1
Q
histology
A
microscopic study of tissues
2
Q
types of tissue
A
epithelial tissue
-connective tissue
-muscle tissue
-nervous tissue
3
Q
what is tissue classification based on
A
- structure of cells
- composition of the extracellular matrix
- function of cells
4
Q
what is the extracellular matrix
A
noncellular substance surrounding the cells
5
Q
biopsy
A
for diagnostic purposes
6
Q
what is biopsy used for ex
A
celiac
7
Q
autopsy
A
examination of organs to determine cause of death or to study the changes caused by disease
8
Q
which of the following is not used to classify epithelial tissues?
a. matrix
b. structure
c. function
d. location
A
d. location
9
Q
T/F: epithelial tissues dont have a matrix
A
F- they do, just not much
-it is almost entirely cells
10
Q
characteristics of epithelial tissue
A
-almost entirely cells
-covers body & forms glands
-most have a free, lateral, & basal surface
-basement membrane
-avascular
-capable or regeneration mitosis
11
Q
where does epithelium cover
A
-outside-exterior surface-skin
-lining inside- digestive tract, respiratory tract, hear & blood vessels, many body cavities
12
Q
what is avascular
A
the tissues dont have blood supply within themselves
13
Q
T/F: epithelium cannot undergo mitosis because it is avascular
A
false- it can!!
14
Q
what is the basement membrane
A
an extracellular material formed by secretion from epithelial & connective tissue cells
-“glue”
15
Q
what is basement membrane in
A
epithelial & connective tissue cells
16
Q
what does basement membrane help do?
A
- helps attach epithelial cells to the underlying tissue
- guides cell migration for tissue repair
- acts as a filter
17
Q
do all epithelium cells have basement membrane?
A
no
-endocrine gland doesnt
18
Q
what determines the function of epithelial cells
A
the layers & the shapes
-barrier, diffusion, filtration, secretion, absorption, protection
19
Q
what can the free surface of epithelial tissues have?
A
-smooth: reduces friction (blood vessels)
-microvilli: (brush border): increase surface area for absorption or secretion
-cilia: move materials across cell surface
20
Q
what does microvilli do
A
increases surface area for absorption or secretion
21
Q
where is cilia usually found
A
in places with mucus
-lungs & trachea
22
Q
what are the types of layers in epithelium
A
-simple
-stratified
-psuedostratified
23
Q
simple epithelium
A
one layer
24
Q
stratified epithelium
A
more than one layer
25
pseudostratified epithelium
appears to be stratified, but all cells are attached to the basement membrane
26
what are the different shapes of cells in epithelium
-squamous
-cuboidal
-columnar
27
where is simple squamous epithelium
-lining of blood vessels & heart,
lymphatic vessels (endothelium), alveoli of the lungs
28
what does simple squamous epithelium do
diffusion (oxygen in lungs), filtration (in kidneys), some secretion, some protection
29
where is simple cuboidal epithelium found
some with microvilli in kidney tubules & some line terminal bronchioles of the lungs
30
what does simple cuboidal epithelium do?
secretion & absorption
31
where is simple columnar epithelium found
Gi tract- has microvilli
Lungs- cilia
32
what does simple columnar epithelium do
secretion & absorption (in small & large intestine) particles out (of bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells)
33
where is stratified squamous epithelium
a. in non-keratinized moist-mouth, throat, esophagus
-consists of living cells in the deepest & outermost layers
-a layer of fluid covers the outermost layers of cells which makes them moist
b. keratinized-skin
- consists of living cells in the deepest layers, & the outer layers are composed of dead ells containing the protein keratin
-the dead cells (keratinized cells) give the tissue a dry, durable, moisture resistant character
34
what part of the stratified squamous epithelium is moist
35
what does stratified squamous epithelium do
protection from abrasion, chemicals, water loss, infection
36
where is stratified cuboidal epithelium
sweat gland ducts
37
what does stratified cuboidal epithelium do
secretion, absorption, protection against infection
38
where is stratified columnar epithelium
mammary gland duct, larynx, portion of male urethra
39
what does stratified columnar epithelium do
secretion & protection
40
does pseudostratified columnar epithelium have cilia?
yes, almost always
41
where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium
nasal sinuses, bronchi of lungs, trachea
42
what does pseudostratified columnar epithelium do
secretes mucus, moves mucus
43
what is transitional epithelium
its stratified but the cells change shape when they are distended
44
cell shape of transitional epithelium
squamous when unstreched
cuboidal when stretched
45
where is transitional epithelium
in the urinary bladder as well as the ureters
46
what does transitional epithelium do?
stretches with volume changes of organ & protects against caustic effects of urine
47
what are cell connections
structures that hold cells to one another or to the basement membrane
48
desmosomes
binds cells together
49
hemidesmosomes
binds cells to the basement membrane
50
tight functions
holds cells together & forms a permeability layer (barrier)
51
gap junctions
intercellular communication
-protein channels
52
what are the types of glands
endocrine
exocrine
53
endocrine glands
no ducts (separated from the epithelium of origin)
-hormones to the blood stream
54
exocrine glands
-have ducts (maintains open contact with the epithelium from which it developed)
55
what are glands classified by?
structure (number of cells)
56
unicellular
goblet cells (secrete mucous)
57
multicellular
(most glands are multicellular)
-classified by the structure of their ducts or by their method of secretion
58
what are the types of structures/types of glands
-simple: ducts with few branches
-compound: ducts with many branches
-tubular: secretory regions shaped like tubules
-acinar (alveolar): saclike structures
59
what are the methods of secretion
-merocrine
-apocrine
-holocrine
60
whats the most common method of secretion
merocrine
61
melocrine
secretion with no loss of cellular material (ex:sweat)
62
apocrine
fragments in secretion - cell pinches off (mammary)
63
holocrine
whole cell is part of secretion
(sebaceous - oil gland of skin)
64
where is connective tissue found?
in every organ
65
what differs connective tissue from the other types of tissues
it consists of cells that are separated by abundant extracellular matrix
66
what does connective tissue do?
-enclose organs
-connect tissues
-support & movement
-storage
-cushion/insulation
-transport
-protect
67
do connective tissues produce extracellular matrix
yes, specialized cells of the various connective tissue product extracellular matrix
68
blasts
create a matrix (osetoblast)
69
cytes
maintain matrix (osetocytes)
70
clasts
break down for remodeling (osteoclasts)
71
what are the descriptive word stems that identify cell function
-blasts
-cytes
-clasts
72
what do mast cells contain
heparin, histamine, & proteolytic enzymes
-(type of connective tissue cell)
73
what do white blood cells respond do
injury/infections
-(type of connective tissue cell)
74
what do macrophages do & what are the types
-phagocytize to provide protection
-types: fixed & wandering
-(type of connective tissue cell)
75
what do wandering macrophages do
-(type of connective tissue cell)
move through connective tissue
76
what are undifferentiated mesenchyme & what do they do?
-stem cells (type of connective tissue cell)
-they form multiple cell types in response to injury
77
what are fat cells called
adipocytes
78
what are the major components of connective tissue's extracellular matrix?
1. protein fibers
2. ground substance
3. fluid
79
The structure of the matrix gives the connective tissue types much of their _________ characteristics
functional
80
what are the three types of protein fibers of the matrix
-collagen
-reticular
-elastic
81
collagen
one of the types of protein fibers of the extracellular matrix
-most common protein in body that accounts for 6% body weight
-very strong & flexible but not quite elastic
82
what is the most common protein in the body
collagen
83
reticular
one of the types of protein fibers of the extracellular matrix
-fine collagen fibers - forms branching network. fill spaces between tissues & organ, not as strong as most collagen fibers
84
what fills the spaces between tissues & organs
reticular
85
elastic
one of the types of protein fibers of the extracellular matrix
-returns to original shape
86
what are ground substances
shapeless background in microscope
87
what are the types of ground substances
-hyaluronic acid
-proteoglycans
-adhesive molecules
88
hyaluronic acid
polysaccharide lubricant for joint cavities
89
proteoglycans
protein + polysaccharide
-traps large amounts water. provides cartilage with its resilient nature
ex: skin snaps
90
adhesive molecules
holds proteoglycans together
91
what holds proteoglycans together
adhesive molecules
92
what is a lubricant for joint cavities
hyaluronic acid
93
what provides cartilage with its resilient nature?
proteoglycans
94
what is the component that is not part of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues
a. fluid
b. protein fibers
c. holocrine tissue
d. ground substance
c, holocrine tissues
95
what are the connective tissue propers
loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue
96
what is the supporting connective tissue
cartilage & bone
97
what is the fluid connective tissue
blood & hemopoietic tissue
98
what is the loose packing material of most organs & tissues
loose (areolar) connective tissue
99
what does loose (aerolar) connective tissue do?
attaches skin to underlying tissue
-subcutaneous later (hypodermis)
100
what is dense regular collagenous connective tissue?
-has abundant collagen fibers- resist stretching
101
what type of tissue are tendons & ligaments?
dense regular collagenous connective tissue
102
what are tendons & ligaments
tendons= muscles to bones
ligaments= bones to bones
103
dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
collagen fibers that are randomly oriented & tough
-most of the dermis of the skin (scars)
104
what makes up most of the dermis of the skin
dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
105
what tissue types make up the layers of the skin & the later below the skin?
-epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium)
-dermis (dense irregular collagenous CT)
-hypodermis (subcutaneous) - loose (areolar) CT
106
what is adipose part of?
connective tissue
107
yellow adipocytes
(white)
-most abundant
-white at birth, yellow with age because of accumulation of pigments
-cytoplasm pushed to periphery of the cell because it's so full of lipids
108
what is the most abundant type of fat cell?
yellow adipocytes
109
why does white adipose turn yellow with age?
bc of accumulation of pigments
110
brown adipocytes
in axillae, neck - more in babies - body temp
111
where are brown adipocytes
in axillae & neck
-seen more in babies
112
what does reticular tissue do?
it provides a super structure for lymphatic & hemopoietic tissues (lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow)
113
what do spaces between reticular cells contain?
WBC's & dendritic cells (immune system)
114
what is the firmest structure in the body aside from bone
cartilage
115
is cartilage vascular or avascular?
avascular
-no blood or nerve supply except in the perichondrium
116
would cartilage heal fast or slow?
slow since no blood supply
117
what is perichondrium
dense, irregular connective tissue that surrounds nealy all cartilage. it secretes cartilage cells
118
what do cartilage cells become when surrounded by a matrix & where are they located?
-chondrocytes
-lacunae
119
what does matrix contain?
protein fibers
ground structures
fluid
120
what are the types of cartilage
-hyaline
-fibrocartilage
-elastic
121
what is the structure of hyaline cartilage
collagen fibers & proteoglycans in the matrix
122
where is hyaline cartilage
-wherever strong support is needed, there is some flexibility though so its in the trachea, bronchi, & rib cage
-articulation surfaces
-forms most the of the embryo's skeleton that is later replaced by bone
-is involved in the growth in length of bones
123
what is involved in the growth in length of bones
hyaline cartilage
124
what forms most of the embryo's skeleon?
hyaline cartilage
125
what is fibrocartilage
thick collagen fibers in matrix, slightly compressible & tough
126
where is fibrocartilage?
areas of pressure on joint
-knee; between vertebrae - intervebral disk)
127
what is elastic cartilage
elastic & collagen fibers & proteoglycans in a matrix
-they are rigid but elastic
128
where is elastic cartilage
external ears
129
what is bone
a type of connective tissue
-hard connective tissues = living cells (osteocytes)+mineralized matrix
130
what is the matrix like in bone
-strength & rigidity
-organic: collagen fibers
-inorganic: hydroxyapetite
131
what type of connective tissue is bone?
hard connective tissue
132
what is bone composed of?
living cells (osteocytes) + mineralized matrix
133
what is the function of the bone matrix?
provides strength and rigidity.
134
what makes up the organic part of the matrix?
collagen fibers (for flexibility/tensile strength)
135
what makes up the inorganic part of the matrix?
hydroxyapatite = Ca²⁺ + PO₄³⁻ salts (for hardness/rigidity)
136
where are osteocytes located?
in lacunae within the matrix.
137
what are the two types of bone tissue?
cancellous (spongy) bone and compact bone.
138
What is the structure of cancellous (spongy) bone?
Trabeculae of bone with spaces (looks like a sponge).
139
Where is cancellous (spongy) bone found?
Inside bone – skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ends of long bones.
140
What is the structure of compact bone?
Concentric layers around a central canal.
141
Where is compact bone located?
Periphery (outer surface) of bone.
142
what is the matrix of blood?
plasma
143
what is the only type of connective tissue that has a liquid matrix
blood
144
what elements are formed in the blood?
red cells, white cells, platelets
145
what does the blood's fluid matrix allow for?
food, oxygen, waste products etc. to move quickly through the body
146
What does the blood matrix (plasma) lack?
Fibers (unique feature).
147
How do most connective tissue cells differ from blood cells?
Most CT cells are stationary in a rigid matrix; blood cells move freely in a fluid matrix.
148
How does blood move through the body?
Through vessels, but fluid and cells can move in and out of vessels.
149
Why is the fluid matrix important?
It allows food, oxygen, waste products, etc. to move quickly throughout the body.
150
What is hemopoietic tissue?
A connective tissue that forms blood cells.
151
Where is hemopoietic tissue found?
Red bone marrow.
152
What does red bone marrow do?
Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
153
What does yellow marrow store?
yellow adipose tissue
154
what happens with marrow as children grow?
the red marrow is replaced with yellow marrow
155
T/F: Hyaline cartilage contains mainly elastic fibers
false!
156
T/F: cancellous bone contains very few spaces
false
157
what is marfan syndrome
a genetic condition where the elastic fibers of connective tissue are targeted which causes the connective tissue to be weakened & unable to work properly
158
what are the characteristics of muscle tissue
-contracts or shortens with force
-moves the body; pumps blood
159
what are the types of muscle tissue?
-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth
160
Where is skeletal muscle found?
Attached to the skeleton.
161
What percentage of body weight is skeletal muscle?
40%
162
Is skeletal muscle striated or nonstriated?
striated
163
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary (but can be involuntarily controlled by reflexes and tone).
164
Where is cardiac muscle found?
heart
165
Is cardiac muscle striated or nonstriated?
striated
166
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
167
Where is smooth muscle found?
Muscles of tubular structures and skin.
168
Is smooth muscle striated or nonstriated?
nonstriated
169
Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
170
What does smooth muscle regulate?
Size of organs (e.g., bladder, intestines).
171
What’s an example of smooth muscle action in the skin?
Goose bumps.
172
which muscle types are striated
-skeletal & cardiac
173
which muscle type is voluntary
skeletal
174
which muscle type regulates organ size
smooth
175
all of these muscles are striated except:
a. smooth muscle around intestine.
b. skeletal muscle of biceps muscle.
c. cardiac muscle of heart.
a
176
What is the function of nervous tissue?
produce electrical signals called action potential
177
What are neurons?
Nerve cells that generate and transmit action potentials.
178
What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?
Cell body, axon, dendrites.
179
What does the cell body do?
Contains the nucleus.
180
What does the axon do?
Carries impulses away from the cell body.
181
What do dendrites do?
Receive stimuli and carry impulses toward the cell body.
182
What are the 3 structural types of neurons?
Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar.
183
Where is nervous tissue found?
brain, spinal cord, nerves
184
a&p
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
chapter 169
-
a & p lab one40
-
chapter 262
-
chapter 3159
-
a + p lab 233
-
chapter 4184
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chapter 5149
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chapter 6144
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a&p lab exam26
-
chapter 7142
-
chapter 9 (& some of 10)210
-
chapter 11219
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chapter 12145
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lab exam46
-
chapter 13126
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chapter 15285
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chapter 1694
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chapter 1795
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lab exam18
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exam 6 q16
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chapter 18107
