Chapter 2

Question 1

Addiction

Answer 1

• Compulsion to use alcohol or other drugs regardless of negative or adverse consequences.
• Addiction is characterized by psychological dependence
• Addiction is sometimes applied to behaviors other than AOD (e.g., eating, gambling)

Question 2

Alcoholism

Answer 2

Addiction to a specific drug: alcohol

Question 3

Chemical dependency

Answer 3

• A term used to describe addiction to alcohol and/or other drugs and to differentiate this type of addiction from nonchemical addictions (e.g., gambling).

Question 4

Dependence

Answer 4

• A recurrent or ongoing need to use alcohol or other drugs. Psychological dependence is the need to use alcohol or other drugs to think, feel, or function normally. Physical dependence exists when tissues of the body require the presence of alcohol or other drugs to function normally. All psychoactive drugs can produce psychological dependence and many can produce physical dependence.

Question 5

Intoxication

Answer 5

• State of being under the influence of alcohol or other drugs so that thinking, feeling, and/or behavior are affected.

Question 6

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 6

• Natural or synthetic chemicals that affect thinking, feeling, and behavior.

Question 7

Psychotropic drugs

Answer 7

Chemicals used to treat mental disorders.

Question 8

Substance abuse

Answer 8

• The continued use of alcohol and/or other drugs in spite of adverse consequences in one or more areas of an individual’s life (e.g., family, job, legal, financial).

Question 9

Tolerance

Answer 9

• Requirement for increasing doses or quantities of alcohol or other drugs to create the same effect as was obtained from the original dose.
• Tolerance results from the physical or psychological adaptations of the individual.

Question 10

Cross-tolerance

Answer 10

• Refers to accompanying tolerance to other drugs from the same pharmacological group. For example, tolerance to alcohol results in tolerance to minor tranquilizers such as Xanax, even when the individual has never used Xanax

Question 11

Reverse tolerance

Answer 11

• Refers to a condition in which smaller quantities of a drug produce the same effects as did previous larger doses.

Question 12

Withdrawal

Answer 12

• Physical and psychological effects that occur when a drug-dependent individual discontinues alcohol or other drug use.

Question 13

Effect of drugs on neurotransmitters

Answer 13

• When dopamine floods the neuron system in the brain’s reward center, euphoria results.
• The euphoric effects of drugs can be very strong and keep building on each other. Drugs release between two and ten times as much dopamine as natural things. Depending on how drugs are given, this dopamine release can happen almost right away and be very strong.
• Unfortunately, the brain adjusts to high levels of dopamine by producing less or reducing the number of dopamine receptors.
• When this occurs, the drug user has more difficulty experiencing pleasure and must increase the amount of drugs consumed to feel normal. This is referred to as “tolerance.”

Question 14

1. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act categorizes drugs:
   a. according to the latest scientific evidence
   b. according to abuse potential and approved medical uses of the drug
   c. based on drug classifications
   d. based on the recommendations of the Drug Enforcement Agency

Answer 14

b

Question 15

2. The danger of a drug is a function of:
   a. the legality of the drug
   b. the schedule classification of the drug in the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
   c. the number of deaths per year caused by use of the drug
   d. the acute and chronic effects of the drug and the route of administration

Answer 15

d

Question 16

3. Psychological dependence on alcohol or another drug indicates that:
   a. a person needs the substance to think, feel, and function normally
   b. a person demonstrates tolerance and withdrawal
   c. the tissues of the body require the drug
   d. when alcohol or other drug use is discontinued, the person exhibits mental disorders

Answer 16

a

Question 17

4. In defining terms used in the AOD field:
   a. there is consistent agreement among professionals regarding terms such as “addiction” and “dependence”
   b. “chemical dependency” means addiction to narcotics
   c. addiction refers to psychological and/or physical dependence on alcohol or other drugs
   d. tolerance and withdrawal are necessary and sufficient conditions for “addiction”

Answer 17

c

Question 18

5. The neurobiology that explains how most drugs are highly reinforcing involves:
   a. direct action in the hippocampus area of the brain
   b. the neurotransmitter dopamine
   c. a larger reward center in the brain of addicts
   d. increased blood flow to the brain when drugs are taken

Answer 18

b

Question 19

6. The CNS depressants include:
   a. barbiturates, minor tranquilizers, and certain over-the-counter drugs
   b. alcohol, cannabis, and minor tranquilizers
   c. alcohol, heroin, and barbiturates
   d. minor tranquilizers, Quaalude, and cannabis

Answer 19

a

Question 20

7. Overdose on CNS depressants:
   a. occurs rarely but is quite dangerous
   b. is due to the synergistic effect of alcohol and barbiturates
   c. frequently occurs in the case of alcohol use
   d. is a leading method of suicide with Valium

Answer 20

c

Question 21

8. Which of the following is true with regard to tolerance and withdrawal for CNS depressants?
   a. tolerance rapidly occurs and withdrawal can be medically dangerous
   b. tolerance rapidly occurs and withdrawal is unpleasant but not dangerous
   c. reverse tolerance occurs between alcohol and Xanax
   d. tolerance occurs rapidly to alcohol but not to other CNS depressants

Answer 21

a

Question 22

9. Compared to other drug classifications: CNS depressants
   a. cause fewer deaths than cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin
   b. are less harmful than other drugs because there is little harm from low level alcohol use
   c. are extremely dangerous due to the overprescribing of minor tranquilizers such as Valium and Xanax
   d. cause more acute and chronic harm than most other psychoactive drugs

Answer 22

d

Question 23

10. The CNS stimulants include:
    a. methamphetamine, crack, and nicotine
    b. Quaalude, cocaine, and caffeine
    c. amphetamine, nicotine, and peyote
    d. cocaine, methamphetamine, and Antabuse

Answer 23

a

Question 24

11. The acute effects of CNS stimulants include:
    a. respiratory depression, rapid heart rate, and a feeling of confidence
    b. increased psychomotor activity, alertness, and reduction of fatigue
    c. euphoria, tachycardia, and enhanced sexual pleasure
    d. paranoia, agitation, and increased CNS activity

Answer 24

b

Question 25

12. Which is true with regard to tolerance and withdrawal for CNS stimulants? a. tolerance develops rapidly and withdrawal is medically dangerous b. cross-tolerance develops and withdrawal must be medically supervised c. tolerance rapidly develops and withdrawal is unpleasant d. tolerance develops slowly and withdrawal requires psychotropic medications

Answer 25

c

Question 26

13. The withdrawal from opioids: a. is medically dangerous b. is analogous to a severe case of the flu c. should be treated with benzodiazepines d. has been over exaggerated by the media

Answer 26

b

Question 27

14. Which of the following is _not_ an acute or chronic effect of opioids? a. insomnia b. euphoria c. respiratory depression d. death from overdose

Answer 27

a

Question 28

15. Hallucinogens differ from many other classifications of psychoactive drugs in that: a. the duration of effect is considerably longer b. the overuse of hallucinogens can cause suicidal ideation c. these drugs are mainly abused by artistic individuals d. no physical dependence has been demonstrated

Answer 28

d

Question 29

16. Which of the following is _not_ true with regard to marijuana? a. use results in altered time sense and impaired immediate recall b. most reports of overdose are panic reactions c. neither tolerance nor withdrawal has been demonstrated d. there are probably medical uses for marijuana

Answer 29

c

Question 30

17. Chronic use of marijuana: a. has an adverse effect on lung function, increases heart rate, suppresses the immune system, and decreases testosterone b. results in lung dysfunction, a motivational syndrome, sterility, and impaired reaction time c. can cause lung cancer in polydrug drug abusers d. impairs short and long term memory, reduces ambition, increases appetite, and impedes sexual potency

Answer 30

a

Question 31

18. The major danger of inhalant use by young people is: a. it leads to use of more dangerous drugs b. the acute and chronic effects of these substances c. the synergistic effect with alcohol d. impaired cognitive functioning

Answer 31

b

Question 32

19. Which of the following is usually _not_ considered a Club Drug? a. Rohypnol b. Suboxone c. MDMA d. Ketamine

Answer 32

b

Question 33

20. Anabolic steroids a. have no medically useful function b. can cause death or serious medical problems in high doses c. contrary to popular belief, do not increase body mass d. can result in a withdrawal syndrome but no tolerance has been demonstrated

Answer 33

d

Question 34

21. The "second generation" anti-depressants are being prescribed frequently because: a. they have a more rapid onset of effect and fewer adverse side effects than other anti-depressants b. Prozac may cause homicidal or suicidal behavior c. MAO inhibitors can cause heart attacks d. they are more effective than tricyclics in controlling depression

Answer 34

a

Question 35

22. Major tranquilizers are used to control the symptoms of psychotic disorders. Which of the following is _not_ true about these drugs: a. they produce psychomotor slowing, emotional quieting, and an indifference to external stimuli b. no tolerance or withdrawal occurs c. disordered motor movements, slow motor movements, and under activity occurs d. physical and psychological dependence occurs

Answer 35

d

Question 36

Streets names of Barbiturates

Answer 36

* Seconal (reds, red devils) * Nembutal (yellows, yellow jackets) * Tuinal (rainbows) * Amytal (blues, blue heaven) * Doriden (goofballs) * Quaalude (ludes)

Question 37

Crack

Answer 37

* Crack is produced by mixing the cocaine powder with baking soda and water and heating the solution. * The paste that forms is hardened and cut into hard pieces, or rocks. The mixing and heating process removes most of the impurities from the cocaine. * The vaporization point is lowered so the cocaine can be smoked, reaching the brain in one heartbeat less than if it is injected. * Therefore, crack is a more pure form of cocaine than is cocaine hydrochloride salt powder.