1
Q
what are the special senses
A
-smell (olfaction)
-taste
-sight (visual system)
-hearing
-balance
2
Q
how many primary odors are there?
A
7
3
Q
how many odors can the average person recognize via the olfactory epithelium?
A
4000
4
Q
what are the dendrites of olfactory neurons ends called?
A
olfactory vesicles
5
Q
what are cilia also known as
A
olfactory hairs
6
Q
where is the cilia in the olfactory neuron
A
embedded in the mucus
7
Q
what happens with olfaction? like whats the process
A
-odorants dissolve in mucus
-attach to receptors
-cilia depolarize -> AP
-one receptor may respond to more than one type of odor
8
Q
how many receptors receptors respond to an odor?
A
one receptor can respond to more than one type of odor
9
Q
how often are olfactory neurons replaced?
A
every two months
-most other neurons are permanent
10
Q
what is the olfactory sensory pathway?
A
-olfactory neurons (bipolar)
-cribriform plate
-olfactory neurons synapse & extend to the olfactory tract
-terminates in olfactory cortex
11
Q
are olfactory neurons bipolar, unipolar, or pseudounipolar?
A
bipolar
12
Q
does information on the olfactory pathway go to the thalamus?
A
no- it goes directly to olfactory cortex
13
Q
what sensation is the only major sensation that does not pass through the thalamus first?
A
olfactory info
14
Q
what are the three regions in the frontal/temporal lobe?
A
-lateral olfactory area
-medial olfactory area
-intermediate olfactory area
15
Q
what does lateral olfactory area control for
A
conscious perception - smell
16
Q
what does medial olfactory area control for
A
visceral/emotional (instinctive) reactions to odors
17
Q
what does intermediate olfactory area control for
A
receives info from the medial and lateral areas
- AP carried by axons in this area modulates the activity of the activity of the neurons in the olfactory bulb
-enhancing rapid adaptation of the olfactory system
18
Q
what area modulates the activity of the activity of the neurons in the olfactory bulb
A
intermediate olfactory area
19
Q
how many odors have been identified?
A
seven
20
Q
olfactory neurons
a. have projections called cilia
b. connect to the olfactory bulb
c. have receptors that react with odorants dissolved in mucus
d. all of the above
A
d
21
Q
what are the sensory receptors for taste?
A
taste buds
22
Q
where are taste buds primarily located?
A
on papillae
23
Q
what are the types of the papillary of the tongue?
A
-vallate
-fungiform
-foliate
-filiform
24
Q
what is the vallate like on tongue papillae & where?
A
-it is the largest but there are only 8-12 of them
-do have taste buds!
-between te anterior/posterior parts of the tongue
25
does every area of your tongue have taste buds?
no
26
what is the fungiform like on tongue papillae & where?
-mushroom-shaped
-scattered on the superior face of tongue
-small red dots
-interspersed with filiform
do have taste buds
27
what is the foliate like on tongue papillae & where?
-leaf-shaped
-in folds on sides of tongue
-most sensitive
-has taste buds
28
what type of papillae decreases as you age?
folfiate
29
what type of papillae is the most sensitive?
foliate
30
which type of papillae is the most numerous?
filiform
31
which type of papillae is between anterior/posterior parts of tongue?
valiate
32
what type of papillae is the small red dots on your tongue?
fungiform
33
what is the filiform like on tongue papillae & where?
-filament shaped
-most numerous
-no taste buds
34
which type of of papillae does not contain tate buds?
filiform
35
how many taste buds on tongue?
10,000
36
what are the sensory cells of taste buds called?
taste of gustatory cells
37
how often are taste (gustatory) cells replaced?
10 days
38
how many gustatory cells are there per bud & what do they have?
50
-microvilli (gustatory hairs) extending into taste/ gustatory pores
39
what do tastants do?
they dissolve in the saliva & enter the taste pore by various mechanisms causing the taste cell to depolarize
40
to tastans have axons?
no & they dont generate their own APs
40
what do tastans do because they cant stimulare their own APs?
neurotransmitters are released from the taste/gustatory cells & stimulate APs in the axons of sensory neurons associated with them
41
if you don't have saliva in your mouth, would you be able to taste the food you're eating?
no
42
how many major tastans?
5
43
what are the 5 tastans?
-sour
-salty
-bitter
-sweet
-umami (glutamate)
44
what is sour taste produced by?
acids
45
where is sour taste most sensitive?
lateral aspects of the tongue
46
what is salt flavor produced by?
metal ions
47
where is salty flavor most sensitive on tongue
tip
48
what causes depolarization on tongue for salty
Na+
49
what tastes are craved?
-salty
-sweet
-umami (glutamate)
50
does salty have a high or low sensitivity threshold?
they have high sensitivity threshold
-can take a lot of salt into your body, ability to eat a lot of salt is high
51
where is bitter taste most sensitive?
posterior part of tongue
52
does bitter taste have a high or low sensitivity threshold?
low
-cant eat a lot
53
what taste has the highest sensitivity
bitter
54
what is bitter taste produced by?
alkaloids (toxic)
55
where is salty flavor most sensitive?
-tip of tongue
56
what does sweet taste come from?
carbs, proteins (aspartame)
57
does sweet taste have a high or low sensitivity threshold?
high
58
where is umami taste most sensitive?
scattered- all over
59
what does umami taste come from?
amino acids
60
what is the word umami come from?
japanese term for savory
-MSG
61
which of these types of papillae have no taste buds associated with them?
a. circumvallate
b. filiform
c. foliate
d. fungiform
d. filiform
62
what affects perception of taste?
texture
63
what things affect taste?
-texture
-temperature
-rapid adaptation - at level of taste bud and within CNS
-influenced by olfaction
-different tasted have different thresholds
64
what nerve is chorda tympani part of
facial nerve
65
what does chorda tympanis allow for
sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue
66
what nerve brings sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue?
glossopharyngeal
67
what does the vagus nerve carry
a few fibers for taste from the epiglottis
68
AP from the fi
AP from the different nerves in the mouth -> medulla oblongata -> taste area of cortex (extreme inferior end of postcentral gyrus)
69
where is the taste are of the cortex
extreme inferior end of the postcentral gyrus (insula)
70
what are the accessory structures of the visual system?
eyebrows
eyelids
eyelashes
conjunctiva
71
what are eyelids also called
palbebrae
72
what do eyebrows allow for?
shade and keep sweat from coming into eye
73
what do eyelids have (sorry this is a really specific question asked in a broad way)
conjunctiva
74
what are the parts to palpebrae (eyelids)
-palpebral fissures
-canthi
75
what is the palberal fissure?
space between eyelids
-like where your eye sits minus the eye
76
what is the canthi?
lateral & medial ones
-this is where eyelids meet at the corners kinda
77
what does the medial canthus contain?
caruncle (with modified sweat & sebaceous glands)
78
what canthi has caruncle
medial canthus
79
how many layers of the eyelid are there?
five layers
-the fourth later is a dense CT tarsal plate
80
what is special about the 4th layer of the eyelid?
has a dense CT tarsal plate - maintain shape of lid
81
what helps maintain the lid of the shape of the eye?
the tarsal plate
82
how many rows of hairs are there on eyelashes
2/3
83
what empties into the hair follicle of eyelashes
ciliary glands
-modified sweat glands
84
what are ciliary glands?
modified sweat glands that empty into the hair follicles of eyelashes
85
what is the conjunctiva
thin transparents mucous membrane
86
what is the thin transparent mucus membrane on eye called
conjunctiva
87
what are the two types of conjunctiva
-palpebral conjunctiva
-bulbar conjunctiva
88
what is the palpebral conjunctiva
the inner surface of the eyelids
89
what is the bulbar conjunctiva
on the anterior surface of eye excet over pupil
90
what are meibomian glands
they are at inner margins of eyelid (bottom & top) & produce sebum in eyelashes
-help keep tears that are produced from coming over the eyelids & going down cheek
91
what causes pinkeye?
inflamed bulbar conjunctiva
92
what is a subconjunctival hemorrhage
hemorrhage below mucus lining on bulbar conjunctiva ?
93
what is a sty?
plugged up ciliary gland
94
what is a chalazion?
clogged meibomian gland
(chalazion on inner membrane of eyelid)
95
where do tears come from?
lacrimal glad
(on lateral side & go across the eyelid & go through puncta, then lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, then nasolacrimal duct
96
what gland produces tears & what do tears do?
lacrimal gland
-moisten, lubricate, wash
-tears pass over eye
97
what do tears contain?
water, salts, mucus, & lysosomes
98
what does the lacrimal canaliculi do?
collects excess tears from the openings in whats called the puncta
99
where does the tear go after the lacrimal canaliculi?
lacrimal sac which leads to the nasolacrimal duct (which opens into the nasal cavity)
100
which area of the tear pathway opens into the nasal cavity
nasolacrimal duct
101
what causes crustys on eye
a blocked nasolacrimal duct
-can put little stints in to open it up
102
tears...
a. are released onto the surface of the eye near the medial corner of the eye
b. in excess cause a sty
c. pass through the nasolacrimal duct directly into the oral cavity
d. contain water, salty, mucus, & lysozymes
d
103
what are the three layers of the eye
-fibrous
-vascular
-nervous
104
what are the layers of the eye also called?
tunics
105
what does the fibrous layer contain
sclera and cornea
106
what does the vascular layer contain
choroid, ciliary body, iris
107
what does the nervous layer contain
retina
108
where is the sclera
-part of the fibrous layer
-posterior 5/6th of the eye
-white outer later
109
what is the white outer layer of the eye
sclera in the fibrous layer
110
what does the sclera do?
maintains shape, protects eye, provides for muscle attachments
111
what is the sclera continuous with?
the cornea
112
what tissue is the sclera made from
dense collagenous CT/Elastic fiber (opaque)
113
is the sclera opaque or transparent
opaque
114
what is the cornea made up of ?
-CT (collagen & proteoglycans)
-stratified squamous epithelium on outer surface
115
what does the cornea do
refracts (bends) light
116
is the cornea vascular or avascular?
avascular - no blood flow
117
is the cornea opaque or transparent
transparent - collagen fibers are small & its avascular
-has low water content
(makes it easy for light to go through)
118
what area do muscles attach to
sclera
119
what was one of the first things to be transplanted
cornea
120
is the cornea flat or round
round (so bends light)
121
what does the vascular layer have (sorry super broad q)
-has most of the blood vessels from the carotid artery
-contains melanin
122
what is the iris
-in the vascular layer
-colored part of the eye
-controls light entering by smooth muscles
123
what type of muscles does the iris have to control light entering?
smooth muscles
124
what does the iris control
light entering by smooth muscles
125
what two things does the iris contain
sphincter pupillae
dilator pupillae
126
is the sphincter pupillae sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic (innervated by cranial nerve III)
-will be not dilated during rest & digest
127
is the dilator pupillae sympathetic or parasympathetic?
sympathetic
-eye will be dilated during fight or flight
128
what is the ciliary body
part of the vascular layer that PRODUCES aqueous humor which fills anterior chamber
-anterior chamber comes from cornea & go back to iris
129
what controls lens shape?
ciliary (smooth) muscles
-attached to suspensory ligaments of the lens
130
what is the choroid
part of the vascular layer that is associated with the scerla (touches it) & is very thin & pigmented
131
what is the ciliary body made up of
ciliary muscle
ciliary ring
ciliary processes
132
where is the pigmented layer (retina) and what is it made up of
in the nervous layer or tunic
-its the outer layer
-it is pigmented simple cuboidal epithelium
133
what does the pigment of the pigmented layer help do?
the pigment of this layer (& choroid) helps to reduce light scatter
134
what does the ______ layer of the neural layer contain?
-neural layer is in nervous layer or tunic (retina area)
-inner
-contains the photoreceptor cells: rods & cones
135
what are the two photoreceptor cells
rods & cones - sensitive to light
136
what does the lens focus light on?
the macula lutea & fovea centralis
137
what does the macula lutea consist of
small "yellow spot"
-has indention where fovea centralis is
138
what does fovea centralis do
its the area of greatest visual acuity; photoreceptor only "cone" cells tightly packed
139
what do cone cells deal with
color
140
what does the optic disc do
-blind spot
-blood vessels enter/exit eye & nerve processes from retina & exit eye as optic nerve
141
do you have both rods & cones in the macula?
yes- but you have more cones than rods
142
does the fovea centralis have both rods & cones?
no- only cones so that is why we have high visual acuity there
143
does the optic disc have rods & cones?
no; thats why there is a blind spot
144
where is the anterior chamber of the eye & what does it contain
-between cornea & iris
-contains aqueous humor
145
where is the posterior chamber of the eye & what does it contain?
between iris & lens
-contains aqueous humor
146
what does aqueous humor do?
helps maintain intraocular pressure; provides nutrients to structures; refracts light
147
what is the aqueous humor prduced by & what does it exit throug?
produced by ciliary processes (of ciliary body) & exits through canal of schlemm (scleral venous sinus)
148
what does intraocular pressure do & what helps maintain it?
helps maintain shape of eye
-aqueous humor helps maintain it
149
what is glaucoma?
increase in intraocular pressure
150
where is the vitreous humor
it is posterior to the lens
151
what is the vitrous chamber filled with
jelly-like vitreous humor
152
what does vitreous humor do
helps maintain intraocular pressure, holds lens & retina in place, & refracts light
153
what type of ligaments are attached to the ciliary processes in lens
suspensory ligaments
154
what do suspensory ligaments do
make lens change shape when the ciliary muscles relax/contract
155
what is the lens made up of & what happens
cuboidal epithelial cells that produce lens fibers
-these fibers lose there nucleus & accumulate proteins (crystallines)
-lens made up of crystallines ?
156
what is the crystalline lens covered by
highly elastic, transparent capsule
157
is the lens opaque ot transparent & is it concave or convex?
transparent
biconvex
158
the ciliary body
a. contains ciliary processes that attach to the lens by suspensory ligaments
b. produces vitreous humor
c. is part of the sclera
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
159
what are the basic functions of the eye?
-the iris allows light into the eye through pupil
-the lens, cornea, & humors focus the light onto the cornea
-the light striking the retina are converted to action potential & relayed to the brain
160
what is refraction
bending of light
161
what is convergence
after light strikes a convex surface, rays get closer
162
what is a focal point
point where light rays converge & cross
163
what is focusing
causing light to converge
164
what is accommodation
the process of changing the shape of the lens
165
what happens with light as the lens becomes more spherical?
you will have a greater refraction (bending) of light
166
what happens with the ciliary muscles when the eye is focusing on a near object
they contract
this reduces tension of the suspensory ligaments
167
what layer is the sensory retina in
the neural layer
168
how many layers is the sensory retina
3
169
what are the three layers of the sensory retina & what do their cell bodies form
-photoreceptor cells
-bipolar cells
-ganglionic cells
-cell bodies form layers that are separated by plexiform layers where the neurons synapse
170
how many layers is the pigmented cell layer
one cell layer that is filled with melanin
171
what does the pigmented cell layer do
reduces light scattering - by providing a black matrix that isolated individual photoreceptors which leads to enhanced visual acuity
172
what is the sensory retina also called
the neural retina
173
what are rods & what conditions are they used in
bipolar photoreceptor cells - black & white vision & low light conditions
174
are rods or cones more sensitive to light
rods
175
where are rods most found
in the retina
-they are not in fovea centralis
176
what does rhodopsin do?
its a photoreceptive molecule that changes shape when struck by light
-it separates into opsin & retinal
177
where does retinal come from
vitamin A
178
how to get AP with rods ? 15.2 & 15.21
light makes it so bipolar cell is no longer inhibited & ganglionic cells are stimulated -> AP
179
what happens with rods in bright light
more rhodopsin is broken down so not as much available for the next AP
(retina is less sensitive to light rn)
180
what happens with rods in darker conditions
more rhodopsin is produced & available so the eye is more sensitive to light
-takes a whole when going from dark to light (a chemical change)
181
what do pupils do in bring & dim light
-constrict in bright light
-dilate in dim light
182
are rods or cones found in the macula lutea?
both rods & cones are found there
183
are cones bipolar, unipolar or pseudounipolar receptor cells
bipolar
184
what do cones allow for
color vision & visual acuity
185
what type of light do cones need to function
bright
186
where are cones found
numerous cones in fovea centralis & macula lutea
187
what is the photoreceptive molecule of cones
iodopsin (opsin & retinal)
-different visual pigments response to blue, red, or green
188
what do rods & cones synapose with
bipolar cells that synapse with ganglion cells
-ganglion cell axons converge & exit via optic nerve -> visual cortex
189
what area has highest visual acuity
fovea centralis
(only cones there)
190
how fast are APs as they pass from the retina through the optic nerve?
20-25 per second
191
what is mypoia
nearsightedness (can see up close)
-focal point too near, lens image focused in front of retina
192
how do you correct mypoia
concave lens corrects
193
what is hyperopia
farsightedness
-image focused "behind" retina
194
how do you correct hyopia
convex lens corrects
195
what is presbyopia
normal when older
-degeneration of accommodation
196
how do you correct presbyopia
reading glasses
197
what is astigmatism
cornea or lend not uniformly curved
198
how do you correct an astigmatism
opposite curve gradation to correct
199
what is strabismus
lack of parallelism of light paths through eye
200
what can retinal detachment cause
complete blindess
201
what is glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure by aqueous humor buildup
202
what is cataract
clouding of lens
203
what group is macular degeneration common in
older pople
204
what is macular degeneration
loss in acute vision (in macula but specifically fovea centralis in the macula)
205
what can diabetes cause
dysfunctional peripheral circulation
206
what id diabetic retinopathy
blood vessel damage in the circulation of the retina
207
what are the roles of the three ear parts
-external ear= hearing
-middle ear= hearing
-inner ear= hearing & balance
208
what is the middle ear filled with
air
209
what is the inner ear filled with
fluid
210
what does the middle ear contain
auditory ossicles
(maleus, incus, stapes)
211
what does the external ear contain & where does it end
-terminated at the tympanic membrane
-includes auricle/external auditory meatus/acoustic meatus
212
what is in the inner ear
interconnecting fluid-filled tunnels & chambers within the temporal lobe
213
what is the external & middle ear separated by
tymapic membrane/eardrum
214
what is the auricle made up of
(pinna)
-elastic cartilage covered with skin
215
what is the external auditory canal lined with
hair & ceruminous glands (produce cerumen)
216
what is the structure of the tympanic membrane
it as 2 layers of epithelium with CT in between
(its a thin membrane)
217
what is the border between the external & middle ear
the tympanic membrane
218
what area houses the sound vibrations first
tympanic membrane
219
what is the middle ear separated from the inner ear by
the oval & round windows
220
how many air passages are there in the middle ear
2
221
what are the air passages in the middle ear
-the auditory tube (pharyngotympanic or eustachian)
-in masoid process filled with the mastoid air cells
222
tell me about the auditory tube
it opens into the pharynx
-equalizes pressure between outside air & the middle ear cavity
223
what equalizes pressure between the outside ear & the middle ear cavity
auditory tube
224
what are the ossicles & whats their role
malleus, incus, stapes
-transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window
225
what is the oval window
the connection between middle ear & inner ear (foot of stapes)
-held by annular ligament
226
what is the oval window held by
annular ligament
227
what connects to the oval window
the stapes
228
what ossicle is attached to the eardrum
malleus
229
all of the following structures are found in the middle ear except:
a. malleus, incus, & stapes
b. tensor tympani muscle
c. auditory (eustachian) tube
d. cochlea
d. cochlea
230
what are the types of labyrinths
-bony
-membranous
231
what is the bony labyrinth & what are the three chambers responsible for
-the make up of chambers in the temporal bone
-cochlea: hearing
-vestibule: balance
-semicircular canal: balance
232
what is the membranous lanyrinth
membranous tunnels & chambers in the bondy labryinth
233
what are the lymphs in the inner ear
fluid going through different cavities
-endolymph
-perilymph
234
endolymph
fluid in membranous labyrinth
235
perilymph
fluid space between membranous & bony labyrinth
236
what does the oval window communicate with
the vestibule which communicates with the scala vestibuli of the cochlea
237
what does the scala vestibuli extend from & to where
the oval window to the helicotrema (at the cochlear apex)
238
what are the things filled with perilymph
scala vestibuli & tympani
239
what is the second cochlea chamber called
the scala tympani
240
where does the vibration go from the helicotrema
to the scala tympanic to round window
241
where is the vestibular membrane
on the wall of the scala vestibuli
242
where is the basilar membrane
on the wall of the scala tympani
243
where is the cochlear duct
space between vestibular & basilar membranes
-its filled with endolymph)
244
does the width of the basilar membrane increase or decrease?
increases (0.04 mm near the oval window to 0.5 mm near the helicotrema)
-near oval window: responds to high-frequency vibration
-near the helicotrema: (responds to low-frequency vibrations)
245
near the oval window the basilar membrane will respond to what kind of vibrations
high-freq
246
what kind of vibration will the basilar membrane respond to near the helicotrema
low-freq
247
what is the spiral organ
cells in the cochlear duct
248
what is the spiral organ also called
organ of corti
249
what does the spiral organ contain
hair cells with hair-like microvilli (stereocilia)
250
what is the microvilli called in the spiral organ
stereocilia
251
what is the cochelear ganglion formed by
afferent neurons
252
what do the afferent fibers of the afferent neurons of the cochlear ganglion form?
cochlear nerve
253
what are the inner & outer hair cells responsible for
inner: hearing
outer: regulate tension on basilar membrane
254
what is the hair bundle formed from
stereocilia on one inner hair cell
255
what happens with a tip link (gating spring)
-this attaches the tip of each stereocilia in a hair bundle to the side of the next longer stereocilia
256
what happens as stereocilia bend?
they open k+ gates (mechanically gated ion channels)
257
what is the process/ flow of a sound wave
1. sound waves strike the tympanic membrane- vibrates, ossicles vibrate
2. foot pate of stapes vibrates in the oval window
3. foot plate vibration causes perilymph in scala vestibuli to vibrate
4. vibrations of the perilymph in the scala vestibuli vibrate vestibular membrane & endolymph in cochlear duct are are transferred to the basilar membrane and then the perilymph of the scala tympani
5. vibrations then hit the round window & are dampened
6. vibrations of the perilymph displace the basal membrane (short waves (high pitch) displace basilar near oval window) (long waves (low pitch) displace basilar membrane some distance from the oval window)
258
what is the movement of the basilar membrane detected by
hair cells
259
what does high/low amplitude mean
low amplitude= low volume
high amplitude= high volume
260
what does low/high frequency mean
low frequency- low pitch
high frequency= high pitch
261
what would a wave that is low amplitude & high frequency sound like
-quiet & high pitch
262
an increase in the loudness of sound occurs as a result of an increase in the ________ of a sound wave
a. frequency
b. amplitude
c. resonance
d. both a & b
b. amplitdue
263
what muscles are used in the function of the attenuation reflex? & what is the reflex?
tensor tympani & stapedius
-those muscles contract during loud noise to prevent damaging vibrations
264
how long does attenuation reflex last
10 mins
265
what will cause high frequency hearing loss
-things over 85 dB
-cumulative loud noise
-when hair cells wear out
266
gun shot damages ___________
immediately
267
do inner or outer hair cells allow for sensitivity to be adjusted? & is it afferent or efferent
inner
-AFFERENT axons synapose with inner hair cells (10-30/hair cell)
268
how does sensitivity adjustment work?
-mechanically gated K+ channels are attached to actin filaments inside the cell
-those filaments move the K+ channels along the plasma membrane, tighting or loosening the tip long
-this process tunes hair cells to very specific frequencies
269
do inner or outer hair cells allow the hair cell to be tuned to specific frequencies? & is it afferent or efferent
-outer
-outer hair cells receive EFFERENT input from the brain causing them to shorten (actin filaments)
270
how does the hair cell tuning to specific frequencies work
-AP's from efferent axons cause actin filaments in the outer hair cells to contract causing the outer hair cells to shorten
-this fine tunes the tension of the basilar membrane
271
what is the static labyrinth made up of
utricle & saccule of vestible
272
what does the static labyrinth evaluate
position of head in relation to gravity
-responds to linear acceleration/car start/stop
273
what is kinetic (dynamic) labyrinth made up of
semicircular canals
274
what does the kinetic (dynamic) labyrinth evaluate
movement of head in 3D
275
where are the static & kinetic labyrinths
in the vestibule
276
how is the macula oriented in the utricle
parallel to the base of the skull
277
how is the macula oriented in the saccula
perpendicular to the base of the skull
278
what is the macula like
hair cells embedded in the gelatinous mass (otolithic membrane) with otoloths (protein, calcium, carbonate)
279
what is the structure of static labyrinth
-macula
-stereocilia & kinocilium
-gelatinous mass moves in response to gravity - bends hair cells -> AP
-brain interprets head position or acceleration & adjusts as needed
-subconscious head/neck muscle
280
what are the components of the semicircular canals with kinetic labyrinth
endolymph: transverse, coronal, & sagittal planes
(base of each of these is expanded into an ampullae with sensory epithelium forming: a crista ampullaris)
-similar func/struct. to sensory epithelium
281
what is the cupula & where is it
over the crista hair cells (in kinetic labyrinth in vestibule)
-acts as a float moved by fluid within semicircular canals (no otoliths)
(so the cupula DOES NOT respond to gravitational pull)
282
what are APs generated by in kinetic labyrinth
movement of hair cells
283
in what way do kinetic labyrinths detect changes
in rate of movement rather than movement alone
284
what are teh effects of aging on special senses
-slight loss in ability to detect odors
-decreased sense of taste
-lenses - lose flexibility
-development of cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy
-decline in visual acuity & color perception
a&p
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
chapter 169
-
a & p lab one40
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chapter 262
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chapter 3159
-
a + p lab 233
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chapter 4184
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chapter 5149
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chapter 6144
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a&p lab exam26
-
chapter 7142
-
chapter 9 (& some of 10)210
-
chapter 11219
-
chapter 12145
-
lab exam46
-
chapter 13126
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chapter 15285
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chapter 1694
-
chapter 1795
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lab exam18
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exam 6 q16
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chapter 18107
