chapter 2 part 2 research methods

Question 1

anything that might influence something else

Answer 1

factor

Question 2

any measured factors

Answer 2

variable

Question 3

has an independent variable
two or more conditions
-control
-expiramental
a special kind of research design

Answer 3

true experiment

-Sometimes there are no control conditions, just two experimental conditions

Question 4

A condition where nothing special is done

Answer 4

control condition

Question 5

A condition where something special is done

Answer 5

experimental condition

Question 6

What is the only kind of research that can tell you cause and effect

Answer 6

true expirament

Question 7

An experiment creates two realities

Answer 7

cuase

Question 8

and measures something to see if there’s a difference

Answer 8

effect

Question 9

The beautiful logic of the true experiment

Answer 9

If you hold everything the same between conditions except the one thing you changed, then any measured difference between the conditions must be caused by the thing you changed.

Question 10

The thing the researcher changes between conditions
“cause”

Answer 10

independent variable

Question 11

Outcome of interests, the thing you measure, the differences should come from the independent variable
“effect:

Answer 11

dependent variable

Question 12

in an experiment, anything that differs between conditions other then the independent variable is a ______

Answer 12

confound

Question 13

Why are confounds bad?

Answer 13

breaks the beautiful logic
rival hypothesis for results
Multiple causes can explain any change in the dependent variable (we can’t tell which
Decreases internal validity
don’t know cause and effect

Question 14

a fake procedure or substance
-usually given to control groups/conditions

Answer 14

placebos

Question 15

why use placebos?

Answer 15

helps separate the effect of a chemical from the effect of expectation, helps keep everything the same between conditions

-prevents confounds
–protects beautiful logic

Question 16

How you sample your population
-select people to study

Answer 16

subject selection

Question 17

is how you put them into groups, how you assign them to conditions

Answer 17

subject assignment

Question 18

groups each have equal traits

Answer 18

matched pairs(for small groups

Question 19

is a good way to make groups for Formed groups should be similar

Answer 19

random assignment(for bigger group

Question 20

subjects not randomly assigned to conditions

Answer 20

quasi experiments
-confound: the groups differ in so many ways that one can’t tell the cause and effect
They are more like a correlation (correlation doesn’t mean causation.

Question 21

Neither the research nor the participants know the condition the participants are in.

Answer 21

double blind

Question 22

why do double blind

Answer 22

to prevent
-observer bias(researcher sees what they want to see
-demand characteristics/ expectancy effect
An experiment can give away what is expected or may influence the subject.

Question 23

What is the golden standard of experimental design?

Answer 23

-randomized
-double blind
-placebos
-controlled studies

Question 24

How research measures an idea
how a concept is turned into a number

Answer 24

operational definition

Question 25

each subject goes through all conditions of the independent variable

Answer 25

within subject design

Question 26

Advantages of the within-subject design

Answer 26

no group is different no environment confounds good for small groups

Question 27

different people in each condition 2 different groups random assignment or matched pairs

Answer 27

between subject design

Question 28

what are the disadvantages of between subject design

Answer 28

-possible group differences -other condounds can be found -more people needed

Question 29

why do between subject design

Answer 29

if being in both conditions gives the independent varaible( demand charachteristics or if being in one condition changes you -cant unsee it or undo it

Question 30

half of subject do A then B half of subject do B then A so that the effect of order is cancelled out

Answer 30

counter balancing