1
Q
what is the range of the spinal cord?
A
foramen magnum to second lumbar vertebrae
2
Q
what are the segments of the spinal cord?
A
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
3
Q
what comes out of the spinal cord?
A
31 pairs of spinal nervesd
4
Q
does spinal cord have uniform diameter?
A
no
-cervical enlargement
-lumbosacral enlargement
5
Q
what does the cervical enlargement supply?
A
upper limbs
6
Q
what does the lumbosacral enlargement supply?
A
lower limbs
7
Q
what is the conus medullaris on the spinal cord?
A
tapered inferior end
8
Q
what is the cauda equina on the spinal cord?
A
origin of spinal nerves - from lumbosacral enlargement & conus medullaris
9
Q
what are meninges
A
connective tissue membrane
10
Q
what is dura mater
A
the most superficial & thickest out of the meninges
-continues with dura mater around the brain & spinal nerves
11
Q
what does dura mater form?
A
a thecal sac that surrounds the spinal cord
-foramen magnum to the end of the 2nd sacral vertebrae
12
Q
what is the arachnoid mater like?
A
thin, whispy. like a spiderweb
13
Q
what is the pia mater ?
A
-deepest layer
-bound tightly to the surface of the spinal cord
14
Q
what do the denticulate ligaments attach?
A
spinal cord to dura matter
15
Q
order meninges from deepest to most superficial
A
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater, denticulate ligaments
16
Q
where is the epidural
A
space between the dura mater & periosteum
17
Q
what is the epidural filled with
A
blood vessel, areolar CT, adipose, spinal nerve roots
18
Q
where is the subdural between?
A
dura mater & arachnoid mater
19
Q
what does the subdural contain
A
serous fluid
20
Q
where is the subarachnoid?
A
between arachnoid & pia mater
21
Q
what does the subarachnoid contain?
A
CSF, blood vessels, & web-like strands of arachnoid
22
Q
what are the deep clefts that seperate left & right halves of the spinal cord?
A
anterior median fissure & posterior median sulcus
23
Q
what type of axons does white matter have?
A
myelinated axons
-columns divided into tracts (inside CNS)
24
Q
what are white mater columns in the spinal cord divided into?
A
tracts
25
how many columns are there & what are the types?
three
-ventral
-dorsal
-lateral
26
what is another word for columnds
funiculi
27
what is a collection of axons inside the CNS called
tract
28
what is a collection of axons outside the CNS called
nerve
29
what does gray matter consist of
neuron cell bodies, dendrites, axons
-horns
30
what are horns
apart of gray matter than consists of posterior, anterior, & lateral
(from google: the dorsal (posterior), ventral (anterior), and lateral horns—are regions of gray matter that contain different types of neurons for specific functions)
31
which type of horn is associated with the ANS
lateral
32
what are commissures
connections between halves
1. gray- central canal in center
2. white
33
what are roots
spinal nerves arise as rootlets combine to form roots
34
what are dorsal root ganglions
collections of cell bodies of psuedo-unipolar sensory neurons
35
where are motor neuron cell bodies
anterior (motor) and lateral (autonomic) horns of gray matter
36
what do axons of motor neurons form & where do they go?
ventral roots & pass into spinal nerves
37
cell bodies for spinal sensory neurons are located in the
a. anterior horn of spinal gray matter
b. lateral horn of spinal gray matter
c. dorsal root ganglia
d. posterior columns
c. dorsal root ganglia
38
the spinal cord extends from the
a. level of the third cervical to the coccyx
b. level of the axis to the lowest lumbar vertebrae
c. medulla oblongata to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra
c. medulla oblongata to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra
39
what is a reflex
an automatic response to a stimulus produced by a reflex arc
40
what is the basic structural unit of the nervous system
a neuron
41
what is the basic functional unit of the nervous system
reflex arc
42
what is a reflex arc
simplest portion capable of receiving a stimulus & producing response
43
reflexes are ________
homeostatic
44
are there automatic responses to stimulus without conscious thought?
yes
45
what are somatic reflexes
remove the body from painful stimuli or keep the body from falling etc.
46
what are the components of a reflex arc
-action potentials produced in sensory receptors transmitted to:
sensory neuron
interneuron
motor neuron
effector organ which response with a reflex
47
some reflexes are integrated within the _______ _____; some within the _______
spinal cord
brain
48
can a reflex be suppressed?
yes, by a higher brain center
-can also be exaggerated
49
what are the three types of reflexes
-stretch reflex
-golgi tendon reflex
-withdrawal reflex
50
what is an example of a stress reflex
a knee jerk
51
what happens with stretch reflex
muscles contract due to a stretching force applied to them
52
what is the sensory receptor for stretch reflex
muscle spindle
53
what are muscle spindles
-sensory receptor of stretch reflex
-specialized skeletal muscle fibers that respond to stretch
54
what are muscle spindle fibers innervated by & what do those do?
gamma motor neurons that control the sensitivity of muscle spindles
55
what do sensory neurons innervate
the noncontractile centers of the muscle spindle cells (notice no striations)
56
what do sensory neurons synapse with
motor neurons in the spinal cord (alpha motor neurons) which innervate the muscle in which the spindle is embedded
57
what does the golgi tendon reflex do
prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons
-prevents damage to tendons that could be caused by excessive tension
58
what are the sensory receptors for golgi tendon reflex?
golgi tendon organs
59
what are golgi tendon organs
-sensory receptors for golgi tendon reflex
-they are encapsulated nerve ending located near the muscle tendon junction
60
what do golgi tendon reflexes produce?
sudden relaxation of the muscles
61
what does the withdrawal reflex do?
removes the body limb from pain
62
what is the sensory receptor for the withdrawal reflex
pain receptor
63
what happens in the withdrawal reflex
-reciprocal innervation
-crossed extensor reflex
64
what is reciprocal innervation
relaxation of extensor muscle when flexor contracts
-(also in stretch reflex)
65
what is the crossed extensor reflex
when a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one lower limb, the crossed extensor reflex causes extension of the opposite lower limb
66
where does sensory info (pain) go to?
the brain
67
what do descending tracts from the brain carry into?
reflexes
68
how do neurotransmitters affect the sensitivity of the reflex?
by stimulating or inhibiting the motor neuron
69
what do peripheral nerves consist of
-axon bundles
-schwann cells
-connective tissue surrounding
70
what is the epineurium
entire nerve
71
what is the perineum
axon group forms fasicles
72
what is the endoneurium
individual neurons
73
what part is continuous with the dura mater of the CNS?
epineurium
74
what is the name of the covering that covers axon groups to make up fasicles
perineum
75
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31
76
where is the first pair of spinal nerves
between skull & atlas
-also could be end of brainstem or foramen magnum
77
where do nerves of the sacrum exit
between the sacral foramina
78
where do the majority of nerves exit through
the intervertebral foramina
79
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there at each spot on the vertebra
-8 pairs of cervical
-12 pairs of thoracic
-5 lumbar pairs
-5 sacral pairs
-1 coccygeal pair
80
what is a dermatomal map
skin area supplied with sensory innervation by spinal nerves
-helps in figuring out whats still in tact for sensory function
81
how many cervical vertebra are int he spine
a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. the cervical vertebrae number equal the cervical vertebrae nerves
b. 7
82
what are the branches of the spinal nerves
a. dorsal ramus
b. ventral ramus
c. communicating rami
83
what does the dorsal ramus innervate
deep muscles of trunk
84
what does the dorsal ramus function in
-in movement of the vertebral column & sensation of the skin near the middle of the back
85
how many ways in the ventral ramus distributed
2 ways
86
what are the two ways the ventral ramus in distributed
-thoracic region
-ventral rami
87
what is the thoracic region
intercostal nerves that innervate intercostal muscles & skin over the thorax
88
what is the ventral rami
ventral rami of remaining spinal nerves (roots of the plexes) make up five plexuses
89
what are the 5 plexuses
-ventral rami - C1-C4 = cervical plexus
-C5-T1 = brachial plexus
-L1-L4 = lumbar plexus
-L4-S4 = sacra plexus
-S5-CO = coccygeal plexus
90
what do communicating rami do
carry axons associated with the sympathetic division of the ANS
91
damage to the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve results in:
a. loss of sensation
b. loss of motor function
c. both a & b
d. it cannot be determined
c. both a & b
92
a collection of spinal nerves that join together after leaving the spinal cord is called a:
a. ganglion
b. nucleus
c. projection nerve
d. plexus
d. plexus
93
what does the cervical plexus do
innervates superficial neck structures, skin of the neck, & the posterior portion of the head
94
where is the phrenic nerve
from C3-C5 (cervical & brachial plexus)
95
what is the ansa cervicalis
loop between C2 & C3
96
what does the phrenic nerve do
innervates the diaphragm
-can die if this gets messed up
97
where is the cervical plexus
C1-C4
98
where does the brachial plexus orginate
spinal nerces C5-T1
99
what happens with the brachial plexus
five ventral rami form three trunks that separate into six divisions then form cords that give rise to:
branches/nerves
-axillary
-radial
-musculocutaneous
-ulnar
-median
100
what does the axillary nerve do?
laterally rotate arms
-teres minor
abducts arm
-deltoid
skin
-inferior & lateral shoulder
101
what does the radial nerve allow for
movements at elbow & wrist; thumb mvements
102
where is the skin of the axillary nerve
inferior lateral shoulder
103
where is the skin of the radial nerve
posterior surface of arm & forearm, lateral 2/3 of dorsum of hand
104
what does the musculocutaneous nerve allow for?
movements of flexion at the shoulder, elbow, & wrist
-supination of the forearm & hand
105
where is the skin of the musculocutaneous nerve
lateral surface of the forearm
106
what does the ulnar nerve allow for
movements at wrist, fingers, most of intrinsic hand movement
107
what is the most easily damaged of all spinal nerves
ulnar nerve
-called the funny bone
-it is really superficial
108
where is the skin of the ulnar nerve
medial third of hand, little finger, & medial half of ring finger
109
what does the median nerve allow for
movement of hand, wrist, fingers, & thumb
110
where is the skin of the median nerve
lateral 2/3 palm, thumb, index & middle finders; lateral 1/2 of ring finger & dorsal tips of same fingers
111
what is carpal tunnel syndrome
tingling, burning, numbness in hand, especially the thumb & middle fingers
112
why does carpal tunnel syndrome occur
from damage to median nerve
113
which nerve is involved when you hit your funny bone?
a. ulnar
b. radial
c. median
a. ulnar
114
which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?
a. radial
b. ulnar
c. median
c. median
115
what do small nerves of brachial plexus do?
innervate muscles acting on scapula & arm
-pectoral nerve
-subscapular nerve
-suprascapular nerve
116
which two plexuses are considered together because of their close relationship?
sacral & lumbar pelxus
117
what four major nerves exit & enter the lower limb?
-obturator
-femoral
-tibial
-common fibular (peroneal)
118
what does the obturator nerve do
adduction of the thigh & knee
119
where is the skin of the obturator nerve
superior middle side of thigh
120
what does the femoral nerve allow for
movements of hip & knee; iliopsoas, sartorius, quadriceps, femoris
121
where is the skin of the femoral nerve
-anterior & lateral thigh
-medial leg & foot
122
what two nerves are referred to as the sciatic nerve?
(aka ischiadic nerve)
-tibial nerve & common fibular
123
what does the tibial nerve allow for
movement of hip, knww, foot, toes
124
where is the skin of the tibial nerve
there is none
125
what are the branches of the tibial nerve
-sural nerve
-medial & lateral plantar nerves
126
what is the common fibular nerve also called
peroneal nerce
127
where is the common fibular nerve
anterior & lateral muscles of the leg & foot
128
where is the skin of the common fibular nerve
lateral & anterior leg & dorsum of the foot
129
where are the branches of the common fibular? are they superficial or deep?
they are deep & superficial fibular nerves
130
what nerve controls the adductor muscles of the thigh?
a. tibial
b. fibular
c. obturator
d. radial
obturator
131
what nerves innervate the skin of the suprapubic area, external genitalia, superior medial thigh, and posterior thigh?
-ilioinguinal nerve
-genitofemoral nerve
-pudendal nerve, etc.
132
where is coccygeal nerve? (vertebra)
S5 & Co
133
what does coccygeal plexus provide
motor innervation to muscles of the pelvic floor
sensory innervation to the skin over the coccyx
134
what are the general PNS disorders?
-anesthesia
-neuritis
-neuralgia
-sciatica
135
what is anesthesia
loss of sensation
136
what is neuritis
inflammation of a nerve from a number of causes: can result in anesthesia or neuralgia
137
what is neuralgia
nerve inflammation causing stabbing pain. caused by inflammation, nerve damage, etc..
138
what is sciatica
pain radiating down back of thigh/leg
139
what is a genetic/autoimmune disorder of the PNS?
myasthenia gravis
140
what is myasthenia gravis
results in fatigue & muscular weakness due to inadequate acetylcholine receptors
141
what are the infections of PNS
-herpes
-shingles
-poliomyelitis
-anesthetic leprosy (bacterial)
142
herpes
in sensory ganglia results in skin lesions, sexually transmitted, or chickenpox in children
143
shingles
or herpes zoster
-adult disease of chickenpox
144
poliomeyelitis
viral infection of CNS, but primarily damages somatic motor neurons, leaving muscles without innervation; leads to paralysis & atrophy
145
what does polio destroy
anterior horn cells
(gray matter, motor neurons)
a&p
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
chapter 169
-
a & p lab one40
-
chapter 262
-
chapter 3159
-
a + p lab 233
-
chapter 4184
-
chapter 5149
-
chapter 6144
-
a&p lab exam26
-
chapter 7142
-
chapter 9 (& some of 10)210
-
chapter 11219
-
chapter 12145
-
lab exam46
-
chapter 13126
-
chapter 15285
-
chapter 1694
-
chapter 1795
-
lab exam18
-
exam 6 q16
-
chapter 18107
