Chapter 11 - Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Primary sex characteristics

Answer 1

• growth of testes and penis in the male

- ovaries, uterus, and vagina in female

Question 2

Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 2

• breast development in girls
• voice pitch change and beard growth in males
• growth of body hair in both sexes

Question 3

What are the five stages of sexual maturity?

Answer 3

1) preadolescent stage
2) pubertal change
3/4) intermediate steps
5) encompasses the final development of adult characteristics

Question 4

What is menarche?

Answer 4

• beginning of menstrual cycles
• occurs around age 12.7
• avg. age has dec.
• avg. height has inc.

Question 5

Deductive

Answer 5

• hypothesis, implications, derive conclusions from hypothetical premises
• think abstractly
• think about worlds other then own
• think systemically

Question 6

Formal operational stage is?

Answer 6

• adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts

Question 7

Systematic problem-solving

Answer 7

• ability to search methodically for answers to problems

Question 8

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Answer 8

• ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises

Question 9

Naive idealism

Answer 9

• mental construct of an ideal world as compared to the real world

Question 10

What are two characteristics that separate adolescents from younger children?

Answer 10

• tendency to exaggerate others’ reactions to one’s own behaviour
• tendency to base decisions on unrealistic ideas about future

Question 11

Formal operational reasoning enables teen to…

Answer 11

• better understand figurative language (metaphors)
• show future orientation
  (increases with education)

Question 12

Boy who begin sexual activity early (6)

Answer 12

• live in poor neighbourhoods with low parental monitoring
• come from poor families
• have families who condone sexual activity
• have lax dating rules
• are more likely to use alcohol
• were abused or neglected in childhood

Question 13

Girls who are sexually active… (4)

Answer 13

• experience earlier menarche
• have low interest in school
• dated at an early age
• have a history of sexual abuse

Question 14

What influences sexual behaviours in adolescents? (4)

Answer 14

• greater risk factors = inc. sexual activity
• moral beliefs predict sexual activity
• lower in those involved in sports
• alcohol

Question 15

_____ continues to be the most commonly reported infectious disease in Canada.

Answer 15

Chlamydia

Question 16

(true or false) No scientific research has shown that abstinence-only sex education programs significantly increase the delay of first intercourse or reduce the prevalence of sexual behaviour in teens

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Making condoms more readily available to teenagers __________.

Answer 17

• does not increase their rate of sexual activity;

- but it does increase the use of condoms by teenagers who are already sexually active

Question 18

Do Canadian parents and teens believe sex ed is important?

Answer 18

yes, explicit information on topics such as reproduction, birth control, STI/AIDS prevention, relationships, sexual orientation, sexual abuse, and societal beliefs about sexual morals is vitally important and should be provided in our schools

Question 19

Birth rate for teens 15 to 19 years has _____.

Answer 19

declined

Question 20

Who achieves milestones faster, older or teenage mothers?

Answer 20

• older mothers

Question 21

Teenage pregnancy occurs more often…

Answer 21

• if sexual activity started early
• in girls from poor, single-parent, and uneducated families
• if the girls mother had an early pregnancy

Question 22

When does an individual realize who he or she is attracted to?

Answer 22

• full self-awareness and acceptance of one’s non-heterosexual orientation appear to take place in early adulthood

Question 23

What are some key issues with transgendered teens?

Answer 23

• may have been exposed to atypical amounts of androgens in the womb, although remains a mystery
• sex reassignment reserved for adults
• coping may be difficult

Question 24

Who has a higher level of “sensation-seeking”?

Answer 24

• teenagers
• fast driving or drugs
• leads to recklessness and inc. rates of accidents

Question 25

______ behaviours more common in adolescence.

Answer 25

Risky

Question 26

What makes a teenager want to use alcohol or drugs? (4)

Answer 26

- enjoyable activity, part of being sociable - way to cope with stress or emotional pain - heightened levels of sensation-seeking, which interacts with parenting styles - home environments

Question 27

Drug use among Canadian youth has been steadily ______.

Answer 27

declining

Question 28

Average age of first-time drug use (including alcohol) is ______.

Answer 28

13 to 14

Question 29

What is one serious consequence of alcohol?

Answer 29

- 16 to 19 year-old youth have the third highest rate of impaired driving charges of any group

Question 30

What has been the trend with cigarette smoking?

Answer 30

- declined since 1970s | - electronic cigarettes increase in Canada, one-quarter of students have tried vaping

Question 31

______ are among the most significant mental health problems during adolescence

Answer 31

Eating disorders

Question 32

Bulimia

Answer 32

- an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging

Question 33

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 33

- eating disorder characterized by self-starvation

Question 34

What are risk factors for eating disorders? (3)

Answer 34

- inconsistency between the person's internal image of a desirable body and her perception of her own body - thinness = attractive women > girls internalize the “thin ideal” during middle childhood and use these images as standards against which to compare the changes in their bodies that happen during puberty - tendency toward distorted thinking

Question 35

_____ drops in early adolescence and _____ rises.

Answer 35

Self-esteem, depression

Question 36

_____ suicide is about about 31⁄2 times higher for adolescent boys than girls in Canada

Answer 36

Completed

Question 37

the second leading cause of death for Canadian young people aged 15-19

Answer 37

Suicide

Question 38

Why are suicide attempts are estimated to be three times more common among girls than among boys?

Answer 38

- girls use methods less likely to succeed (self-poisoning) | - lower self-esteem and societal pressures

Question 39

Most medical treatment focuses on treatment of ________ associated with _______ behaviour.

Answer 39

depression, suicidal

Question 40

Anti-depression drugs have been linked with _____ suicidal ideation.

Answer 40

increased

Question 41

The suicide rate for _____ peoples in Canada is 6 and 11 times higher, respectively, than for non-Aboriginal people

Answer 41

Aboriginal

Question 42

What has been done for a long-term prevention plan and changes for First Nations Youth Suicide Crisis?

Answer 42

- cultural continuity | - strengthen and preserve their cultural heritage

Question 43

Task Goals

Answer 43

- personal standards and a desire to become more competent (in most 5th graders) - associated with greater sense of personal control and positive attitudes about school

Question 44

Ability Goals

Answer 44

- based on desire to be superior to others; define success in competitive terms (6th graders) - students may adopt relative standards - good means beating someone else - more likely than others to attribute success and failure to forces outside themselves

Question 45

Elective classes and extracurricular activities are associated with high levels of __________.

Answer 45

intrinsic motivation and intense mental effort

Question 46

____ perform better in reading skills.

Answer 46

Girls

Question 47

___ perform better in math skills.

Answer 47

Boys

Question 48

______ are more satisfied with school and have better relationships with both schoolmates and parents.

Answer 48

Higher achievers

Question 49

_______ are moderately associated with high-risk behaviours such as smoking, drinking, and using marijuana.

Answer 49

Lower achievers

Question 50

Skipping class is associated with...

Answer 50

- involvement in high risk behaviours - lower levels of academic achievement - strained relationship with parents

Question 51

Achievement is associated with...

Answer 51

- parents who have high aspirations for them | - authoritative parenting style

Question 52

Leaving school early is associated with... (4)

Answer 52

- low socioeconomic status (with single parent) - lack of psychological support for academic achievement - negative peer influence - less involvement in clubs, sports