PSYC 2235 > Chapter 13/14 > Flashcards

Chapter 13/14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Post-formal thought (Piaget)

A
  • hypothesized fifth stage of cognitive development
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2
Q

Relativism

A
  • everything is relative

- some things cannot be described as either true or false

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3
Q

Dialectical thought

A
  • may not have a single solution

- pros vs. cons

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4
Q

Reflective Judgement

A
  • ones logic/worldview

- underlying assumptions of different perspectives on controversial issues

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5
Q

IQ scores are _ across middle childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood.

A
  • stable
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6
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A
  • depends on education and experience
  • vocabulary, ability to read, technical skills
  • stabilized or inc. over time
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7
Q

Fluid intelligence

A
  • “basic” abilities
  • working memory and processing speed (CNS)
  • “abstract thinking”
  • decline with age (35-40)
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8
Q

Cross-sectional comparisons support a steady __________ in IQ.

A

drop

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9
Q

Longitudinal evidence suggests IQ __________ in early adulthood, _______________ until age 60, and then _____________.

A

rises, plateaus, declines

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10
Q

______ of Canadian adults aged 25-64 possess a post-secondary credential.

A

2/3rds

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11
Q

Canada remains ______________________ in the world when it comes to post-secondary completion rates.

A

top-ranked

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12
Q

Post-secondary graduates earn ____ and have clear employment ____ especially for young women.

A

more, advantage

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13
Q

Intimacy versus Isolation

A
  • Erikson’s early adulthood stage

- individual must find a life partner in order to avoid social isolation

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14
Q

Intimacy

A
  • engage in supportive, affectionate relationship without losing identity
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15
Q

Successful resolution of the intimacy versus isolation stage depends on a good resolution of the _______________________________ crisis encountered in adolescence.

A

identity versus role confusion

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16
Q

Erikson stated that __________ is central.

A

establishment of own identity

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17
Q

Life structure

A
  • Levinson’s theory
  • pattern or design
  • roles, relationships, and behaviour patterns
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18
Q

An adult passes through three phases when a new life structure is required: NMC

A

1) novice phase
2) mid-era phase
3) culmination phase

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19
Q

17 and 22 as a _____.

A

transitional one

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20
Q

When individuals explore options prior to committing to adults roles

A
  • emerging adulthood (late teens to early 20s)
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21
Q

______ studies have provided some support for the notion that emerging adulthood is a unique period of life.

A

Neuroimaging

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22
Q

Emerging adults must address developmental tasks in five domains:

  1. A
  2. F
  3. C
  4. W
  5. R
A

1) academic
2) friendship
3) conduct
4) work
5) romantic

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23
Q

_________ often cite research on sex differences in mate preferences and mating behaviour to support their views.

A

Evolutionary theories

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24
Q

_____ prefer physically attractive, younger women.

A

Men

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25
____ look for men with higher socioeconomic status, offering earning potential and stability.
Women
26
___________ says that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behaviour are based on the different amounts of time and effort men & women must invest in child-rearing.
Parental investment theory
27
Social Role Theory
- sex differences in mate preferences and behaviour are adaptations to gender roles
28
Assortative mating (homogamy)
- tendency to mate with someone who has similar traits
29
EEG scans show there is greater _______________________ among couples and close friends than there is among strangers.
Neuo-synchrony
30
The Neuroscience of Human Attachment
- attachment processes
31
Parent-infant and romantic-couple bonds share much of the same neural architecture and physiology:
- dopamine and oxytocin
32
Quality of relationships depend on 3 factors
- attachment - love - conflict management
33
Relationship Quality
- intimacy issues = more important than material aspects - each partner brings something to table - personality - attitude towards marriage = martial stability
34
Role of Attatchment
- internal models of attachment to spouse similar to parent | - new couples must let go of families in favour of new
35
Role of Love
- Sternberg | - when three components mix, result is 7 sub-varieties of love
36
Conflict Management
- how a couple manages conflict is a predictor of relationship quality
37
Couples with stable or enduring marriages may be
- validating - voltatile - avoidant
38
Couples with unsuccessful marriages may be...
- hostile/engaged | - hostile/detatched
39
Validating
- couples may argue or disagree, respect, listen, validate
40
Volatile
- negative encounters, don't listen, disagree | - lots of love/affection
41
Big & loud (almost cringe-worthy) but it's their method of interaction and is countered with very positive encounters.
Volatile
42
Avoidant
- agree to disagree, conflict minimizers
43
Hostile/engaged
- frequent hot arguments, no balancing forces of humour and affection
44
Hostile/detatched
- fight regularly, rarely look at each other, lack affection/support
45
Childless couples report ___________________ than do couples with children
higher cohesion
46
Kin-keeper
- family role, usually occupied by a women, which includes responsibility for maintaining family/friendships
47
Who has a greater divorce rate?
Men
48
What is the average marriage?
- 15 years
49
Divorce effects?
- more depression - men leave with more economic power - women usually decline in income - women remain custody of child
50
Studies show that those who ___ before marriage are less satisfied with their subsequent marriages.
cohabit
51
Gay/Lesbian couples
- more dependant (social support) - more egalitarian - monogamy is important
52
Mature singles who do not intend to marry do not value being part of a couple or a family as highly as singles who expect to marry
Singlehood
53
Continual single hood has ______ over single hood that follows a divorce or death of spouse
benefits
54
Many singles still have ____ relationships
55
Many singles still have ____ relationships
intimate
56
Self-affirmation may help ________
protect singles from negative aspects
57
What are some of the desires to become a parent?
- majority of young adults expect to have a child | - 92% parents believe parenting is most important
58
More ___ than ___ see parenting as positive
men, women
59
___ are increasingly stay-home fathers or take paternity leave
Men
60
The Transition Experience
- child-care chores should be done - parents physically exhausted/sleep deprived = newborn at night - ritualized rites of passage = cope
61
What is postpartum depression?
- mood disturbance resulting in feelings of sadness - new mothers experience - depression and hormones
62
Developmental impact of parenthood
- positive behaviour changes, decreased risky behaviours | - martial satisfaction at peak before birth of first child
63
What affects satisfaction?
- balance between work/family - positive conflict-resolution - both parents at home
64
Having a ____ partner is a significant protective factor in managing stressful transition to parenthood
parenting
65
Women
- more close friends - friendships are more intimate - more self-disclosure - more exchange of emotional support
66
Men
- less likely to agree with each other | - not likely to ask for or provide emotional support
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