

Answer 498

As “a beast” and likely more severe and more significant than average.

Question 499

*How does this flu season compare to a typical flu season?

Answer 499

It is expected to be more severe than the average flu season.

Question 500

*What proportion of flu tests are currently coming back positive?

Answer 500

1 in 5 tests (20%).

Question 501

*What does a 1-in-5 positivity rate indicate?

Answer 501

That the flu is in the midst of a surge.

Question 502

*Which influenza strain is primarily driving the early spike this season?

Answer 502

Influenza A (H3N2).

Question 503

*Are there variants involved in this season’s flu surge?

Answer 503

Yes, new variants of H3N2 are involved.

Question 504

*Approximately how many additional mutations have been identified in the circulating strain?

Answer 504

About seven additional mutations.

Question 505

*Why are these mutations concerning?

Answer 505

They likely enhance the virus’s ability to slip through immune protections.

Question 506

*What does “slipping through immune protections” mean?

Answer 506

The virus can partially evade existing immunity, including from prior infection or vaccination.

Question 507

*Is this year’s flu vaccine completely ineffective?

Answer 507

No, it still works.

Question 508

*What is the main issue with this year’s flu shot?

Answer 508

A less-than-ideal match to the circulating H3N2 strain.

Question 509

*Which component of the vaccine is less effective than hoped?

Answer 509

The component protecting against H3N2.

Question 510

*Does the vaccine still provide protection?

Answer 510

Yes, just not to the same extent for H3N2.

Question 511

*How does the vaccine perform against other flu viruses?

Answer 511

It provides good protection against the other two circulating flu viruses.

Question 512

*What flu season pattern was observed in 2023–2024?

Answer 512

A slow burn lasting several months.

Question 513

*What happened during the 2022 flu season?

Answer 513

An early spike followed by a quick drop.

Question 514

*Which past season might this year resemble? FLU VID

Answer 514

The 2022 flu season.

Question 515

*Are doctors certain this year will follow that pattern? FLU VID

Answer 515

No, nothing is certain.

Question 516

*How is the flu virus described in terms of predictability?

Answer 516

Very unpredictable.

Question 517

*What sometimes happens after an initial flu surge?

Answer 517

A second surge (“blip”) in the spring.

Question 518

*Which flu type usually dominates in a second spring surge?

Answer 518

Influenza B.

Question 519

*Which flu types are dominant right now?

Answer 519

Influenza A, specifically H3N2.

Question 520

What is described as the key issue in *managing this flu season?

Answer 520

Prevention.

Question 521

*What prevention measures are strongly recommended?

Answer 521

Getting the flu shot, Staying home when sick, Keeping children home from school when sick.

Question 522

*Why is staying home when sick emphasized?

Answer 522

To prevent spreading illness at work, parties, and schools.

Question 523

*Why is this flu season considered particularly concerning?

Answer 523

Because it involves: A high positivity rate (20%), H3N2 dominance, Multiple mutations that enhance immune evasion, A suboptimal vaccine match, The potential for unpredictable surges.

Question 524

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** What infection is currently spreading among Toronto’s most vulnerable populations?

Answer 524

Shigella, a highly contagious bacterial stomach infection.

Question 525

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** How many confirmed cases of Shigella are currently reported in Toronto?

Answer 525

11 confirmed cases.

Question 526

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Which population are all confirmed Toronto cases found in?

Answer 526

People experiencing homelessness.

Question 527

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Does Toronto’s public health officer believe the confirmed case count reflects the true number?

Answer 527

No — the true number is believed to be much higher.

Question 528

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Can Shigella infections be serious?

Answer 528

Yes, infections can be severe and even fatal.

Question 529

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Why are only some cases being captured by public health surveillance?

Answer 529

Because most people recover on their own, and only those who seek medical care are tested and recorded.

Question 530

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** What are common early symptoms of Shigella infection?

Answer 530

Watery diarrhea, Severe fatigue, Abdominal (belly) pain.

Question 531

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** How can symptoms progress in Shigella infection?

Answer 531

It can cause inflammation of the colon, leading to: Bloody diarrhea, Mucousy stools, Fever, Cramps.

Question 532

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** How long does Shigella infection usually last in most people?

Answer 532

About one week or less.

Question 533

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Which groups are most vulnerable to severe Shigella infection?

Answer 533

Very young, Very old, People with weakened immune systems.

Question 534

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Why is Shigella more concerning in homeless populations?

Answer 534

Due to limited hygiene access, crowded living conditions, and shared facilities.

Question 535

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** How is Shigella transmitted?

Answer 535

Through fecal–oral transmission.

Question 536

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Why is Shigella considered highly contagious?

Answer 536

Because it requires a very small infectious dose.

Question 537

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** What is the infectious dose (inoculum) for Shigella?

Answer 537

Approximately 10–100 bacteria.

Question 538

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Why is such a small inoculum dangerous?

Answer 538

Because it makes transmission very easy via contaminated hands, food, or utensils.

Question 539

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Why doesn’t stomach acid easily kill Shigella?

Answer 539

The bacteria is not very susceptible to stomach acid.

Question 540

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Why are homeless encampments and shelters high-risk environments for Shigella spread?

Answer 540

Shared bathrooms, Poor hand hygiene, Lack of running water, Inability to bathe, Shared clothing, Shared food preparation, Shared utensils.

Question 541

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Why is food preparation a major risk factor?

Answer 541

If an infected person prepares food, it can infect many others at once.

Question 542

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Besides Toronto, which Canadian cities have seen Shigella cases?

Answer 542

Edmonton and Vancouver.

Question 543

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** How many people have been hospitalized with severe Shigella infections in Edmonton since 2022?

Answer 543

Over 300 people.

Question 544

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Has Shigella been reported internationally?

Answer 544

Yes, in Europe, Australia, and the United States.

Question 545

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Where in the U.S. have cases been reported?

Answer 545

Seattle.

Question 546

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Is drug-resistant Shigella widespread in Canada?

Answer 546

No, it is not well established, but cases do occur.

Question 547

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** What is the most effective prevention method for Shigella?

Answer 547

Hygiene measures.

Question 548

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** What sanitation strategies helped control Shigella cases in Edmonton?

Answer 548

Access to showers, Access to washrooms, Clean clothing distribution.

Question 549

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Why are hygiene-based prevention strategies difficult for homeless populations?

Answer 549

Due to lack of infrastructure and facilities.

Question 550

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Do most people with Shigella need antibiotics?

Answer 550

No, most people recover without treatment.

Question 551

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** When are antibiotics used for Shigella?

Answer 551

Severe illness, High-risk patients, Outbreak control situations.

Question 552

**SHIGELLA VIDEO**What is XDR Shigella?

Answer 552

Extensively Drug-Resistant Shigella, resistant to many antibiotics.

Question 553

**SHIGELLA VIDEO**Why is unnecessary antibiotic use discouraged?

Answer 553

It promotes antibiotic resistance.

Question 554

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Why might treatment still be recommended in outbreaks?

Answer 554

Because treatment: Shortens illness duration, Reduces transmission risk.

Question 555

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Can people spread Shigella after symptoms resolve?

Answer 555

Yes.

Question 556

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** What is asymptomatic shedding?

Answer 556

Continued release of bacteria in stool without symptoms.

Question 557

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** How long can asymptomatic shedding last?

Answer 557

Up to six weeks in some people.

Question 558

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Why does this matter in shelters and encampments?

Answer 558

Because people can unknowingly spread infection for weeks.

Question 559

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Why are IV antibiotics sometimes required?

Answer 559

Because oral antibiotics may not work due to resistance.

Question 560

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Where must patients go to receive IV antibiotics?

Answer 560

Emergency department, Hospital.

Question 561

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Do IV antibiotics always work?

Answer 561

No, even IV treatment can fail in some cases.

Question 562

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Is Shigella expected to spread widely in the general population?

Answer 562

No.

Question 563

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Where are outbreaks outside homeless populations most concerning?

Answer 563

Nursing homes, Childcare facilities, Any setting with shared food preparation.

Question 564

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** What type of outbreaks occasionally affect the general population?

Answer 564

Food-borne outbreaks, Water-borne outbreaks, Recreational water (e.g., wading pools).

Question 565

**SHIGELLA VIDEO** Why is the Toronto Shigella outbreak particularly concerning?

Answer 565

Because it involves: Highly contagious fecal-oral transmission, Very low infectious dose, Drug resistance (XDR strains), Prolonged asymptomatic shedding, Limited hygiene access in vulnerable populations.

Question 566

How many organisms are emphasized in Campylobacterota?

Answer 566

Two: 1. Campylobacter jejuni 2. Helicobacter pylori

Question 567

GRAM NEG - Campylobacter jejuni shape

Answer 567

Curved rod (vibrio-shaped)

Question 568

Is Campylobacter jejuni motile?

Answer 568

Yes - has flagella

Question 569

What type of flagella does Campylobacter jejuni have?

Answer 569

Monotrichous (single polar flagellum)

Question 570

What is the oxygen requirement of Campylobacter jejuni?

Answer 570

Microaerophilic

Question 571

What disease does Campylobacter jejuni cause?

Answer 571

Gastroenteritis (diarrhea, abdominal cramps)

Question 572

What is a common source of Campylobacter jejuni infection?

Answer 572

Contaminated food Unchlorinated water

Question 573

Campylobacter jejuni: shape, mobility, oxygen, disease

Answer 573

- Curved rod - microaerophilic - single polar flagellum - gastroenteritis

Question 574

GRAM NEG: Helicobacter pylori shape

Answer 574

Curved rod (vibrio-shaped)

Question 575

Is Helicobacter pylori motile?

Answer 575

Yes - has flagella

Question 576

What type of flagella does Helicobacter pylori have?

Answer 576

Peritrichous (flagella all around) Peri = P = Party (flagella all over)

Question 577

What is the oxygen requirement of Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 577

Microaerophilic

Question 578

What disease does Helicobacter pylori cause?

Answer 578

Peptic ulcer disease (stomach ulcers)

Question 579

What are the two key differences between Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 579

Flagella arrangement Disease location (intestine vs stomach)

Question 580

Campylobacter jejuni

Answer 580

Curved rod Monotrichous Microaerophilic Gastroenteritis

Question 581

Helicobacter pylori

Answer 581

Curved rod Peritrichous Microaerophilic Stomach ulcers

Question 582

What eye disease does Chlamydia trachomatis cause?

Answer 582

Trachoma

Question 583

Why is trachoma significant globally?

Answer 583

It is the leading cause of infectious (non-traumatic) blindness worldwide

Question 584

What STD does Chlamydia trachomatis commonly cause?

Answer 584

NGU (non-gonococcal urethritis) = urethral inflammation

Question 585

What complication can NGU (non-gonococcal urethritis) lead to in males?

Answer 585

urethral inflammantion = scarring - can cause infertility/sterility (especially in males)

Question 586

What other STD is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?

Answer 586

LGV (lymphogranuloma venereum)

Question 587

What is the morphology of Chlamydia trachomatis?

Answer 587

Aerobic coccobacillus

Question 588

What is the lifestyle of Chlamydia trachomatis?

Answer 588

Obligate intracellular parasite

Question 589

How does Chlamydia enter host cells?

Answer 589

Endocytosis (host forms a vesicle)

Question 590

How is Chlamydia trachomatis spread?

Answer 590

- Sexual transmission - Contact/fomites (clothing/tissue/toys - inanimate objects) - Poor sanitation environments - (Prof mentions airborne in certain settings)

Question 591

What is the infectious form of Chlamydia?

Answer 591

Elementary body (EB) = enters host cell via endocytotic vesicle

Question 592

What happens after the EB enters the host cell In chlamydia?

Answer 592

It reorganizes into a reticulate body (RB) = dividing form (binary fission)

Question 593

What is the function of the reticulate body (RB in chlamydia)?

Answer 593

Divides by binary fission

Question 594

What happens after RB replication in chlamydia?

Answer 594

RB → EB → host cell ruptures → infection spreads

Question 595

What is the morphology of Bacteroides?

Answer 595

Anaerobic rods

Question 596

What infection are Bacteroides associated with in the mouth?

Answer 596

Dental infections / gingivitis

Question 597

What severe abdominal condition can Bacteroides cause?

Answer 597

Peritonitis (severe bowel/colon, anaerobic infection, may require surgery)

Question 598

What is the morphology of Fusobacteria?

Answer 598

Anaerobic rods

Question 599

How do Fusobacteria appear on Gram stain?

Answer 599

Spindle-shaped rods (pointed ends)

Question 600

What infection are Fusobacteria mainly associated with?

Answer 600

Gingivitis (deep gum infection)

Question 601

Key differences and similarities between Bacteroides and Fusobacteria?

Answer 601

Differences: Fusobacteria → spindle-shaped, mainly gingivitis Bacteroides → typical rods + can cause peritonitis Similarities: - both anaerobic rods, both linked to dental infections / gingivitis (deep gum infection, bleeding gums)

Question 602

How do spirochetes move?

Answer 602

Corkscrew motion

Question 603

What structure allows this corkscrew motion In spirochetes?

Answer 603

Axial filament (endoflagella)

Question 604

What is a key spirochete pathogen?

Answer 604

Treponema pallidum = syphillis

Question 605

What disease does Treponema pallidum cause? (spirochetes)

Answer 605

Syphilis

Question 606

Why is Treponema pallidum genome mapping important?

Answer 606

Helps future research and vaccine development - rabbits used for testing/studies

Question 607

intracellular + EB/RB + STD + trachoma =

Answer 607

Chlamydia

Question 608

anaerobic rod + peritonitis =

Answer 608

Bacteroides

Question 609

spindle rod + gingivitis

Answer 609

Fusobacteria

Question 610

corkscrew + syphilis

Answer 610

Spirochetes →

Question 611

What is the lifecycle of Chlamydia trachomatis?

Answer 611

48 hours

Question 612

Why does Chlamydia have two forms (EB and RB)?

Answer 612

One form infects, the other form divides

Question 613

Elementary Body (EB) in chlamydia

Answer 613

The infectious form

Question 614

What does the EB do? chlamydia

Answer 614

Enters the host cell

Question 615

How does the EB enter the host cell? clamydia

Answer 615

By endocytosis (the host cell forms a vesicle around it)

Question 616

Does the EB divide? Chlamydia

Answer 616

No

Question 617

What does the EB turn into inside the cell? Chlamydia

Answer 617

Reticulate Body (RB)

Question 618

What is the Reticulate Body (RB)? Chlamydia

Answer 618

The dividing form

Question 619

How does the RB multiply? Chlamydia

Answer 619

Binary fission

Question 620

Is the RB infectious? Chlamydia

Answer 620

No

Question 621

What happens after RB divides many times? Chlamydia

Answer 621

RB reorganizes back into EB

Question 622

What happens to the host cell next? Chlamydia

Answer 622

The host cell ruptures

Question 623

What is released when the host cell ruptures? Chlamydia

Answer 623

Many new Elementary Bodies (EBs)

Question 624

Chlamydia life cycle in one line?

Answer 624

Infectious EB enters cell → becomes dividing RB → turns back into EB → cell bursts → infection spreads.

Question 625

GRAM POSITIVE - Which organisms remain in the genus Clostridium?

Answer 625

Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum

Question 626

Which organism is now classified under Clostridioides?

Answer 626

Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile)

Question 627

What is the morphology of the Clostridium group? GRAM POSITIVE

Answer 627

Anaerobic rods

Question 628

Do Clostridium species form endospores?

Answer 628

Yes

Question 629

Where is the endospore often located in Clostridium species?

Answer 629

Terminal (at the end of the rod) lollipop rod

Question 630

What does a terminal endospore cause the cell to look like?

Answer 630

A “lollipop rod”

Question 631

What disease does Clostridium tetani cause?

Answer 631

Tetanus

Question 632

Is there a vaccine for Clostridium tetanus (tetanus)?

Answer 632

Yes

Question 633

What disease does Clostridium perfringens cause?

Answer 633

Gas gangrene

Question 634

What disease does Clostridium botulinum cause?

Answer 634

Botulism

Question 635

What disease does Clostridium difficile cause?

Answer 635

Pseudomembranous colitis

Question 636

What are the main symptoms of Clostridium difficile infection?

Answer 636

Severe, prolonged diarrhea, can be fatal, major hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea spreads easily due to endospores prof mentions interest in mRNA vaccine research

Question 637

Can Clostridium difficile infection be fatal?

Answer 637

Yes

Question 638

Why does Clostridium difficile spread easily in hospitals?

Answer 638

Endospore formation (resistant to disinfectants)

Question 639

What type of infection is Clostridium difficile considered?

Answer 639

Major hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea

Question 640

What new research approach did the professor mention for Clostridium-related diseases?

Answer 640

mRNA vaccine research

Question 641

Clostridium group =

Answer 641

Anaerobic, Endospore-forming, Terminal spores (“lollipop rod”), Diseases: tetani → tetanus perfringens → gas gangrene botulinum → botulism difficile → pseudomembranous colitis

Question 642

Lollipop rod →

Answer 642

Clostridium

Question 643

Hospital diarrhea →

Answer 643

C. difficile

Question 644

Paralysis →

Answer 644

tetanus or botulism

Question 645

What is the main medically important organism in the genus Bacillus? GRAM POS

Answer 645

Bacillus anthracis

Question 646

What is the morphology of Bacillus anthracis? GRAM POS

Answer 646

Rod

Question 647

Is Bacillus anthracis aerobic or anaerobic? GRAM POS

Answer 647

Aerobic or facultative anaerobe

Question 648

Does Bacillus anthracis form endospores?

Answer 648

Yes

Question 649

Where is the endospore located in Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 649

Central

Question 650

Does the endospore cause a “lollipop” bulge appearance?

Answer 650

No

Question 651

What disease does Bacillus anthracis cause?

Answer 651

Anthrax

Question 652

Why is Bacillus anthracis considered a potential bioweapon?

Answer 652

Its endospores are highly resistant and survive long periods

Question 653

What historical event did the professor reference regarding anthrax?

Answer 653

September 2001 anthrax attacks

Question 654

Compare oxygen for Clostridium vs. Bacillus

Answer 654

Clostridium = Strict anaerobe Bacillus = aerobic or facultative

Question 655

Compare endospore location for Clostridium vs. Bacillus

Answer 655

Clostridium = often terminal Bacillus = central

Question 656

Compare Lollipop shape for Clostridium vs. Bacillus

Answer 656

Clostridium = lollipop shape Bacillus = No lollipop shape

Question 657

anaerobic + lollipop spore =

Answer 657

Clostridium

Question 658

aerobic + central spore + anthrax =

Answer 658

Bacillus anthracis

Question 659

Aerobic rod + central endospore + anthrax = ?

Answer 659

Bacillus anthracis

Question 660

GRAM POSITIVE - What is the shape of Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 660

Cocci

Question 661

GRAM POSITIVE - How are Staphylococcus cells arranged?

Answer 661

Grape-like clusters

Question 662

What does “aureus” mean?

Answer 662

Golden

Question 663

What is the oxygen requirement of Staphylococcus aureus? GRAM POSITIVE

Answer 663

Facultative anaerobe

Question 664

Does Staphylococcus aureus form endospores? GRAM POSITIVE

Answer 664

No

Question 665

What type of infections is Staphylococcus aureus commonly associated with?

Answer 665

Skin infections

Question 666

What causes TSS (toxic shock syndrome) in Staphylococcus aureus infection?

Answer 666

Toxin production - historically linked to tampons but can happen to anyone

Question 667

Is TSS only linked to tampons?

Answer 667

No — it can occur in anyone

Question 668

Does Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning result from infection?

Answer 668

No - its an ingested pre-formed toxin

Question 669

What causes Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning?

Answer 669

Ingestion of a pre-formed toxin

Question 670

What infection is Staphylococcus saprophyticus associated with?

Answer 670

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Question 671

Why can Staphylococcus saprophyticus UTIs sometimes be missed?

Answer 671

Because labs often assume E. coli is the cause

Question 672

Staphylococcus vs Bacillus vs Clostridium — key difference?

Answer 672

Staphylococcus → cocci, no spores Bacillus → rods, central spores Clostridium → rods, terminal spores

Question 673

Cocci in grape-like clusters + golden + toxin-mediated disease = ?

Answer 673

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 674

GRAM POSITIVE - What is the shape of Lactobacillus?

Answer 674

Rods

Question 675

GRAM POSITIVE - What is the oxygen classification of Lactobacillus?

Answer 675

Oblique fermenters = Aerotolerant anaerobes

Question 676

What does “obligate fermenter” mean in this context? Lactobacillus

Answer 676

They use glycolysis only (fermentation), even if oxygen is present

Question 677

What major metabolic product does Lactobacillus produce?

Answer 677

Lactic acid

Question 678

How is Lactobacillus used commercially?

Answer 678

Yogurt and cheese fermentation

Question 679

Is Lactobacillus generally pathogenic?

Answer 679

No — generally non-pathogenic in human health

Question 680

Where is Lactobacillus especially important in the human body?

Answer 680

Vaginal microbiota

Question 681

Why is Lactobacillus protective in the vagina?

Answer 681

It produces lactic acid → keeps environment acidic

Question 682

Why is an acidic vaginal environment beneficial?

Answer 682

It prevents pathogen overgrowth

Question 683

When does Lactobacillus increase in females?

Answer 683

Puberty, Childbearing years, Pregnancy (even more)

Question 684

How are newborns colonized with Lactobacillus?

Answer 684

During passage through the birth canal = supports immune development

Question 685

Why is early Lactobacillus colonization important?

Answer 685

Supports immune development

Question 686

What happens if Lactobacillus levels are disrupted?

Answer 686

Increased risk of: UTIs, Fungal infections

Question 687

Lactobacillus =

Answer 687

Gram-positive rod Aerotolerant anaerobe Produces lactic acid Protects vaginal microbiota Disruption → infection risk

Question 688

Lacto =

Answer 688

lactic acid

Question 689

Fermenter =

Answer 689

no oxygen use

Question 690

Acid =

Answer 690

protection

Question 691

What is the general oxygen classification of Streptococcus species?

Answer 691

Generally aerotolerant (varies by species)

Question 692

What is the typical arrangement of Streptococcus?

Answer 692

Chains (except one key exception)

Question 693

What is the arrangement of Streptococcus pyogenes?

Answer 693

Chains

Question 694

Does Streptococcus pyogenes have a capsule?

Answer 694

No - has M protein (acts like virulence/attachment factor)

Question 695

What virulence factor does Streptococcus pyogenes use instead?

Answer 695

M protein

Question 696

What throat infection does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

Answer 696

Strep throat

Question 697

What rash illness is associated with Streptococcus pyogenes?

Answer 697

Scarlet fever

Question 698

What autoimmune heart complication can follow Streptococcus pyogenes infection?

Answer 698

Rheumatic fever (valve damage)

Question 699

What severe soft tissue infection can Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

Answer 699

Necrotizing fasciitis (“flesh-eating disease”)

Question 700

What type of hemolysis does Streptococcus pyogenes show?

Answer 700

on blood agar - Beta-hemolysis = clear zone (complete Red Blood Cell lysis)

Question 701

What does beta-hemolysis look like?

Answer 701

Clear zone (complete RBC lysis)

Question 702

What is the arrangement of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 702

Diplococci (exception to chains)

Question 703

Does Streptococcus pneumoniae have a capsule?

Answer 703

Yes

Question 704

What lung infection does Streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

Answer 704

Pneumococcal pneumonia

Question 705

What serious CNS infection can Streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

Answer 705

Meningitis (especially very young or elderly)

Question 706

What type of hemolysis does Streptococcus pneumoniae show?

Answer 706

Alpha-hemolysis (green zone)

Question 707

What does alpha-hemolysis look like?

Answer 707

Green zone (partial hemolysis) (hemoglobin altered → methemoglobin look)

Question 708

What is the arrangement of Streptococcus mutans?

Answer 708

Chains

Question 709

Does Streptococcus mutans have a capsule?

Answer 709

Yes

Question 710

What disease does Streptococcus mutans cause?

Answer 710

Dental caries (tooth decay)

Question 711

What type of hemolysis does Streptococcus mutans show?

Answer 711

Alpha-hemolysis (green zone)

Question 712

What is beta-hemolysis?

Answer 712

Complete hemolysis → clear zone

Question 713

What is alpha-hemolysis?

Answer 713

Partial hemolysis → green zone (hemoglobin altered - methemoglobin look)

Question 714

What is gamma-hemolysis?

Answer 714

No hemolysis / no change (prof says no pathogens emphasized here)

Question 715

Which Streptococcus species forms chains, has NO capsule (uses M protein), and shows beta-hemolysis?

Answer 715

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 716

Which Streptococcus species forms diplococci, has a capsule, and shows alpha-hemolysis?

Answer 716

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 717

Which Streptococcus species forms chains, has a capsule, shows alpha-hemolysis, and causes dental caries?

Answer 717

Streptococcus mutans

Question 718

Which Streptococcus is the exception to the “chains” rule?

Answer 718

Streptococcus pneumoniae (diplococci)

Question 719

Which Streptococcus uses M protein instead of a capsule?

Answer 719

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 720

Which two Streptococcus species have capsules?

Answer 720

S. pneumoniae and S. mutans

Question 721

Which Streptococcus shows beta-hemolysis (clear zone)?

Answer 721

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 722

Which Streptococcus species show alpha-hemolysis (green zone)?

Answer 722

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mutans

Question 723

Strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever → which organism?

Answer 723

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 724

Pneumonia and meningitis (young & elderly) → which organism?

Answer 724

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 725

Tooth decay → which organism?

Answer 725

Streptococcus mutans

Question 726

What diseases are from Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 726

- strep throat - scarlet fever - rheumatic fever (valve damage) - skin infections - necrotizing fasciitis (“flesh-eating disease”)

Question 727

What is the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes?

Answer 727

Rod

Question 728

What is the oxygen requirement of Listeria monocytogenes?

Answer 728

Facultative anaerobe

Question 729

What temperature classification does Listeria monocytogenes fall under?

Answer 729

Psychrotroph (grows in cold - can survive fridge foods)

Question 730

Why is being a psychrotroph clinically important?

Answer 730

It can grow in refrigerated foods

Question 731

What disease does Listeria monocytogenes cause?

Answer 731

Listeriosis (meningitis type illness)

Question 732

What foods are commonly linked to Listeria?

Answer 732

- Cold cuts (salami, pepperoni) - Pre-made salads, coleslaw, deli dressings - dried nuts (pistachio recall example) - unpasteurized milk

Question 733

What dairy product is a classic risk source for listeria?

Answer 733

Unpasteurized milk

Question 734

Who is at highest risk for severe Listeria infection?

Answer 734

Pregnant women

Question 735

Why is Listeria especially dangerous in pregnancy?

Answer 735

It can cross the placenta = miscarriage, stillborn, ill neonate

Question 736

What are possible outcomes of Listeria infection in pregnancy?

Answer 736

Miscarriage, Stillbirth, Ill neonate

Question 737

What other group is at high risk for listeria?

Answer 737

Immunocompromised individuals

Question 738

What immune cells does Listeria monocytogenes grow inside?

Answer 738

Monocytes/macrophages = weakens immune system

Question 739

Why does growth inside macrophages make Listeria dangerous?

Answer 739

It weakens immune defense

Question 740

Psychrotroph + refrigerated food + pregnancy risk + meningitis-type illness = ?

Answer 740

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 741

What are the two clinically important Enterococcus species? Enterococcus faecalis & Enterococcus faecium

Answer 741

Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecium

Question 742

What is the morphology of Enterococcus species? Enterococcus faecalis & Enterococcus faecium

Answer 742

Cocci

Question 743

What is the oxygen requirement of Enterococcus? Enterococcus faecalis & Enterococcus faecium

Answer 743

Facultative anaerobes

Question 744

What is the normal habitat of Enterococcus? Enterococcus faecalis & Enterococcus faecium

Answer 744

GI tract (fecal matter)

Question 745

What is the major clinical setting for Enterococcus infections? Enterococcus faecalis & Enterococcus faecium

Answer 745

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) - biofilms on catheters - surgical wound infections - can also cause UTIs and bacteremia in hospital settings

Question 746

How do Enterococcus species commonly persist on medical devices? Enterococcus faecalis & Enterococcus faecium

Answer 746

Biofilm formation on catheters

Question 747

What type of post-operative infection can Enterococcus cause? Enterococcus faecalis & Enterococcus faecium

Answer 747

Surgical wound infections

Question 748

What urinary complication can Enterococcus cause in hospitals?

Answer 748

Catheter-associated UTIs

Question 749

What bloodstream infection can Enterococcus cause?

Answer 749

Bacteremia

Question 750

GI tract cocci + facultative anaerobe + hospital biofilms + catheter infections = ?

Answer 750

Enterococcus faecalis or Enterococcus faecium

Question 751

Entero

Answer 751

intestines

Question 752

Hospital biofilm

Answer 752

Enterococcus

Question 753

Catheter infection

Answer 753

think Enterococcus

Question 754

What is the main medically important Mycoplasma species?

Answer 754

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 755

What is the most important defining feature of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 755

It has no cell wall - only plasma membrane as outer covering

Question 756

What is the outer covering of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 756

Only a plasma membrane

Question 757

Why is Mycoplasma pleomorphic?

Answer 757

Pleomorphic = no fixed shape (doesn’t match normal morphologies)

Question 758

What does pleomorphic mean?

Answer 758

Variable shape

Question 759

What do Mycoplasma pneumoniae colonies look like on agar?

Answer 759

“Fried egg” appearance on agar (scrambled/fried egg look)

Question 760

Why does penicillin NOT work against Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 760

Penicillin targets cell wall synthesis — Mycoplasma has no cell wall

Question 761

What type of drugs should be used instead on Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 761

Drugs that target internal processes (e.g., protein synthesis inhibitors)

Question 762

What antibiotic did the professor emphasize to use for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 762

Tetracycline

Question 763

What disease does Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

Answer 763

Walking pneumonia

Question 764

Why is it called “walking pneumonia”?

Answer 764

It is usually milder and many patients do not require hospitalization

Question 765

Common symptoms of walking pneumonia?

Answer 765

Fatigue Cough Chest congestion

Question 766

When should treatment be given for walking pneumonia?

Answer 766

If infection becomes deeper or more severe

Question 767

No cell wall + pleomorphic + fried egg colonies + walking pneumonia = ?

Answer 767

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 768

Which age group is most commonly affected by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 768

Young adults / college students

Question 769

In what environments does Mycoplasma pneumoniae spread easily?

Answer 769

Close-proximity settings (e.g., dorms, classrooms)

Question 770

How does Mycoplasma pneumoniae typically spread?

Answer 770

Close contact

Question 771

What practical prevention for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 771

Do not share utensils or close-contact items

Question 772

College student with mild “walking pneumonia” spreading in dorm — likely organism?

Answer 772

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 773

What are the three subdivisions of Actinomycetota?

Answer 773

Mycobacterium Corynebacterium Propionibacterium

Question 774

Which Mycobacterium species causes tuberculosis?

Answer 774

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 775

Which Mycobacterium species causes leprosy?

Answer 775

Mycobacterium leprae

Question 776

What is the defining structural feature of Mycobacterium?

Answer 776

Mycolic acid in the cell wall

Question 777

Why doesn’t Mycobacterium stain well with Gram stain?

Answer 777

The mycolic acid prevents typical staining

Question 778

What stain must be used instead for Mycobacterium?

Answer 778

Acid-fast stain

Question 779

Why is Mycobacterium highly resistant?

Answer 779

Because of mycolic acid in the cell wall

Question 780

What is Mycobacterium resistant to?

Answer 780

- Desiccation (drying) - Chemical disinfectants - Many antibiotics (hard to treat)

Question 781

Why do hospital disinfectants sometimes specify “tubercidal”?

Answer 781

Because TB is hard to kill and requires stronger disinfectants

Question 782

Does Mycobacterium grow quickly?

Answer 782

No — very slow growth

Question 783

What is the approximate generation time for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?

Answer 783

Up to ~20 hours (slow growth = long generation time)

Question 784

How long can TB cultures take to grow?

Answer 784

4–6 weeks

Question 785

Why should you not wait for culture results before starting TB treatment?

Answer 785

Because culture results take too long

Question 786

What is used for faster preliminary diagnosis for TB?

Answer 786

Acid-fast stain

Question 787

Should TB be treated with one antibiotic?

Answer 787

No

Question 788

Why must TB be treated with multiple drugs?

Answer 788

Resistance develops easily, Compliance issues can promote resistance

Question 789

Acid-fast + mycolic acid + slow growth + resistant + multi-drug therapy = ?

Answer 789

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 790

What is the main medically important Corynebacterium species?

Answer 790

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 791

What is the morphology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

Answer 791

Rod

Question 792

What is the oxygen requirement of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

Answer 792

Facultative anaerobe

Question 793

What special granules does Corynebacterium diphtheriae contain?

Answer 793

Metachromatic granules

Question 794

What do metachromatic granules store?

Answer 794

Phosphorus

Question 795

Why are metachromatic granules not easily seen on standard light microscopy?

Answer 795

They require contrast-type microscopy for better visualization emit light → prof says need contrast-type microscopy (not ideal on standard light microscope)

Question 796

What is the classic microscopic arrangement of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

Answer 796

Picket fence appearance

Question 797

What does “picket fence” refer to?

Answer 797

Rods aligned side-by-side at angles

Question 798

Can Corynebacterium be described as pleomorphic?

Answer 798

Yes, but “picket fence” is the key identifying feature

Question 799

What disease does Corynebacterium diphtheriae cause?

Answer 799

Diphtheria = severe upper respiratory tract infection

Question 800

What part of the body is primarily affected Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Answer 800

Upper respiratory tract

Question 801

What dangerous structure forms during diphtheria infection?

Answer 801

A thick, leather-like membrane = can cause suffocation/death

Question 802

Why is diphtheria potentially fatal?

Answer 802

The membrane can cause suffocation/death

Question 803

What does the word “diphtheria” mean?

Answer 803

Leather-like

Question 804

Which vaccine protects against diphtheria?

Answer 804

DTaP (or DCaP, as mentioned in lecture)

Question 805

What does the “D” in DTaP stand for?

Answer 805

Diphtheria

Question 806

How often are adult boosters recommended for diphtheria?

Answer 806

About every 10 years

Question 807

Picket fence rods + metachromatic granules + leather membrane + DTaP vaccine = ?

Answer 807

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 808

What is the morphology of Propionibacterium acnes?

Answer 808

Rod

Question 809

What is its oxygen requirement for Propionibacterium acnes?

Answer 809

Anaerobic

Question 810

Why does Propionibacterium acnes grow well in deep skin environments?

Answer 810

Deep skin areas are low-oxygen (anaerobic)

Question 811

What condition is Propionibacterium acnes associated with?

Answer 811

Acne

Question 812

Why is sampling acne bacteria sometimes difficult?

Answer 812

It requires a deep swab (especially in nodular/deep acne)

Question 813

Are bacteria the only cause of acne?

Answer 813

No — acne has multiple contributors, but bacteria are always involved

Question 814

Why does cleaning/skin care help acne?

Answer 814

It reduces bacterial load

Question 815

What food product uses Propionibacterium species in fermentation?

Answer 815

Swiss cheese

Question 816

What causes the holes in Swiss cheese?

Answer 816

CO₂ production during fermentation

Question 817

What causes the nutty flavor in Swiss cheese?

Answer 817

Propionic acid

Question 818

Anaerobic rod + deep skin + acne + Swiss cheese holes = ?

Answer 818

Propionibacterium acnes

Question 819

What is the major biological difference between viruses and bacteria?

Answer 819

Viruses are obligate parasites; bacteria are independent cells.

Question 820

What does “obligate parasite” mean in the context of viruses?

Answer 820

They must live inside a host cell to reproduce.

Question 821

Can viruses reproduce on their own?

Answer 821

No.

Question 822

Can bacteria reproduce on their own?

Answer 822

Yes (most can; exception like Lactobacillus is non-pathogenic but still independent).

Question 823

What types of hosts can viruses infect?

Answer 823

Humans, animals, birds, etc. (living cells required)

Question 824

Why do viruses require a host cell?

Answer 824

They lack the machinery needed for metabolism and replication.

Question 825

What must a virus be in order to infect a host cell?

Answer 825

A fully developed infectious particle.

Question 826

What is the term for a fully developed infectious viral particle?

Answer 826

Virion

Question 827

What abbreviation might the professor use for infectious particle?

Answer 827

IP

Question 828

Obligate parasite + requires host cell + infectious particle = ?

Answer 828

Virion (virus)

Question 829

What type of genetic material does a virus contain?

Answer 829

Either DNA or RNA (never both)

Question 830

If a virus has DNA, what pathway does it follow?

Answer 830

DNA → RNA → Protein (standard central dogma)

Question 831

Why are RNA viruses handled differently?

Answer 831

Some must first convert RNA into DNA before making protein

Question 832

What makes RNA viruses more complex biologically?

Answer 832

They may require extra steps (e.g., RNA → DNA → RNA → protein)

Question 833

Virus

Answer 833

DNA or RNA (never both)

Question 834

What is the capsid made of?

Answer 834

Protein

Question 835

What are the functions of the capsid?

Answer 835

Protects the genome Helps with attachment Helps with transmission

Question 836

Why can’t viral genomes exist “loose” outside a host?

Answer 836

They would degrade without protection

Question 837

What are two common capsid shapes?

Answer 837

Icosahedral (polyhedral) Helical (tube-like)

Question 838

Do all viruses have an envelope?

Answer 838

No

Question 839

What are viruses without an envelope called?

Answer 839

Non-enveloped viruses

Question 840

What are viruses with an envelope called?

Answer 840

Enveloped viruses

Question 841

What is the viral envelope made of?

Answer 841

Phospholipids Carbohydrates Proteins

Question 842

What is one function of the envelope?

Answer 842

Adds protection

Question 843

Name two enveloped viruses mentioned in lecture.

Answer 843

Influenza HIV

Question 844

Where are viral spikes typically found?

Answer 844

On enveloped viruses like influenza, HIV, Covid

Question 845

What are the main functions of viral spikes?

Answer 845

Attachment Entry (penetration) Exit/spread (release)

Question 846

What does the HA spike (hemagglutinin) do?

Answer 846

Helps with attachment and entry

Question 847

What does the NA spike (neuraminidase) do?

Answer 847

Helps the virus leave the host cell (release)

Question 848

Every virion must have:

Answer 848

Genome + Capsid May also have: Envelope + Spikes

Question 849

Why does the professor use HIV as the main viral example?

Answer 849

Because HIV is an RNA virus and shows the complexity of RNA viral replication.

Question 850

Why are RNA viruses considered more complex than DNA viruses?

Answer 850

They often require additional steps before making proteins.

Question 851

What type of genome does HIV have?

Answer 851

RNA

Question 852

How many RNA strands does HIV contain?

Answer 852

Two identical RNA strands

Question 853

Why did the professor describe HIV’s two RNA strands as “smart”?

Answer 853

It acts like a backup copy.

Question 854

What structural components does HIV contain?

Answer 854

Genome Capsid Envelope Spikes

Question 855

What are HIV spikes labeled as?

Answer 855

GP proteins

Question 856

What does “GP” stand for?

Answer 856

Glycoprotein

Question 857

What HIV spike proteins were mentioned?

Answer 857

GP41 GP120 (prof may say GP122 — write what your professor uses)

Question 858

What can changes in spike numbers indicate?

Answer 858

Mutation

Question 859

What comparison did the professor make regarding spike changes?

Answer 859

Similar to flu strain naming

Question 860

RNA virus + 2 identical strands + envelope + GP spikes = ?

Answer 860

HIV

Question 861

How are influenza strains typically named?

Answer 861

H#N# (example: H3N2)

Question 862

What does “H” represent in influenza strain naming?

Answer 862

HA spike (hemagglutinin)

Question 863

What does “N” represent in influenza strain naming?

Answer 863

NA spike (neuraminidase)

Question 864

What do the numbers after H and N represent?

Answer 864

Different spike protein variants (mutations)

Question 865

What causes a new influenza strain designation?

Answer 865

Mutation in spike proteins

Question 866

What is a common reference influenza strain?

Answer 866

H1N1

Question 867

Name two bird flu examples mentioned.

Answer 867

H5N1 and H9N1

Question 868

Why does influenza strain identity change over time?

Answer 868

Spike proteins mutate

Question 869

Why are spike mutations clinically important?

Answer 869

They change immune recognition

Question 870

Why did COVID naming move beyond simple Greek labels?

Answer 870

Spike mutations occurred rapidly, creating many variants

Question 871

What major viral structure drives new strain identity in influenza and COVID?

Answer 871

Spike proteins

Question 872

H3N2 = ?

Answer 872

H = hemagglutinin N = neuraminidase Mutation in spikes = new strain

Question 873

What special enzyme does HIV have?

Answer 873

Reverse transcriptase

Question 874

Do humans naturally have reverse transcriptase?

Answer 874

No

Question 875

What reaction does reverse transcriptase perform?

Answer 875

RNA → DNA (reverse direction)

Question 876

Why is this called “reverse”?

Answer 876

Because it reverses the normal transcription direction

Question 877

What is transcription in normal cells?

Answer 877

DNA → RNA

Question 878

What is the normal direction of the central dogma?

Answer 878

DNA → RNA → Protein

Question 879

How does HIV alter the central dogma?

Answer 879

It starts with RNA and converts it into DNA

Question 880

Why must HIV convert RNA into DNA?

Answer 880

To integrate into the host genome

Question 881

What viral family does HIV belong to?

Answer 881

Retroviridae

Question 882

What does “retro” mean?

Answer 882

Backwards

Question 883

RNA virus + reverse transcriptase + RNA → DNA = ?

Answer 883

Retrovirus (HIV)

Question 884

Normal transcription = ?

Answer 884

DNA → RNA

Question 885

Retrovirus = ?

Answer 885

RNA → DNA

Question 886

Retro = ?

Answer 886

reverse

Question 887

Approximately how many people are living with HIV worldwide (pre-COVID data)?

Answer 887

~38 million

Question 888

Approximately how many new HIV infections occur per year?

Answer 888

~1.5 million

Question 889

Approximately how many deaths occur per year due to HIV?

Answer 889

~0.68–0.7 million per year

Question 890

Is there an overall effective cure for HIV?

Answer 890

No

Question 891

How is HIV managed clinically?

Answer 891

With medications (antiretroviral therapy) to control the virus

Question 892

Are there rare exceptions of functional cure with HIV?

Answer 892

Yes, but they are extremely rare

Question 893

What is the shape of Campylobacter jejuni?

Answer 893

Vibrio (curved rod)

Question 894

What type of flagella does Campylobacter jejuni have?

Answer 894

Monotrichous (single polar flagellum) single flagella on one end

Question 895

What is Campylobacter jejuni oxygen requirement?

Answer 895

Microaerophilic

Question 896

What disease does Campylobacter jejuni cause?

Answer 896

Gastroenteritis

Question 897

Common sources of Campylobacter jejuni infection? (Gastroenteritis)

Answer 897

Food (especially undercooked poultry) Unchlorinated water

Question 898

What is the shape of Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 898

Vibrio (curved rod)

Question 899

What is the oxygen requirement of Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 899

Microaerophilic

Question 900

What type of flagella does Helicobacter pylori have?

Answer 900

peritrichous = flagella all over peri = p = party (flagella all over)

Question 901

What disease is Helicobacter pylori associated with?

Answer 901

Peptic ulcer disease - causes severe infection

Question 902

What does peptic ulcer disease involve?

Answer 902

Severe ulcers that damage stomach lining cells

Question 903

Curved rod + monotrichous + gastroenteritis →

Answer 903

Campylobacter jejuni

Question 904

Curved rod + stomach ulcers →

Answer 904

Helicobacter pylori

Question 905

What is the morphology of Chlamydia trachomatis?

Answer 905

Aerobic coccobacillus

Question 906

What type of lifestyle does Chlamydia trachomatis have?

Answer 906

Obligate intracellular parasite

Question 907

What does obligate intracellular parasite mean?

Answer 907

It must live inside host cells to complete its life cycle - parasitic in nature

Question 908

What is trachoma?

Answer 908

An eye infection that can cause blindness

Question 909

Where is trachoma most common?

Answer 909

Areas with poor sanitation, where sanitation is an issue

Question 910

What does NGU stand for? an STD

Answer 910

Non-gonococcal urethritis - an STD

Question 911

What is Non-gonococcal urethritis (STD)

Answer 911

severe infection of urethra

Question 912

What serious complication can occur, especially in males in NGU?

Answer 912

Sterility

Question 913

What does LGV stand for?

Answer 913

Lymphogranuloma venereum

Question 914

Is LGV sexually transmitted?

Answer 914

Yes

Question 915

How does Chlamydia trachomatis spread?

Answer 915

- spread by air - spread sexually - spread by contact - clothing can carry it - tissue paper, personal contact or something they have used - Sexual contact - Direct contact - Fomites (inanimate objects like clothing/tissues) - Can be airborne

Question 916

What is a fomite?

Answer 916

An inanimate object that can carry infection

Question 917

What is the infectious form of Chlamydia?

Answer 917

Elementary body (EB)

Question 918

What are characteristics of the elementary body?

Answer 918

Dense, easy to spread, very infectious, elementary body is what infects us, fools host cell

Question 919

What does the elementary body reorganize into?

Answer 919

Reticulate body (RB)

Question 920

What does the reticulate body do?

Answer 920

Divides (binary fission) goes from elementary to reticulate, then back to elementary

Question 921

After dividing, what does the RB convert back into?

Answer 921

Elementary bodies

Question 922

What happens next?

Answer 922

Host cell ruptures → infection spreads

Question 923

Obligate intracellular + EB → RB → EB + blindness + STD = ?

Answer 923

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 924

What is the morphology of Bacteroides species?

Answer 924

Rods

Question 925

What is the oxygen requirement of Bacteroides?

Answer 925

Anaerobic

Question 926

How are Bacteroides identified microscopically?

Answer 926

Gram stain showing typical rod shape, difference how rods look on gram stains Bactericides are normal rods

Question 927

What oral condition are Bacteroides species associated with?

Answer 927

Gingivitis Bacteroides and Fusobacteria both cause dental infections

Question 928

What is gingivitis?

Answer 928

Deep gum infection with bleeding/inflammation

Question 929

What severe abdominal infection can Bacteroides cause?

Answer 929

Peritonitis

Question 930

What is peritonitis?

Answer 930

Infection of the peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity) Severe infection of bowel regi0on very severe, may require surgery to remove entire area

Question 931

Why is peritonitis dangerous?

Answer 931

It can be severe and may require surgery

Question 932

Anaerobic rod + gingivitis + peritonitis = ?

Answer 932

Bacteroides species

Question 933

morphology of Fusobacteria species

Answer 933

Rods

Question 934

oxygen requirement of Fusobacteria species

Answer 934

Anaerobic

Question 935

What makes Fusobacteria rods distinct on Gram stain?

Answer 935

Pointed ends (spindle-shaped rods) The rods looks different, unique

Question 936

What does “spindle-shaped” mean?

Answer 936

Tapered/pointed at both ends

Question 937

What infection are Fusobacteria mainly associated with?

Answer 937

Gingivitis

Question 938

Are Fusobacteria associated with peritonitis?

Answer 938

No (lecture emphasis: gingivitis only)

Question 939

Anaerobic + spindle-shaped rod + gingivitis only = ?

Answer 939

Fusobacteria species

Question 940

Bacteroides

Answer 940

Normal rod shape Anaerobic Gingivitis + peritonitis

Question 941

Fusobacteria

Answer 941

Spindle-shaped rod Anaerobic Gingivitis only

Question 942

What is the characteristic movement of spirochetes?

Answer 942

Corkscrew motion

Question 943

What structure allows spirochetes to move in a corkscrew pattern?

Answer 943

Endoflagella (axial filaments)

Question 944

What is the main spirochete discussed in lecture?

Answer 944

Treponema pallidum

Question 945

What disease does Treponema pallidum cause?

Answer 945

Syphilis

Question 946

Why is Treponema pallidum significant in research?

Answer 946

Its entire genome has been mapped

Question 947

Why is knowing the full genome important?

Answer 947

It helps with research and potential vaccine development

Question 948

What animal model was mentioned in lecture?

Answer 948

Rabbits (male rabbit testicles used in studies)

Question 949

Why are rabbits used in research for Treponema pallidum?

Answer 949

They develop infections similar to humans

Question 950

Corkscrew motion + syphilis + genome mapped = ?

Answer 950

Treponema pallidum

Question 951

Spiro

Answer 951

spiral

Question 952

Corkscrew

Answer 952

Treponema

Question 953

Syphilis

Answer 953

Treponema pallidum

Question 954

Clostridium group

Answer 954

is divided into two subdivisions : A) Clostridium B) Clostridioides Both Gram-positive rods, Anaerobic, Endospore-forming, Often described as “lollipop rods” (terminal spore bulges)

Question 955

Clostridium Shared Properties

Answer 955

Rods, Anaerobic, Endospore-forming, Terminal spore → “lollipop” appearance

Question 956

What disease does Clostridium tetani cause?

Answer 956

Tetanus

Question 957

What disease does Clostridium perfringens cause?

Answer 957

Gas gangrene

Question 958

What disease does Clostridium botulinum cause?

Answer 958

Botulism

Question 959

Clostridioides Key Organism

Answer 959

Clostridioides difficile

Question 960

What condition does C. difficile cause?

Answer 960

Severe colitis

Question 961

What symptoms are associated with Clostridium difficile infection?

Answer 961

Severe colon colitis, diarrhea, Colon inflammation (colitis)

Question 962

What is C. difficile a leading cause of?

Answer 962

Hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea

Question 963

Is C. difficile considered a major HAI (hospital-acquired infection)?

Answer 963

Yes

Question 964

Why does C. difficile spread easily in hospitals?

Answer 964

Endospores survive harsh environments

Question 965

Is vaccine research being explored for Clostridium difficile?

Answer 965

Yes - working on vaccine

Question 966

Anaerobic rod + endospore + lollipop shape = ?

Answer 966

Clostridium group

Question 967

Severe HAI diarrhea + colon colitis = ?

Answer 967

C. difficile

Question 968

Tetani → tetanus

Answer 968

Perfringens → gas gangrene, Botulinum → botulism, Difficile → hospital colitis

Question 969

Clostridium vs Clostridioides SIMILARITIES

Answer 969

- both gram positive rods - both anaerobic - both endospores - lollipop rods

Question 970

Clostridium vs Clostridioides DIFFERENCES

Answer 970

Clostridium (Classic Group) Includes: Clostridium tetani → Tetanus Clostridium perfringens → Gas gangrene Clostridium botulinum → Botulism Pattern: Mostly toxin diseases affecting muscle or tissue Clostridioides Includes: Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) Causes: Severe colitis Severe diarrhea Leading cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea (HAI) Pattern: Primarily affects the colon

Question 971

What characteristics do all Clostridium and Clostridioides species share?

Answer 971

Gram-positive rods Anaerobic Endospore-forming “Lollipop” rod appearance (terminal spore)

Question 972

Which group primarily causes toxin-mediated muscle or tissue diseases (tetanus, gangrene, botulism)?

Answer 972

Clostridium (tetani, perfringens, botulinum)

Question 973

Which organism primarily causes severe colon infection (colitis)?

Answer 973

Clostridioides difficile

Question 974

Which organism is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea (HAI)?

Answer 974

Clostridioides difficile

Question 975

Are tetanus, botulism, and gas gangrene primarily hospital-acquired infections?

Answer 975

No

Question 976

Clostridium tetani, perfringens, and botulinum mainly affect what type of tissues?

Answer 976

Muscle or soft tissue (toxin effects)

Question 977

Clostridioides difficile primarily affects which body site?

Answer 977

The colon (GI tract)

Question 978

Anaerobic rod + endospore + muscle/toxin disease → ?

Answer 978

Clostridium (tetani, perfringens, botulinum)

Question 979

Anaerobic rod + endospore + severe hospital diarrhea → ?

Answer 979

Clostridioides difficile

Question 980

What is the shape of Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 980

Rod

Question 981

What is the shape and arrangement of Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 981

Cocci in grape-like clusters, golden coloured

Question 982

What is the oxygen requirement of Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 982

Facultative anaerobe

Question 983

What is the oxygen requirement of Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 983

Facultative anaerobe

Question 984

Which organism forms endospores?

Answer 984

Bacillus anthracis

Question 985

Where is the endospore located in Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 985

Central position

Question 986

Does Staphylococcus aureus form endospores?

Answer 986

No

Question 987

Why does Bacillus anthracis have bioweapon potential?

Answer 987

Its endospores survive long periods and can re-germinate easily

Question 988

What disease does Bacillus anthracis cause?

Answer 988

Anthrax - endospore central is the culprit

Question 989

What is the primary disease associated with Staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 989

cause lots of host diseases; skin infections, TSS

Question 990

What toxin-mediated disease can S. aureus cause?

Answer 990

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

Question 991

Can TSS affect only women?

Answer 991

No — it can affect men, women, and children

Question 992

What is the difference between infection and food poisoning with S. aureus?

Answer 992

Infection = ingest organism; Food poisoning = ingest pre-formed toxin in food, become very abruptly ill, poisoning is already in the food when you ingest it, S.aureus is food poisoning

Question 993

How does staphylococcal food poisoning typically present?

Answer 993

Abrupt, sudden illness

Question 994

What disease is Staphylococcus saprophyticus commonly associated with?

Answer 994

UTIs - Staphylococcus saprophyticus much smaller disease causing ability

Question 995

Why might some UTI cases go unnoticed?

Answer 995

Some labs test mainly for E. coli and may miss S. saprophyticus - 25% of cases go unnoticed

Question 996

Rod + central endospore + anthrax + bioweapon = ?

Answer 996

Bacillus anthracis

Question 997

Grape-like cocci + no spores + skin infections + TSS = ?

Answer 997

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 998

Life cycle of Chlamydia?

Answer 998

48 hours

Question 999

What are the 4 subdivisions of Lactobacillales?

Answer 999

- Lactobacillus - Streptococcus - Listeria - Enterococcus

Question 1000

What is the morphology of Lactobacillus?

Answer 1000

Rods

Question 1001

What is Lactobacillus oxygen classification?

Answer 1001

Obligate fermenters (aerotolerant anaerobes)

Question 1002

What is the end product of Lactobacillus fermentation?

Answer 1002

Lactic acid

Question 1003

How are Lactobacillus species used commercially?

Answer 1003

Food fermentation (yogurt, cheese)

Question 1004

Are Lactobacillus species pathogenic in humans?

Answer 1004

Generally no — beneficial (does not cause any disease in humans)

Question 1005

Where are Lactobacillus especially important?

Answer 1005

Vaginal microbiota, pro woman's health, probiotics, flora in vaginal region

Question 1006

Why are Lactobacillus protective in the vaginal region?

Answer 1006

They produce lactic acid → keep environment very acidic, helps prevent UTI's *anyone getting lots of UTIs has distributed micro flora

Question 1007

What happens if Lactobacillus numbers decrease?

Answer 1007

Higher risk of UTIs and infections

Question 1008

What happens to Lactobacillus levels during pregnancy?

Answer 1008

They increase dramatically these levels are especially important during pregnancy for female health baby will be delivered into the flora, through birth canal, gets mothers lactobacillus

Question 1009

Why is this important for newborns?

Answer 1009

Baby acquires mother’s Lactobacillus during birth

Question 1010

What is the arrangement of Streptococcus pyogenes?

Answer 1010

Chains **think 'Steph's Chain'**

Question 1011

Does Streptococcus pyogenes have a capsule?

Answer 1011

NO CAPSULE — it has M protein instead

Question 1012

What does M protein do?

Answer 1012

Functions like a virulence/attachment factor (similar role to capsule) does same work as a capsule but not a capsule M protein is a powerful protein

Question 1013

What hemolysis does Streptococcus pyogenes produce?

Answer 1013

Beta-hemolysis (clear zone)

Question 1014

Diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

Answer 1014

Strep throat Scarlet fever Rheumatic fever (heart damage) Skin infections (flesh eating) Necrotizing fasciitis

Question 1015

Oxygen requirement for Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 1015

aerotolerant

Question 1016

How do they grow Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 1016

grows in blood agar, produces a clear zone, bacteria eats the blood that's why there is a clear zone = Beta Hemolysis (clear zone)

Question 1017

What is the arrangement of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 1017

Its an exception - never forms chains - forms diplococci

Question 1018

What is the oxygen classification of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 1018

aerotolerant

Question 1019

Does Streptococcus pneumoniae have a capsule?

Answer 1019

Yes

Question 1020

What diseases does Streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

Answer 1020

pneumonia and meningitis especially in very young and old people

Question 1021

How does Streptococcus pneumoniae grow on blood agar?

Answer 1021

grows on blood agar and does not produce a clear zone

Question 1022

What type of hemolysis does Streptococcus pneumoniae produce

Answer 1022

on blood agar - produces alpha hemolysis, green zone around colonies - changes the hemoglobin and becomes discoloured into green (meth)

Question 1023

What does alpha hemolysis look like around Streptococcus pneumoniae colonies on blood agar?

Answer 1023

Alpha hemolysis appears as a green zone around the colonies.

Question 1024

Why does Streptococcus pneumoniae produce a green zone on blood agar?

Answer 1024

it changes the hemoglobin, causing it to become discolored into green.

Question 1025

What is the arrangement of Streptococcus mutans?

Answer 1025

Streptococcus mutans forms chains. *think stephs chains*

Question 1026

What is the oxygen classification of Streptococcus mutans?

Answer 1026

aerotolerant

Question 1027

Does Streptococcus mutans have a capsule?

Answer 1027

Yes, Streptococcus mutans has a capsule.

Question 1028

What disease does Streptococcus mutans cause?

Answer 1028

dental tooth decay (think mutants on toothbrush)

Question 1029

What role does Streptococcus mutans play in the development of tooth decay?

Answer 1029

Streptococcus mutans is the first part of any tooth decay.

Question 1030

How does Streptococcus mutans grow on blood agar?

Answer 1030

grows on blood agar and does not produce a clear zone grows alpha hemolysis green zone around colonies hemoglobin becomes Meth (green)

Question 1031

What type of hemolysis does Streptococcus mutans produce on blood agar?

Answer 1031

produces alpha hemolysis

Question 1032

What does alpha hemolysis look like around Streptococcus mutans colonies on blood agar?

Answer 1032

Alpha hemolysis appears as a green zone around the colonies.

Question 1033

What happens to hemoglobin during alpha hemolysis caused by Streptococcus mutans?

Answer 1033

The hemoglobin becomes discolored into green (methemoglobin).

Question 1034

Are there any pathogens emphasized in gamma-hemolysis according to the lecture?

Answer 1034

No, there are no pathogens emphasized in gamma-hemolysis.

Question 1035

What is the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes?

Answer 1035

rods

Question 1036

What is the oxygen classification of Listeria monocytogenes?

Answer 1036

facultative anaerobic rod

Question 1037

What classification is Listeria monocytogenes associated with in relation to food?

Answer 1037

psychrotrophic and associated with food.

Question 1038

What disease does Listeria monocytogenes cause?

Answer 1038

listeriosis, which is a form of meningitis.

Question 1039

How does Listeria monocytogenes typically enter the body?

Answer 1039

Listeria monocytogenes enters through food (psychotrophs)

Question 1040

What foods are commonly associated with Listeria monocytogenes infection?

Answer 1040

Cold cut meats, homemade salad dressings, pre-made salads, coleslaw, dried nuts, pistachios (Dubai chocolate breakout), and unpasteurized milk.

Question 1041

What demographic group is at highest risk for Listeria monocytogenes infection?

Answer 1041

Pregnant women.

Question 1042

How can Listeria monocytogenes infection affect pregnancy?

Answer 1042

It can harm the baby, cause severe damage, result in a very ill newborn, miscarriage, or stillbirth.

Question 1043

What is the second major group affected by Listeria monocytogenes infection?

Answer 1043

Immunocompromised individuals.

Question 1044

In which immune cells does Listeria monocytogenes grow?

Answer 1044

Listeria monocytogenes grows in monocytes.

Question 1045

Why does growth in monocytes weaken the immune system during Listeria monocytogenes infection?

Answer 1045

Because monocytes transform into macrophages, and the bacteria grow in these phagocytic cells, depressing the immune system.

Question 1046

What type of illness is listeriosis according to the lecture?

Answer 1046

Listeriosis is a form of meningitis.

Question 1047

What is the morphology of Enterococcus faecalis?

Answer 1047

cocci.

Question 1048

What is the oxygen classification of Enterococcus faecalis?

Answer 1048

facultative anaerobic cocci.

Question 1049

What type of infections is Enterococcus faecalis associated with?

Answer 1049

hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), forms biofilms on catheters, infects surgical wounds, abundant in fecal matter

Question 1050

How does Enterococcus faecalis persist on medical devices?

Answer 1050

forms biofilms in catheters

Question 1051

What type of wound infections can Enterococcus faecalis cause?

Answer 1051

infects surgical wound

Question 1052

Where is Enterococcus faecalis commonly found in the body?

Answer 1052

Enterococcus faecalis is abundant in fecal matter.

Question 1053

How was Enterococcus faecalis described in terms of virulence?

Answer 1053

described as a really nasty organism

Question 1054

How was Enterococcus faecalis described in terms of environmental survival?

Answer 1054

Enterococcus faecalis is hardy.

Question 1055

Can Enterococcus faecalis exist in aerosols?

Answer 1055

Yes, Enterococcus faecalis can exist as aerosols, attached to air particles with dirt.

Question 1056

What is the morphology of Enterococcus faecium?

Answer 1056

Enterococcus faecium is a cocci.

Question 1057

What is the oxygen classification of Enterococcus faecium?

Answer 1057

facultative anaerobic cocci

Question 1058

What type of infections is Enterococcus faecium associated with?

Answer 1058

hospital-acquired infections (HAIs)

Question 1059

How does Enterococcus faecium persist in hospital settings?

Answer 1059

forms biofilms in catheters and infects surgical wounds.

Question 1060

Where is Enterococcus faecium commonly found?

Answer 1060

Enterococcus faecium is abundant in fecal matter.

Question 1061

How was Enterococcus faecium described in terms of virulence?

Answer 1061

Enterococcus faecium was described as a really nasty organism.

Question 1062

Why is Enterococcus faecium easily transmitted in healthcare settings?

Answer 1062

Enterococcus faecium is hardy, can live on hands, and can be transferred from fecal matter on hands.

Question 1063

Can Enterococcus faecium exist in aerosols?

Answer 1063

Yes, Enterococcus faecium can exist as aerosols.

Question 1064

Why is changing bedding important in preventing Enterococcus faecium spread?

Answer 1064

Changing bedding is crucial because the organism can survive in the environment and spread easily.

Question 1065

What Gram-positive subdivision does Mycoplasma pneumoniae belong to in this lecture?

Answer 1065

Mycoplasma pneumoniae belongs to the low G + C ratio Gram-positive group.

Question 1066

What is the morphology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae according to the notes?

Answer 1066

aerobic rod

Question 1067

What is the defining structural feature of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 1067

has no cell wall and only a plasma membrane as its outer covering

Question 1068

Does Mycoplasma pneumoniae have a definitive shape?

Answer 1068

No, Mycoplasma pneumoniae does not have a definitive shape.

Question 1069

What does it mean that Mycoplasma pneumoniae is pleomorphic?

Answer 1069

It means that Mycoplasma pneumoniae can show different appearances.

Question 1070

Can Mycoplasma pneumoniae grow in culture on an agar plate?

Answer 1070

Yes, grows in culture on an agar plate.

Question 1071

What type of colony does Mycoplasma pneumoniae form on agar?

Answer 1071

forms a fried egg colony

Question 1072

What does a fried egg colony look like?

Answer 1072

A fried egg colony looks like scrambled eggs.

Question 1073

Why can Mycoplasma pneumoniae not be treated the same way as bacteria with a cell wall?

Answer 1073

Because Mycoplasma pneumoniae has no cell wall, cannot treat them the same as those with a cell wall

Question 1074

Why can penicillin not be used to treat Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 1074

Penicillin cannot be used because Mycoplasma pneumoniae has no cell wall.

Question 1075

What type of drug must be used to treat Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 1075

A drug that enters the cell and destroys protein synthesis must be used.

Question 1076

What specific antibiotic was emphasized for treating Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 1076

Tetracycline.

Question 1077

Why is tetracycline effective against Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 1077

Tetracycline attacks inside the cell by destroying protein synthesis.

Question 1078

What disease does Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

Answer 1078

Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes walking pneumonia.

Question 1079

What does the term “walking pneumonia” mean in this context?

Answer 1079

It means the patient may not show many symptoms, can continue normal activities, and is not very sick.

Question 1080

What symptoms are associated with walking pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Answer 1080

Patients may feel tired and have a cough.

Question 1081

Do most patients with walking pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae require hospitalization?

Answer 1081

No, most do not require hospitalization.

Question 1082

When should tetracycline be given to a patient with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?

Answer 1082

Tetracycline should be given if the infection worsens into deeper pneumonia.

Question 1083

In which population is Mycoplasma pneumoniae commonly seen?

Answer 1083

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is common in young adults and college students.

Question 1084

G + C ratio characteristic of Actinomycetota

Answer 1084

Actinomycetota have a high G + C ratio.

Question 1085

Morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae

Answer 1085

They are aerobic rods.

Question 1086

Unique structural component in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae

Answer 1086

They have mycolic acid in their cell wall.

Question 1087

Type of stain for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae

Answer 1087

Acid-fast stain.

Question 1088

Why other stains cannot be used effectively on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae

Answer 1088

Because the mycolic acid in their cell wall prevents other stains from working properly.

Question 1089

How mycolic acid affects the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae

Answer 1089

Mycolic acid makes them very resistant.

Question 1090

Are Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae resistant to drying

Answer 1090

Yes, they do not dry out and are resistant to desiccation.

Question 1091

Why must chemicals be carefully chosen when cleaning areas exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 1091

Because they are resistant and require specific chemicals labeled for tuberculosis.

Question 1092

Are Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae resistant to antibiotics

Answer 1092

Yes, they are resistant to antibiotics.

Question 1093

Growth rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis compared to other bacteria

Answer 1093

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has very slow growth and a long generation time.

Question 1094

Diagnostic method prioritized for a patient positive for tuberculosis

Answer 1094

A stain should be requested because staining is preferred and more reliable than culture.

Question 1095

Why is culture not ideal for immediate diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 1095

Because cultures take 4–6 weeks due to slow growth.

Question 1096

Key summary phrase for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 1096

Aerobic rods with mycolic acid; staining is the way to go.

Question 1097

Oxygen classification of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Answer 1097

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a facultative anaerobic rod.

Question 1098

Unique structures inside Corynebacterium diphtheriae cells

Answer 1098

Granules that store phosphorus and emit light.

Question 1099

Significance of phosphorus stored in Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Answer 1099

It stores huge amounts of phosphorus used for growth, which very few bacteria do.

Question 1100

Classic microscopic arrangement of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Answer 1100

Picket fence appearance.

Question 1101

Disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Answer 1101

Diphtheria.

Question 1102

Structure that forms in diphtheria infection

Answer 1102

A leather-like membrane in the upper respiratory tract.

Question 1103

Why can diphtheria be fatal

Answer 1103

Because people can suffocate and die.

Question 1104

Vaccine that protects against diphtheria

Answer 1104

The DTaP vaccine.

Question 1105

How often adults can receive booster doses of the DTaP vaccine

Answer 1105

Every 10 years. Usually given to infants, adults can take 10 year dose to be immune, can be fatal, D-tap vaccine

Question 1106

Morphology of Propionibacterium acnes

Answer 1106

anaerobic rod

Question 1107

Where Propionibacterium acnes grows in the human body

Answer 1107

It grows in the skin (acne)

Question 1108

Disease associated with Propionibacterium acnes

Answer 1108

Acne.

Question 1109

Major non-clinical role of Propionibacterium species

Answer 1109

They are great fermenters.

Question 1110

Food example illustrating fermentation by Propionibacterium species

Answer 1110

Swiss cheese.

Question 1111

What gives Swiss cheese its distinctive flavor

Answer 1111

Propionic acid.

Question 1112

What causes the holes in Swiss cheese

Answer 1112

Carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Question 1113

How acne is connected to Propionibacterium acnes

Answer 1113

Acne involves propionic bacteria present in the skin.

Question 1114

Which group is Rickettsia part of?

Answer 1114

Alpha

Question 1115

What is the respiratory requirement of Rickettsia?

Answer 1115

Rickettsia is aerobic.

Question 1116

What unusual characteristic helps identify Rickettsia?

Answer 1116

Rickettsia is spread by insects or ticks.

Question 1117

What disease is associated with Rickettsia?

Answer 1117

Rickettsia causes spotted fever.

Question 1118

How is Rickettsia transmitted to humans?

Answer 1118

Rickettsia is transmitted through insect or tick bites.

Question 1119

Which organism causes spotted fever and is spread by ticks or insects?

Answer 1119

Rickettsia.

Question 1120

Which group is Bordetella pertussis part of?

Answer 1120

Beta

Question 1121

What is the shape of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 1121

Bordetella pertussis is a rod (bacillus).

Question 1122

What term is used for rod-shaped bacteria?

Answer 1122

Rod-shaped bacteria are called bacilli.

Question 1123

What is the respiratory requirement of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 1123

Bordetella pertussis is aerobic.

Question 1124

What disease is caused by Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 1124

Bordetella pertussis causes pertussis (whooping cough).

Question 1125

What structural feature from Chapter 4 is associated with Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 1125

Bordetella pertussis has a capsule.

Question 1126

What did the professor say cocci look like?

Answer 1126

Cocci look like berries.

Question 1127

Organism → Transmission → Disease Rickettsia

Answer 1127

Rickettsia → insect/tick bite → spotted fever

Question 1128

Organism → Transmission → Disease Bordetella

Answer 1128

Bordetella pertussis → respiratory droplets → pertussis (whooping cough)

Question 1129

What is the shape of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Answer 1129

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a diplococcus.

Question 1130

What is the respiratory requirement of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Answer 1130

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is aerobic.

Question 1131

What structural features from Chapter 4 are associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Answer 1131

Neisseria gonorrhoeae has a capsule and fimbriae.

Question 1132

What disease is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Answer 1132

Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea (a sexually transmitted disease).

Question 1133

What is the shape of Neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 1133

Neisseria meningitidis is a diplococcus.

Question 1134

What is the respiratory requirement of Neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 1134

Neisseria meningitidis is aerobic.

Question 1135

What structural feature from Chapter 4 is associated with Neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 1135

Neisseria meningitidis has a capsule.

Question 1136

What disease is caused by Neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 1136

Neisseria meningitidis causes meningococcal meningitis.

Question 1137

What group does Neisseria belong to?

Answer 1137

Beta

Question 1138

Which organism is transmitted through respiratory droplets and causes meningococcal meningitis?

Answer 1138

Neisseria meningitidis.

Question 1139

Which organism should you think of if a question mentions a capsule and meningitis?

Answer 1139

Neisseria meningitidis.

Question 1140

Which organism should you think of if a question mentions fimbriae and a sexually transmitted disease?

Answer 1140

Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Question 1141

Which organism is described as diplococci that cause meningitis?

Answer 1141

Neisseria meningitidis.

Question 1142

What is the shape of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 1142

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a rod (bacillus).

Question 1143

What is the respiratory requirement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 1143

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is aerobic.

Question 1144

What unusual characteristic helps identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 1144

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a blue-green pigment.

Question 1145

What type of infections does Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly cause?

Answer 1145

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes opportunistic infections.

Question 1146

What specific infection did the professor emphasize for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 1146

Secondary infection of burn wounds.

Question 1147

What structural feature from Chapter 4 is associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 1147

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has flagella.

Question 1148

What flagella arrangements did the professor remind students to remember for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 1148

Monotrichous and lophotrichous flagella.

Question 1149

Which organism produces a blue-green pigment and commonly causes secondary infections of burn wounds?

Answer 1149

Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Question 1150

What disease is associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa opportunistic infection in burn patients?

Answer 1150

Secondary infection of burn wounds.

Question 1151

Which organism causes opportunistic infections and is identified by a blue-green pigment?

Answer 1151

Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Question 1152

What is the shape of Moraxella lacunata?

Answer 1152

Moraxella lacunata is a coccobacillus.

Question 1153

What is the respiratory requirement of Moraxella lacunata?

Answer 1153

Moraxella lacunata is aerobic.

Question 1154

Did the professor highlight any unusual characteristics for Moraxella lacunata?

Answer 1154

No unusual characteristics were highlighted.

Question 1155

What disease is caused by Moraxella lacunata?

Answer 1155

Moraxella lacunata causes conjunctivitis.

Question 1156

Which organism is a coccobacillus that causes conjunctivitis?

Answer 1156

Moraxella lacunata.

Question 1157

Which organism causes conjunctivitis and does not have any unusual structural features emphasized?

Answer 1157

Moraxella lacunata.

Question 1158

Which organism causes conjunctivitis and is described as an aerobic coccobacillus?

Answer 1158

Moraxella lacunata.

Question 1159

What is the shape of Legionella?

Answer 1159

Legionella is a rod.

Question 1160

What is the respiratory requirement of Legionella?

Answer 1160

Legionella is aerobic.

Question 1161

What unusual characteristic helps identify Legionella?

Answer 1161

Legionella is spread by water.

Question 1162

What disease is caused by Legionella?

Answer 1162

Legionella causes pneumonia.

Question 1163

What are the two types of illness associated with Legionella infection?

Answer 1163

Mild illness and fatal illness.

Question 1164

What is the fatal disease caused by Legionella called?

Answer 1164

Legionnaires’ disease.

Question 1165

Which organism spreads through water and causes pneumonia known as Legionnaires’ disease?

Answer 1165

Legionella.

Question 1166

What is the shape of Coxiella?

Answer 1166

Coxiella is a rod.

Question 1167

What is the respiratory requirement of Coxiella?

Answer 1167

Coxiella is aerobic.

Question 1168

What unusual characteristic helps identify Coxiella?

Answer 1168

Coxiella is the only gram-negative bacteria which produces endospores.

Question 1169

What disease is caused by Coxiella?

Answer 1169

Coxiella causes Q fever.

Question 1170

Which organism is the only gram-negative bacteria that produces endospores and causes Q fever?

Answer 1170

Coxiella.

Question 1171

What is the shape of Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 1171

Vibrio cholerae has a vibrio shape, meaning it is a curved rod.

Question 1172

What is the respiratory requirement of Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 1172

Vibrio cholerae is facultatively anaerobic.

Question 1173

Did the professor emphasize any unusual characteristics for Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 1173

No unusual characteristics were highlighted.

Question 1174

What structural feature from Chapter 4 is associated with Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 1174

Vibrio cholerae has flagella, specifically polar flagella.

Question 1175

What disease is caused by Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 1175

Vibrio cholerae causes cholera.

Question 1176

What stool description is strongly associated with cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 1176

Rice-water stool.

Question 1177

Which organism is a curved rod with polar flagella that causes cholera?

Answer 1177

Vibrio cholerae.

Question 1178

Which organism causes cholera and produces rice-water stool?

Answer 1178

Vibrio cholerae.

Question 1179

Organism → Transmission → Disease Vibrio cholerae

Answer 1179

Vibrio cholerae → contaminated water/food → cholera (rice-water stool)

Question 1180

What organisms are included in the Enterobacterales group emphasized by the professor?

Answer 1180

The organisms emphasized are Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella.

Question 1181

What is the shape of organisms in the Enterobacterales group such as Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella?

Answer 1181

They are rods.

Question 1182

What is the respiratory requirement of organisms in the Enterobacterales group such as Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella?

Answer 1182

They are facultatively anaerobic.

Question 1183

What is the shape of Pasteurella?

Answer 1183

Pasteurella is a coccobacillus.

Question 1184

What unusual growth requirement does Pasteurella have?

Answer 1184

Pasteurella requires blood to grow.

Question 1185

What is the respiratory requirement of Pasteurella?

Answer 1185

Pasteurella is aerobic.

Question 1186

What structural feature from Chapter 4 is associated with Pasteurella?

Answer 1186

Pasteurella has a capsule.

Question 1187

What diseases are associated with Pasteurella?

Answer 1187

Pasteurella can cause meningitis, pneumonia (including atypical pneumonia), conjunctivitis, and otitis media.

Question 1188

Which organism is a coccobacillus that requires blood to grow and can cause meningitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, and otitis media?

Answer 1188

Pasteurella.

Question 1189

What taxonomic change did the professor mention regarding Helicobacter and Campylobacter?

Answer 1189

The group used to be called epsilon Proteobacteria but is now called Campylobacterota in the newer textbook edition.

Question 1190

What is the shape of organisms in the Campylobacterota group such as Helicobacter and Campylobacter?

Answer 1190

They are vibrios, meaning curved rods.

Question 1191

What is the respiratory requirement of Helicobacter and Campylobacter?

Answer 1191

Both are microaerophilic.

Question 1192

How do the flagella arrangements differ between Helicobacter and Campylobacter?

Answer 1192

One organism has peritrichous flagella and the other has monotrichous (polar) flagella.

Question 1193

What diseases are associated with organisms in the Campylobacterota group?

Answer 1193

One organism causes ulcers and the other causes gastroenteritis.

Question 1194

What comment did the professor make regarding treatment of infections caused by organisms in the Campylobacterota group?

Answer 1194

The professor stated that there are practically no antibiotics for them.

Question 1195

Which organism causes ulcers and belongs to the Campylobacterota group?

Answer 1195

Helicobacter pylori.

Question 1196

Which organism causes gastroenteritis and belongs to the Campylobacterota group?

Answer 1196

Campylobacter jejuni.

Question 1197

Helicobacter pylori → stomach infection → disease

Answer 1197

peptic ulcers

Question 1198

Campylobacter jejuni → food / contaminated water → disease

Answer 1198

gastroenteritis

Question 1199

What type of bacteria are Proteobacteria?

Answer 1199

Gram-negative bacteria.

Question 1200

What class of Proteobacteria is Rickettsia rickettsii in?

Answer 1200

Alpha proteobacteria.

Question 1201

What shape is Rickettsia rickettsii?

Answer 1201

Coccobacillus.

Question 1202

What are the respiratory requirements of Rickettsia rickettsii?

Answer 1202

Aerobic.

Question 1203

How is Rickettsia rickettsii transmitted?

Answer 1203

Spread by insects (ticks).

Question 1204

What disease does Rickettsia rickettsii cause?

Answer 1204

Spotted fever.

Question 1205

What disease does Bordetella pertussis cause?

Answer 1205

Pertussis (whooping cough).

Question 1206

What shape is Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 1206

Rod.

Question 1207

What are the respiratory requirements of Bordetella pertussis?

Answer 1207

Aerobic.

Question 1208

What important structure does Bordetella pertussis have?

Answer 1208

Capsule.

Question 1209

What shape are Neisseria species?

Answer 1209

Diplococci.

Question 1210

What are the respiratory requirements of Neisseria?

Answer 1210

Aerobic.

Question 1211

What disease does Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause?

Answer 1211

Gonorrhea (STD).

Question 1212

What disease does Neisseria meningitidis cause?

Answer 1212

Meningitis.

Question 1213

What structures do pathogenic Neisseria often have?

Answer 1213

Capsule and fimbriae.

Question 1214

What shape is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 1214

Rod.

Question 1215

What are the respiratory requirements of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 1215

Aerobic.

Question 1216

What unusual characteristic does Pseudomonas aeruginosa have?

Answer 1216

Blue-green pigment.

Question 1217

What infections does Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly cause?

Answer 1217

Burn infections and wound infections.

Question 1218

What structures does Pseudomonas aeruginosa have?

Answer 1218

Capsule and flagella.

Question 1219

What shape is Moraxella lacunata?

Answer 1219

Coccobacillus.

Question 1220

What are the respiratory requirements of Moraxella lacunata?

Answer 1220

Aerobic.

Question 1221

What disease does Moraxella lacunata cause?

Answer 1221

Conjunctivitis.

Question 1222

What shape is Legionella pneumophila?

Answer 1222

Rod.

Question 1223

What are the respiratory requirements of Legionella pneumophila?

Answer 1223

Aerobic.

Question 1224

How is Legionella pneumophila transmitted?

Answer 1224

Spread by contaminated water.

Question 1225

What disease does Legionella pneumophila cause?

Answer 1225

Pneumonia (Legionnaires' disease).

Question 1226

What shape is Coxiella burnetii?

Answer 1226

Rod.

Question 1227

What are the respiratory requirements of Coxiella burnetii?

Answer 1227

Aerobic.

Question 1228

What unusual feature does Coxiella burnetii have?

Answer 1228

Produces endospores.

Question 1229

What disease does Coxiella burnetii cause?

Answer 1229

Q fever.

Question 1230

What shape is Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 1230

Vibrio (curved rod).

Question 1231

What are the respiratory requirements of Vibrio cholerae?

Answer 1231

Facultative anaerobe.

Question 1232

What disease does Vibrio cholerae cause?

Answer 1232

Cholera (rice-water stools).

Question 1233

What flagella arrangement does Vibrio cholerae have?

Answer 1233

Polar flagella.

Question 1234

What shape are Enterobacteriales such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella?

Answer 1234

Rod.

Question 1235

What are the respiratory requirements of Enterobacteriales?

Answer 1235

Facultative anaerobes.

Question 1236

What are three important Enterobacteriales on your sheet?

Answer 1236

Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella.

Question 1237

What shape is Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 1237

Coccobacillus.

Question 1238

What are the respiratory requirements of Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 1238

Aerobic.

Question 1239

What special growth requirement does Haemophilus influenzae have?

Answer 1239

Requires blood to grow.

Question 1240

What diseases can Haemophilus influenzae cause?

Answer 1240

Meningitis, Pneumonia, Otitis media.

Question 1241

What virulence factor does Haemophilus influenzae have?

Answer 1241

Capsule.

Question 1242

What shape is Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 1242

Vibrio-shaped.

Question 1243

What are the respiratory requirements of Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 1243

Microaerophilic.

Question 1244

What disease does Helicobacter pylori cause?

Answer 1244

Stomach ulcers.

Question 1245

What shape is Campylobacter jejuni?

Answer 1245

Curved rod (vibrio-like).

Question 1246

What are the respiratory requirements of Campylobacter jejuni?

Answer 1246

Microaerophilic.

Question 1247

What disease does Campylobacter jejuni cause?

Answer 1247

Gastroenteritis.

Question 1248

What flagella arrangement is associated with these bacteria?

Answer 1248

Monotrichous (single flagellum), Peritrichous (flagella all around).

Question 1249

Which bacteria on this sheet are Gram-negative (Proteobacteria)?

Answer 1249

* *Rickettsia rickettsii* * *Bordetella pertussis* * *Neisseria gonorrhoeae* * *Neisseria meningitidis* * *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* * *Moraxella lacunata* * *Legionella pneumophila* * *Coxiella burnetii* * *Vibrio cholerae* * *Escherichia coli* * *Salmonella* * *Shigella* * *Haemophilus influenzae* * *Helicobacter pylori* * *Campylobacter jejuni*

Question 1250

Summary Card for Ricketssia

Answer 1250

Rickettsia Alpha Rickettsia rickettsii Cocobacillus Aerobic Spread by insects Causes spotted fever No capsule

Question 1251

Summary card foe Boedetella

Answer 1251

Bordetella Beta Bordetella pertussis Rod Aerobic Pertussis Capsule

Question 1252

Summary for Neissera

Answer 1252

Neisseria Beta Two types: N. gonorrhoeae Diplococci Aerobic STD Capsule and fimbre N. meningitis Diploccoi Aerobic Meningitis Capsule

Question 1253

Pseudomonadales Summary

Answer 1253

Pseudomonadales Gamma Two types: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Rod Aerobic Blue green pigment Burn wounds Flagella (mono or lopho) Moraxella Lacumata Coccobaciullus Aerobic Conjudcticis?

Question 1254

Legionelalles Summary

Answer 1254

Legionelalles Gamma Legionella pneumophilia Rod Aerobic Spread by H20 Pneumonia (mild and fatal) Coxiella burnetti Rod Aerobic Only gram negative to produce endospores