1
Q
What organism causes dental caries?
A
Streptococcus mutans.
2
Q
Is dental caries exotoxin mediated?
A
No.
3
Q
How does Streptococcus mutans cause tooth decay?
A
By attaching to the tooth.
4
Q
Is Streptococcus mutans gram-positive or gram-negative?
A
Gram-positive.
5
Q
What arrangement does Streptococcus mutans have?
A
Chain-forming organism.
6
Q
What causes gingivitis?
A
Plaque formation.
7
Q
What happens to the gums in gingivitis?
A
They start bleeding.
8
Q
Is gingivitis an early or late stage disease?
A
Early stage disease.
9
Q
How can gingivitis be controlled?
A
Flossing and brushing.
10
Q
Why does flossing help prevent gingivitis?
A
It removes bacteria and trapped food.
11
Q
What type of organisms can aggravate gingivitis?
A
Gram-negative organisms.
12
Q
What gram-negative group is associated with gingivitis?
A
Bacteroides.
13
Q
What stage disease is periodontitis?
A
Second stage disease.
14
Q
What forms in the gums during periodontitis?
A
Deep pockets.
15
Q
What can form inside periodontal pockets?
A
Pus.
16
Q
What happens to inflammation in periodontitis?
A
It increases.
17
Q
What happens to the structures holding the tooth in place during periodontitis?
A
They become damaged.
18
Q
What happens to the tooth when supporting structures are damaged?
A
The tooth loosens.
19
Q
What treatments may be needed for periodontitis?
A
Root canal, periodontal specialist care, and surgical emptying of pockets.
20
Q
What happens if periodontitis is left untreated?
A
Pockets enlarge, structures are destroyed, and the tooth falls out.
21
Q
What important organism is associated with periodontitis?
A
Porphyromonas gingivalis.
22
Q
Is Porphyromonas gingivalis gram-positive or gram-negative?
A
Gram-negative.
23
Q
What type of organism is Porphyromonas gingivalis?
A
Bacteroides organism.
24
Q
Why is Porphyromonas gingivalis important?
A
It is one of the worst aggravating organisms in periodontitis.
25
What does “gastro” mean?
Stomach.
26
What does “entero” mean?
Intestine.
27
What does “itis” mean?
Inflammation.
28
What is gastroenteritis?
Inflammation affecting the stomach and intestines.
29
What is intoxication in GI disease?
Illness caused by preformed toxin already present in food.
30
In intoxication, is the toxin already in the food before eating it?
Yes.
31
What type of toxin is usually involved in intoxication?
Exotoxin.
32
What is infection in GI disease?
Live bacteria enter the body and multiply.
33
In infection, when might toxin production occur?
After the bacteria multiply in the body.
34
What is an example of a GI infection?
E. coli.
35
What is the first treatment for many GI diseases?
ORT.
36
What does ORT stand for?
Oral rehydration therapy.
37
Should antibiotics always be used right away for GI disease?
No.
38
When should medical help be sought for GI disease?
If symptoms do not improve.
39
What are examples of ORT?
Water, electrolyte drinks, and pre-made rehydration solutions.
40
What are common symptoms of GI diseases?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, cramps, fever, shock, and sometimes death.
41
What is dysentery?
Severe diarrhea, often with blood or mucus.
42
What is the usual cause of death in GI disease?
Shock.
43
How can ORT help prevent death in GI disease?
It helps prevent shock.
44
What organism causes staphylococcal food poisoning?
Staphylococcus aureus.
45
Is staphylococcal food poisoning an intoxication or an infection?
Intoxication.
46
Why is staphylococcal food poisoning considered an intoxication?
The food already contains the toxin.
47
How quickly do symptoms usually begin in staphylococcal food poisoning?
Within 1–6 hours after eating.
48
What types of foods are commonly involved in staphylococcal food poisoning?
Protein-rich foods such as meats, custards, and milk products.
49
What symptoms occur in staphylococcal food poisoning?
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
50
What usually causes staphylococcal food poisoning?
Improper food handling and storage.
51
Why does leaving food out too long increase the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning?
It allows toxin to form in the food.
52
What is an important food safety rule for preventing staphylococcal food poisoning?
Keep hot food hot and cold food cold.
53
What type of toxin causes staphylococcal food poisoning?
Superantigen toxin.
54
What organism causes shigellosis?
Shigella.
55
Is shigellosis an intoxication or an infection?
Infection.
56
Is shigellosis toxin-mediated?
Yes.
57
What is the main feature of shigellosis?
Dysentery.
58
What other symptom is common in shigellosis?
Fever.
59
What can Shigella cause in the large intestine?
Scars and abscess-like lesions.
60
What type of intestinal damage can occur in shigellosis?
Abscess-like lesions in the large intestine.
61
What organism causes salmonellosis?
Salmonella enterica.
62
Is salmonellosis an intoxication or an infection?
Infection.
63
Is salmonellosis food-borne?
Yes.
64
What are the symptoms of salmonellosis?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and mild fever.
65
Is dysentery common in salmonellosis?
No.
66
Is constipation common in salmonellosis?
No.
67
What foods are common sources of Salmonella?
Poultry, turkey, beef, hamburger meat, eggs, vegetables, and alfalfa sprouts.
68
Can pets spread Salmonella?
Yes.
69
What pets are commonly associated with Salmonella spread?
Dogs and cats.
70
How should frozen poultry be thawed to reduce Salmonella risk?
In the fridge.
71
What is an important way to prevent salmonellosis?
Cook food properly.
72
What organism causes typhoid fever?
Salmonella typhi.
73
What are the main features of typhoid fever?
High fever, constipation, rose spots on the abdomen, and intestinal hemorrhaging.
74
Can typhoid fever be fatal?
Yes.
75
How is typhoid fever spread?
From a human source.
76
Is typhoid fever usually spread from food sources?
No.
77
What is the difference between salmonellosis and typhoid fever?
Salmonellosis is a mild food-borne infection, while typhoid fever is a severe human-spread disease.
78
What skin finding is associated with typhoid fever?
Rose spots on the abdomen.
79
What bowel symptom is associated with typhoid fever?
Constipation.
80
What organism causes cholera?
Vibrio cholerae.
81
Is cholera an intoxication or an infection?
Infection.
82
Is cholera exotoxin mediated?
Yes.
83
What toxin causes cholera symptoms?
Cholera exotoxin.
84
What does cholera exotoxin do to intestinal cells?
Converts them into pumps.
85
What type of stool is classically seen in cholera?
Rice water stools.
86
How is cholera spread?
Through contaminated food, water, and fecal contamination.
87
What are the major complications of cholera?
Shock, severe dehydration, weight loss, and fatality.
88
What major event was mentioned as an example of cholera outbreaks?
Haiti after the 2010 earthquake.
89
What is the most important treatment for cholera?
ORT and water replacement.
90
What antibiotic may be used if needed for cholera?
Tetracycline.
91
What is the main cause of death in cholera?
Shock.
92
What organ complications can develop in severe cholera?
Kidney failure and organ failure.
93
What do the pathogenic E. coli strain names usually start with?
E for entero.
94
ETEC
Enterotoxigenic E. coli.
95
What disease is ETEC most associated with?
Traveler’s diarrhea.
96
About what percentage of traveler’s diarrhea cases are caused by ETEC?
About 60–65%.
97
How does ETEC cause disease?
It attaches to the intestinal wall.
98
EAEC
Enteroaggregative E. coli.
99
What type of illness does EAEC cause?
Traveler’s diarrhea.
100
What special arrangement does EAEC have?
Brick-like arrangement.
101
EIEC
Enteroinvasive E. coli.
102
What organism is EIEC similar to?
Shigella.
103
What part of the intestine does EIEC attack?
Large intestine.
104
What severe symptom can EIEC cause?
Dysentery.
105
EPEC
Enteropathogenic E. coli.
106
Which group is most affected by EPEC?
Newborns.
107
Why are bottle-fed infants more likely to get EPEC?
They do not get maternal immunity from breastfeeding.
108
What symptom is common with EPEC?
Chronic diarrhea.
109
EHEC
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli.
110
Which E. coli strain is considered the most dangerous?
EHEC.
111
What blood complication can EHEC cause?
Hemolysis of red blood cells.
112
What blood disorder can result from EHEC?
Anemia.
113
What kidney complication can occur with EHEC?
Kidney failure.
114
What neurological complication can occur with EHEC?
Seizures.
115
How is EHEC commonly spread?
Through meat, meat products, fecal contamination, manure, and contaminated leafy greens.
116
What type of lettuce has been linked to EHEC outbreaks?
Romaine lettuce.
117
What Alberta outbreak was mentioned as an example of EHEC spread?
Calgary daycare outbreak.
118
What U.S. outbreak source was mentioned for EHEC?
Lettuce outbreaks.
119
What is an important prevention method for EHEC?
Handwashing.
120
Why is hygiene important after diaper changes or bowel movements?
To prevent spread of EHEC.
121
What is the main source of Campylobacter jejuni infection?
Undercooked chicken and poultry.
122
What are the common symptoms of Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and rare fever.
123
Is fever common in Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis?
No, fever is rare.
124
What rare complication can occur after Campylobacter jejuni infection?
Guillain-Barré syndrome.
125
What happens in Guillain-Barré syndrome?
Neurological damage and paralysis.
126
Can Guillain-Barré syndrome be fatal?
Yes.
127
About how common is Guillain-Barré syndrome after Campylobacter infection?
About 1 in 1,000 cases.
128
What organism causes most ulcer disease?
Helicobacter pylori.
129
What type of disease is caused by Helicobacter pylori?
Ulcer disease.
130
How does Helicobacter pylori move through the stomach lining?
Using peritrichous flagella.
131
Where does Helicobacter pylori grow?
Deep in the stomach lining.
132
What are the main virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori?
Inhibits acid production, inhibits phagocytes, and produces urease enzyme.
133
What enzyme is important in Helicobacter pylori infection?
Urease.
134
What does urease break down?
Urea.
135
What does urease produce?
Ammonia.
136
Why does Helicobacter pylori cause belching?
Gas forms in the stomach from ammonia production.
137
What symptom is associated with gas production in Helicobacter pylori infection?
Belching.
138
How can Helicobacter pylori be diagnosed?
Fecal analysis and urea breath test.
139
How long does the urea breath test usually take?
About 30 minutes.
140
What does the urea breath test use?
Radioactive urea.
141
How is a positive urea breath test detected?
Radioactive breath after belching.
142
About what percentage of ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori?
About 95%.
143
Are ulcers mainly psychosomatic?
No.
144
Which two people won the Nobel Prize for discovering the role of H. pylori in ulcers?
Warren and Mitchell.
145
What is a common treatment for Helicobacter pylori?
Metronidazole.
146
What over-the-counter medication may be used initially for ulcer symptoms?
Pepto-Bismol.
147
What is important to remember about metronidazole?
It has side effects.
148
What organism causes C. diff infection?
Clostridium difficile.
149
What disease is caused by Clostridium difficile?
Pseudomembranous colitis.
150
What is the main virulence factor of Clostridium difficile?
Endospores.
151
What other virulence factors does Clostridium difficile produce?
Hyaluronidase, exotoxin, and AMP exotoxin.
152
What happens to the intestinal epithelium in C. diff infection?
It sloughs off.
153
How does tissue come off in severe C. diff infection?
In sheets.
154
What commonly triggers C. diff infection?
Prolonged antibiotic use.
155
What is the first step in treating C. diff infection?
Stop all current antibiotics.
156
What should happen after stopping antibiotics in C. diff?
Restart a different antibiotic plan.
157
What antibiotics are commonly used to treat C. diff?
Metronidazole and vancomycin.
158
Are there resistant strains of C. diff?
Yes.
159
How long can children shed C. diff bacteria?
6–18 months.
160
In which group can C. diff become chronic?
Immunocompromised patients.
161
Where are C. diff outbreaks common?
Daycares.
162
Which group has the highest mortality from C. diff?
Elderly people.
163
What is the purpose of fecal microbiota therapy?
To restore a healthy microbiome.
164
How is fecal microbiota therapy performed?
By using fecal matter from a screened healthy donor.
165
How can fecal microbiota therapy be administered?
By enema.
166
Are there forms of fecal microbiota therapy other than enemas?
Yes, fecal tablets also exist.
167
Why does fecal microbiota therapy help?
It helps healthy microbiota regrow.
168
How does fecal microbiota therapy help the intestines?
It helps the intestinal lining regenerate.
169
gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines.
170
Why are many digestive diseases called gastroenteritis?
Because they affect the whole digestive tract.
171
intoxication in digestive disease
Preformed toxin is already in the food.
172
In intoxication, what causes the GI symptoms?
Toxin already present in the food.
173
infection in digestive disease
Live bacteria enter the body and multiply.
174
In infection, when may toxins be produced?
After bacteria multiply in the body.
175
Is E. coli considered an intoxication or an infection?
Infection.
176
ORT
Oral rehydration therapy.
177
Why is ORT important in GI disease?
It replaces fluids and helps prevent shock.
178
Do all GI diseases need antibiotics immediately?
No.
179
What should usually be the first goal in treating GI disease?
Liquid intake and oral rehydration.
180
In cholera, what should usually be started first?
ORT.
181
Why may antibiotics not work well early in severe GI illness?
Patients may not be able to keep them down on an empty sick stomach.
182
Where can ORT products be found?
Stores and supermarkets.
183
What symptoms commonly occur in GI diseases?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, cramps, fever, shock, and death.
184
Is death common in GI disease?
No, it is usually rare.
185
If death occurs in GI disease, what is the usual reason?
Shock.
186
How can ORT reduce fatality in GI disease?
It reduces shock.
187
What organism causes staphylococcal food poisoning?
Staphylococcus aureus.
188
Is staphylococcal food poisoning an intoxication or an infection?
Intoxication.
189
Why is food considered to blame in staphylococcal food poisoning?
The food already contains pre-made toxins.
190
How does staphylococcal food poisoning usually begin?
Abruptly and violently.
191
How soon after eating contaminated food do symptoms usually begin?
Within 1–6 hours.
192
What foods are commonly involved in staphylococcal food poisoning?
Protein-rich foods such as meats, custards, and milk products.
193
What symptoms are common in staphylococcal food poisoning?
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
194
What is usually responsible for staphylococcal food poisoning?
Improper food handling, storage, or preparation.
195
What is an important food safety rule to prevent staphylococcal food poisoning?
Keep hot food hot and cold food cold.
196
Why is food left on the counter dangerous?
Toxins can form in the food.
197
What type of toxin causes staphylococcal food poisoning?
Superantigen.
198
What organism causes shigellosis?
Shigella dysentery.
199
Is shigellosis an infection or intoxication?
Infection.
200
Is shigellosis toxin mediated?
Yes.
201
What is the major distinguishing feature of shigellosis?
Dysentery.
202
Can fever occur in shigellosis?
Yes.
203
Why is dysentery so prominent in shigellosis?
It leaves scars in the large intestine.
204
What part of the intestine does Shigella mainly attack?
Large intestine.
205
What type of lesions can Shigella form in the large intestine?
Small abscess-like lesions.
206
What organism causes salmonellosis?
Salmonella enterica.
207
Is salmonellosis an infection or intoxication?
Infection.
208
Is salmonellosis food-borne?
Yes.
209
What symptoms are common in salmonellosis?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes mild fever.
210
Is dysentery common in salmonellosis?
No.
211
Is constipation common in salmonellosis?
No.
212
What foods are common sources of salmonellosis?
Poultry, turkey, beef, hamburger meat, eggs, vegetables, and alfalfa sprouts.
213
Can pets carry Salmonella?
Yes.
214
What pets can carry Salmonella?
Dogs and cats.
215
How should frozen turkey be thawed to reduce Salmonella risk?
In the fridge.
216
Should poultry be left at room temperature to thaw?
No.
217
What is another important prevention step for Salmonella?
Cook poultry thoroughly.
218
What organism causes typhoid fever?
Salmonella typhi.
219
Is typhoid fever mainly spread by food?
No.
220
How is typhoid fever usually spread?
From a human source.
221
What are the main symptoms of typhoid fever?
High fever, constipation, rose spots, intestinal hemorrhaging, and possible fatality.
222
What type of rash is seen in typhoid fever?
Rose spots on the abdomen.
223
Is typhoid fever more dangerous than salmonellosis?
Yes.
224
Is oral rehydration usually enough for typhoid fever?
No.
225
What types of antibiotics are often used to treat typhoid fever?
Cephalosporins or quinolones.
226
Who was Typhoid Mary?
A famous human carrier of typhoid fever in early 20th century New York.
227
Why is Typhoid Mary important in microbiology?
She showed that typhoid fever is spread by humans, not mainly by food.
typhoid fever is always spread by human beings
228
What did New York City first think was causing the typhoid outbreaks?
Sewage.
229
What was actually causing many of the typhoid outbreaks in Typhoid Mary’s case?
One human carrier.
230
What treatment did Typhoid Mary refuse?
Antimicrobial treatment and gallbladder removal.
231
Where can Salmonella typhi be stored in carriers like Typhoid Mary?
Gallbladder.
232
Why is the gallbladder important in typhoid carriers?
It can release live bacteria.
233
What job did Typhoid Mary have?
She was a nanny for wealthy families.
234
What organism causes typhoid fever?
Salmonella typhi.
235
What happens after Salmonella typhi is ingested?
It multiplies in the stomach.
236
Where does Salmonella typhi spread after multiplying in the stomach?
Into the lymphatic system and then into the blood.
237
What serious blood complication can typhoid fever cause?
Blood poisoning / septicemia.
238
What type of GI damage can typhoid fever cause?
Bleeding in the stomach.
239
What percentage of untreated typhoid fever patients may die?
About 10–20%.
240
What is the main caution about probiotics?
Not all probiotics are equally helpful for everyone.
241
What determines whether a probiotic product is helpful?
The strain, amount, and type of product.
242
Why can some probiotic products be less practical?
Some would require 8–25 servings a day to have an effect.
243
What does it usually mean if a label says “contains probiotics”?
It contains at least 1 billion units.
244
What should you look for on probiotic yogurt labels?
Live and active cultures.
245
What is generally better when comparing probiotic amounts?
More billions of bacteria is generally better.
246
Why should yogurt labeled “heated after culturing” be avoided?
Heating kills the good bacteria.
247
How many ingredients are ideal in yogurt?
About 3–4 ingredients.
248
What ingredients should be limited in probiotic foods?
Added sugar and artificial sweeteners.
249
According to the instructor, what are the best natural foods for gut health?
Regular fruits, vegetables, and plain yogurt.
250
Do you need expensive probiotic tablets or fancy yogurt for gut health?
No, plain yogurt and regular foods are usually enough.
251
Should you worry a lot about milk fat in cultured products?
No, cultured milk fat is usually good.
252
What is the body’s natural system of gut bacteria called?
The microbiome.
253
What is the goal of probiotic and gut health habits?
To naturally build and support the body’s microbiome.
254
What organism causes cholera?
Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae.
255
Is cholera exotoxin mediated?
Yes, cholera is exotoxin mediated.
256
What toxin causes cholera disease?
Cholera toxin.
257
What is the main stool finding in cholera?
Rice water stool.
258
How does cholera toxin work?
It converts intestinal cells into pumps that release large amounts of fluid.
259
What is the most important first treatment for cholera?
ORT (oral rehydration therapy).
260
What usually causes death in cholera?
Shock from severe dehydration.
261
What organs are badly affected in severe cholera?
The kidneys first, then other organ systems can fail.
262
What antibiotic may be used for cholera if needed?
Tetracycline.
263
How many major forms of E. coli gastroenteritis were discussed?
Five forms.
264
Which form of E. coli is considered especially important?
EHEC (enterohemorrhagic E. coli).
265
How does EHEC damage the intestine?
It perches on intestinal cells and destroys them.
266
What outbreak example was mentioned for EHEC?
The Calgary outbreak.
267
Why was the Calgary EHEC outbreak important?
It caused severe illness and spread to families and parents.
268
How can EHEC spread be prevented?
Handwashing and good hygiene.
269
What organism causes Campylobacter gastroenteritis?
Campylobacter jejuni.
270
What are common sources of Campylobacter jejuni?
Chicken, poultry, and milk.
271
What type of illness does Campylobacter jejuni usually cause?
Typical gastroenteritis.
272
What serious neurological complication can Campylobacter jejuni cause?
Guillain-Barré syndrome.
273
What can Guillain-Barré syndrome lead to?
Neurological damage, paralysis, and death.
274
What movement feature helps Helicobacter pylori cause disease?
It can move through the stomach lining.
275
What important chemical does Helicobacter pylori produce?
Ammonia.
276
What common symptom is linked to ammonia production in H. pylori infection?
Belching.
277
How can Helicobacter pylori be diagnosed?
With a urea breath analysis.
278
What strong antibiotic can be used to treat Helicobacter pylori?
Metronidazole.
279
What over-the-counter medication may also help with H. pylori symptoms?
Pepto-Bismol.
280
Why is mumps included in GI viral diseases?
Because it is shed in saliva and spread by saliva.
281
What vaccine can almost eliminate mumps from the population?
The MMR vaccine.
282
What diseases are included in the MMR vaccine?
Mumps, measles, and rubella.
283
Where does mumps first begin in the body?
In the respiratory tract / airways.
284
How does mumps spread through the body?
It starts in the airways, enters the blood, and then spreads to the salivary glands / parotid glands
285
What glands are most commonly affected in mumps?
The parotid glands.
286
What is the main visible feature of mumps?
Swelling of the parotid glands and cheek area.
287
What is the usual incubation period for mumps?
About 2–3 weeks.
288
When can mumps be found in blood and urine?
About 3–5 days before it settles in the parotid glands.
289
What are the common symptoms of mumps?
Fever, chills, anorexia, headaches, difficulty chewing, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty talking.
290
What does anorexia mean in mumps?
Difficulty chewing, swallowing, or talking, not an eating disorder.
291
Why is the disease called mumps?
The word comes from mumbling or whispering because talking becomes difficult.
292
What male complication can occur with mumps?
Orchitis.
293
What is orchitis?
Enlargement and inflammation of the testes.
294
What female complication can occur with mumps?
Enlargement and inflammation of the ovaries with pelvic pain.
295
Why can female complications of mumps be harder to notice?
Because ovarian swelling is internal and not visible externally.
296
What serious complications can mumps cause?
Sterility, deafness, and encephalitis.
297
Is mumps very contagious?
Yes, it is extremely contagious.
298
Is there an antiviral treatment for mumps?
No, there are no antivirals for mumps.
299
What is the best prevention for mumps?
The MMR vaccine.
300
What does hepatitis mean?
Inflammation of the liver.
301
What is an early sign of hepatitis?
Jaundice.
302
What does jaundice look like?
Yellowing of the whites of the eyes and very yellow urine.
303
What newer hepatitis viruses were mentioned?
Hepatitis F and Hepatitis G.
304
What helps separate the different hepatitis viruses from one another?
Route of entry, disease course, whether they are chronic or acute, whether a vaccine exists, and treatment options.
305
What is another name for Hepatitis A?
The infectious form of hepatitis.
306
How is Hepatitis A spread?
By the fecal-oral route.
307
What are common sources of Hepatitis A spread?
Contaminated food and water.
308
Does Hepatitis A cause jaundice?
Yes.
309
Does Hepatitis A usually cause chronic liver disease?
No.
310
Why is chronic liver disease dangerous?
It can lead to liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver transplant.
311
What vaccine helps prevent Hepatitis A?
The HepA vaccine.
312
What is the best prevention for Hepatitis A?
Vaccination with the HepA vaccine.
313
Can antivirals be used for Hepatitis A if needed?
Yes.
314
What is another name for Hepatitis B?
The serum form of hepatitis.
315
How is Hepatitis B spread?
By parenteral routes, blood, blood products, injections, and sexual transmission.
316
What body fluid example was given for Hepatitis B transmission?
Semen.
317
What vaccine helps prevent Hepatitis B?
The HBV vaccine.
318
What type of vaccine is the HBV vaccine?
A recombinant / genetically modified vaccine.
319
How is the HBV vaccine made?
It uses yeast to make the vaccine and does not require live virus.
320
Why is the HBV vaccine considered safer?
Because it does not use the whole live virus.
321
How many doses of the HBV vaccine were traditionally given?
Three doses over six months.
322
What is the complete Hepatitis B particle called?
The Dane particle.
323
What should be seen on blood analysis for complete Hepatitis B virus?
Complete circular virions.
324
What part of the virus is used in the HBV vaccine?
Only the capsid / outer cover.
325
What percentage of Hepatitis B cases are acute?
About 85%.
326
What percentage of Hepatitis B cases become chronic?
About 15%.
327
Why is chronic Hepatitis B dangerous?
It can lead to chronic liver disease and liver cirrhosis.
328
What treatment was mentioned for Hepatitis B?
Lemurinn
329
What was Hepatitis C originally called?
Non-A, non-B hepatitis.
330
What is another name for Hepatitis C?
The transfusion-transmitted form.
331
Is there a vaccine for Hepatitis C?
No, there is currently no vaccine.
332
What percentage of Hepatitis C cases become chronic?
About 85%.
333
What major complications can chronic Hepatitis C cause?
Liver failure and liver cirrhosis.
334
Who discovered Hepatitis C in Alberta?
Michael Houghton.
335
Why is Michael Houghton important in Hepatitis C history?
He discovered Hepatitis C and won a Nobel Prize.
336
Why is it difficult to develop a Hepatitis C vaccine?
There is no good animal model for the virus.
337
Why does Hepatitis C research require high containment conditions?
Because work must be done on live cells and cannot easily be adapted to animals.
338
What animal model helped with Hepatitis B vaccine development?
Ducks.
339
Why is Hepatitis C treatment considered a major healthcare burden?
Because it is extremely expensive.
340
About how much can a full Hepatitis C treatment course cost?
About $60,000.
341
What medications were mentioned for Hepatitis C treatment?
Ribavirin and interferon.
342
Why is interferon treatment expensive?
Because it is a highly concentrated and sophisticated protein treatment.
343
What is another name for Hepatitis D?
The defective form of hepatitis.
344
Why is Hepatitis D called defective?
Because it cannot maintain infection on its own.
345
What virus does Hepatitis D always need?
Hepatitis B.
346
Why does Hepatitis D need Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B provides the proteins that Hepatitis D is missing.
347
Can Hepatitis D infect someone without Hepatitis B?
No.
348
What happens if Hepatitis B is acute and Hepatitis D is present?
Hepatitis D will also be acute.
349
What happens if Hepatitis B is chronic and Hepatitis D is present?
Hepatitis D will also become chronic.
350
What treatments and prevention methods work for Hepatitis D?
Whatever works for Hepatitis B also works for Hepatitis D because Hepatitis D depends on Hepatitis B.
351
How is Hepatitis E spread?
By the fecal-oral route.
352
Which hepatitis virus is Hepatitis E most similar to?
Hepatitis A.
353
What main symptom does Hepatitis E usually cause?
Jaundice.
354
What is the most important high-risk group for Hepatitis E?
Pregnant women.
355
Why is Hepatitis E especially dangerous in pregnancy?
Because it has a much higher mortality rate in pregnant women.
356
What mortality rates for Hepatitis E in pregnancy were mentioned?
About 4% in one paper and up to 20% in the textbook.
357
What vaccine logic was mentioned for Hepatitis E?
Hepatitis A vaccine coverage logic may also help for Hepatitis E according to the transcript framing.
358
Which emerging hepatitis viruses were mentioned?
Hepatitis F and Hepatitis G.
359
Why are Hepatitis F and G important?
They are not fully characterized yet.
360
What future questions remain about Hepatitis F and G?
Whether they stay acute and recover or become chronic.
Microbiology
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