Immune System

Question 1

what are invovled with innate nonspecific defense

Answer 1

species resistance
mechanical barrier
chemical barrier
phagocytosis
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-microphages
complement proteins
natural killer cells
inflamation
fever

Question 2

what are involved in specific defense

Answer 2

cell mediated immune response
T cells
B cells
MHC proteins
cytokines
immunoglobulins

Question 3

pathogens are things that can cuase disease and or infections they include

Answer 3

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Spores
Complex Microorganisms

Question 4

adaptive or specific defense is known for

Answer 4

immunity

Question 5

when the body does not give the right conditions for the disease to effect the body

Answer 5

species resistance

Question 6

name what acts as a mechanical barrier

Answer 6

skin barrier-highly keratinized
acidity of sweat
sebum-is bacterialcidal
mucus membrane-covered in sticky mucus that entraps pathogens
Cilia-sweeps up the pathogens and forces them out via coughing or sneezing

Question 7

name what acts as a chemical barrier

Answer 7

bodily fluids
-gastric juices(acidic
-tears and saliva(contains lyzosome killing bacteria and washing away pathogens
vaginal regions(acidic

Question 8

what is the process of removing foreign particles from the lymph,blood vessels, spleen,liver,and bone marrow

Answer 8

phagocytosis

Question 9

chemotaxis is when

Answer 9

chemicals attract neutrophils eosinophils and macrophages to the site of injury

Question 10

what phagocyte is the first to be at the infected tissue

Answer 10

neutrophils

Question 11

eosinophils kill

Answer 11

multicellular parasites

Question 12

large phagocytes derived by monocytes

Answer 12

macrophages

Question 13

free macrophages move through

Answer 13

tissue

Question 14

what are the macrophages mechanism of phagocytosis

Answer 14

eat it and enclose it within membrane bound vessicle

Question 15

complement proteins act as the

Answer 15

arms of the macrophage

Question 16

natural killer cells are

Answer 16

specialized lymphocytes that destroy virus infected cells and some cancer cells with perforins(puncturing the cells membrane

Question 17

interferons are

Answer 17

proteins produced by cells infected by the virus, it diffuses to nearby cells to make a protein that ubferes with viral reproduction

Question 18

inflammation produces what

Answer 18

local swelling, heat, pain, and redness

Question 19

inflammation is stimulated by

Answer 19

tissue damage

Question 20

inflammation releases

Answer 20

histomines and prostaglandins

Question 21

inflammation prevents

Answer 21

the spread of pathogens

Question 22

what is an aspect of inflammation that can cuase further harm then good

Answer 22

inflammation makes the the blood cappillaries permeable cuasing fluid to leak into other surrounding tissue leading to potential damage to other areas

Question 23

fevers come in response to

Answer 23

bacteria and viruses

Question 24

fever stimulates

Answer 24

lymphocytes to divide and phagocytes activity

Question 25

fever produces what that does what

Answer 25

interleukin(It-1) which raises the internal temp in the hypothalamus trigger the spleen and liver to hide the iron from the blood

Question 26

why would the body hide iron from the blood during a fever

Answer 26

iron is needed for bacteria and viruses for thier normal metabolism

Question 27

each T and B cells will bind to

Answer 27

bind to specific antigens

Question 28

cell mediated immune response is when

Answer 28

antigens trigger an immune response activating t cells and or B cells

Question 29

what are the three major types of T cells

Answer 29

cytotoxic t cells helper T cells suppresor T cells

Question 30

cytotoxic t cells are

Answer 30

killer t cells

Question 31

helper t cells do what

Answer 31

they stimulate T and B cell responses

Question 32

suppressor T cells do what

Answer 32

slows immune responses down to inhibit or moderate immune responses

Question 33

describe class 1 MHC

Answer 33

-found in all nucleated cells -made continuesly -if the nucleated cell becomes abnormal or viral proteins T cells will activate and the cell will be destroyed ex: doner tissue rejection

Question 34

class 2 mhc are found on

Answer 34

lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells

Question 35

antigen presenting cells are

Answer 35

phagocytic cells (monocytes and macrophages they wear what they killed like a billboard

Question 36

cytotoxic T cells find

Answer 36

taget antigens and kill the cells

Question 37

what the three ways cytotoxic t cells kill cells

Answer 37

-rupture the cells with perforins -secrete a poisen(lymphotoxin that ruins the function of the cell -activate genes so the cell self destructs

Question 38

memory cytotoxic cells when meeting antigen agian

Answer 38

will imediatly become cytotoxic

Question 39

inactive t cells have receptors that recognize

Answer 39

mhc1 and or mhc 2 and also has receptor sites for specific antigens

Question 40

what cell has CD3

Answer 40

all t cells

Question 41

cd 8 is found on

Answer 41

cytotoxic t cells and are activated by mhc 1

Question 42

cd4 is found on

Answer 42

helper t cells and are activated by mhc2

Question 43

how does costimulation act as a safety feature

Answer 43

makes it where the the t cells need another protein on the cell in order to activate and kill all the antigens

Question 44

colony stimulating factors stimulate

Answer 44

the bone marrow to produce B cells

Question 45

interforons block

Answer 45

viral reproduction

Question 46

interferons stimulate

Answer 46

macrophages to come and engulf viruses B cells to produce antibodies and atack cancer cells

Question 47

interleukins control

Answer 47

lymphocytes differention and growth

Question 48

tumour necrosis factor cuases what

Answer 48

-stops tumour growth -cuases fever that come from bacterial infections -stimulates lymphocytes differentiation

Question 49

what are the 5 immunoglobulins

Answer 49

G E D M A

Question 50

immunoglobin G is the

Answer 50

largest most diverse 80% found in plasma tissue fluids -provides resistance to viruses,bacteria and toxins

Question 51

immunoglobulin E

Answer 51

atach to basophils and mast cells inflammation and allergic responses appear in exocrine secretion along with ig A

Question 52

Ig D

Answer 52

found on B-cells antigen receptors, plays an important role in activating B cells

Question 53

Ig M

Answer 53

6% of the antibodies. first to be secreted -forms large complexes of 5 antibodies

Question 54

IG A

Answer 54

13% -found in singles or in pairs ends up in exocrine surfaces

Question 55

name six ways antibodies elimate antigens

Answer 55

neutrolization aglutination and precipitation activation of a complement opsinization chemotaxis stimulate inflammation