1
Q
What is the Cold War?
A
A state of political hostility and military tension between two countries or power blocs, especially between America and Soviet blocs after World War 2
Involves propaganda, subversion, threats, economic sanctions, and other measures short of open warfare.
2
Q
What was the significance of the Yalta Conference held in February 1945?
A
It was held to discuss the future of Germany and Eastern Europe, particularly Poland
Yalta is on the Crimean peninsula, chosen by Stalin to showcase the scale of destruction.
3
Q
What were the tensions discussed at the Yalta Conference?
A
- Future of Germany
- Future of Eastern Europe (particularly Poland)
- Rivalries for post-war dominance
Stalin bugged every room and reviewed Roosevelt’s private conversations.
4
Q
What event in 1939 contributed to US-Soviet tension?
A
The Nazi-Soviet Pact, where Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler
This pact set the stage for future conflicts.
5
Q
What was Operation Barbarossa?
A
The German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941
This led to the US providing $1 billion in aid after Hitler broke the non-aggression pact.
6
Q
What was the Katyn Massacre?
A
A mass execution of Polish military officers by the Soviet Union during World War II
It exemplified the betrayal of Warsaw in 1944.
7
Q
What were the key agreements made at the Yalta Conference?
A
- France accepted as one of the four powers
- Germany divided into four zones
- Poland to gain and lose land
- USSR to declare war on Japan
- Free elections promised in Eastern Europe
- Germany to pay reparations of 20 billion
- USSR to join the UN Security Council
These agreements aimed to establish post-war order.
8
Q
True or false: The Yalta Conference revealed cracks in the relationship between the US and USSR.
A
TRUE
By September 1946, the possibility of the Cold War seemed inevitable.
9
Q
What was the moral leverage used by Stalin during the war?
A
The USSR suffered 27,000,000 deaths compared to 450,000 UK and 418,000 USA
This statement emphasized the sacrifices made by the USSR.
10
Q
What was the ‘naughty document’ in Moscow 1944?
A
A scrap of paper where Churchill and Stalin divided Eastern Europe into zones of occupation
Poland was notably absent from this list.
11
Q
When was the Potsdam conference held?
A
July 1945
This conference involved key leaders discussing post-war arrangements.
12
Q
What percentage of Americans agreed that the wartime relationship between the two superpowers should continue?
A
50%
This reflects public sentiment regarding U.S.-Soviet relations at the time.
13
Q
Who replaced Churchill at the Potsdam conference?
A
Clement Atlee
Atlee became the British Prime Minister following Churchill.
14
Q
How long had Truman been in leadership before the Potsdam conference?
A
3 months
Truman felt out of his depth during the conference.
15
Q
In his 1969 memoir, how did Dean Acheson describe the Soviet Union?
A
just a bit less formidable than that described in the first chapter of Genesis
This reflects Acheson’s view of the Soviet threat.
16
Q
What was Truman’s tone towards Stalin during the conference?
A
sharper than FDR
Truman challenged Stalin on the issue of liberated Europe.
17
Q
What did Truman inform Stalin about at the conference?
A
a powerful new weapon
This referred to the successful test of the atomic bomb.
18
Q
How did Stalin already know about the atomic bomb?
A
through espionage
This indicates the extent of Soviet intelligence capabilities.
19
Q
What did the atomic bomb cast over the proceedings?
A
a nuclear shadow
This influenced the dynamics of the conference.
20
Q
What type of conference was the Potsdam meeting described as?
A
bad tempered
Tensions were high, reflecting the strained U.S.-Soviet relations.
21
Q
What did Stalin confirm regarding Soviet troops?
A
in Japan
This was part of the agreements made at the conference.
22
Q
What was confirmed about the occupation of Austria and Germany?
A
confirmed
This established the post-war arrangement for these countries.
23
Q
What was not agreed upon at the Potsdam conference?
A
No long term peace treaty over Germany
This left unresolved issues that would persist until 1989.
24
Q
What did the West fail to alter regarding Soviet domination?
A
the region
This indicates the limitations of Western influence in Eastern Europe.
25
What was unclear about the post-war world after the conference?
how it would develop
## Footnote
This uncertainty contributed to tensions in the following decades.
26
What dates mark the **bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki**?
Hiroshima: 6th August 1945
Nagasaki: 9th August 1945
## Footnote
These bombings marked significant events in World War II, leading to Japan's surrender.
27
Approximately how many **Soviet Red Army troops** were positioned along the borders of Manchuria, Mongolia, and Korea? 1945
1.5 million
## Footnote
This troop positioning was a strategic factor in Japan's decision to surrender.
28
What were some **theories** regarding the use of the atomic bomb on Japan?
* To impress Russia
* Results after spending
* Force Japan to surrender
* Prevent loss of American personnel
## Footnote
These theories reflect various motivations behind the decision to use atomic weapons.
29
What did **Stalin** state about capitalism and imperialism in his 1946 election?
"Capitalism and imperialism make future wars inevitable"
## Footnote
This statement reflects Stalin's perspective on international relations and conflict.
30
Who authored the **Long Telegram** in 1946 and what was his sentiment towards FDR?
George Kenan; bitter for being ignored for 12 years
## Footnote
The Long Telegram outlined the perceived Soviet threat and influenced U.S. foreign policy.
31
List the **key aspects** of George Kenan's Long Telegram.
* USSR is historically paranoid
* Views world politics as a sphere where they must expand or die
* Impervious to logic or reason
* Highly sensitive to the logic of force
## Footnote
These aspects highlight the ideological framework Kenan believed characterized the Soviet Union.
32
How did **Truman** interpret information according to the Long Telegram?
In black and white, taking everything for absolutes
## Footnote
This perspective influenced Truman's approach to foreign policy and decision-making.
33
What was the **Percentages Agreement** related to?
Sovietisation of Eastern Europe
| October 1944, secret between Chruchill and Stalin
## Footnote
This agreement involved the division of influence in Eastern Europe between the Soviet Union and the West.
34
What percentage of the vote did **communists** receive in the actual elections in Czechoslovakia?
38%
## Footnote
This reflects the political climate and the rise of communism in Eastern Europe.
35
Why was **Poland** considered a matter of life and death for Stalin?
Due to historic invasion
## Footnote
Poland's strategic importance was heightened by its history and geographical position.
36
What was the **first showdown** for the UN Security Council involving Soviet troops? 1946
Soviet troops refusing to leave oil-rich northern Iran
## Footnote
This incident highlighted early Cold War tensions and the role of the UN.
37
What did Stalin demand regarding the **Dardanelles**?
Military access, threatening the Suez Canal
## Footnote
This demand escalated tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
38
What action did **Truman** take in response to Stalin's demands regarding the Dardanelles?
Deployed the USS Missouri
## Footnote
This military response was part of a broader strategy to counter Soviet expansion.
39
What date was **Churchill's iron curtain speech** delivered?
March 5, 1946
## Footnote
This speech is also known as the 'Sinews of Peace' speech.
40
How did **Stalin** perceive Churchill's iron curtain speech?
As a declaration of war, comparing Churchill to Hitler
## Footnote
This reflects the heightened tensions between the East and West.
41
Which countries were under **communist governments** at the time of Churchill's speech?
* Romania
* Poland
* Hungary
* Bulgaria
* Yugoslavia
## Footnote
These nations were part of the Eastern Bloc during the early Cold War.
42
What was the **US response** to Churchill's iron curtain speech?
There was skepticism
## Footnote
The speech highlighted the growing divide between the US and the USSR.
43
What event in **1948** reinforced the iron curtain view?
Forcing Czechs to adopt communism
## Footnote
This event exemplified the spread of communism in Eastern Europe.
44
Which nation withstood **communist pressures** during this period?
Greece
## Footnote
Greece was undergoing a civil war at the time.
45
What significant speech was delivered in **March 1947** that marked the beginning of the Cold War?
Truman Doctrine
## Footnote
This speech indicated a shift in US foreign policy towards containment.
46
What did the **Truman Doctrine** emphasize regarding US intervention?
Help free people to work out their own destiny in their own way
## Footnote
This principle guided US actions during the Cold War.
47
What was the **allocation of money** requested from Congress under the Truman Doctrine?
$400 million
## Footnote
This funding was aimed at supporting anti-communist forces in Greece and Turkey.
48
What was the **Winter of Crisis** (1946-1947) characterized by?
Bread rationing reintroduced
## Footnote
This period highlighted Britain's inability to maintain its global role.
49
What was the **policy** regarding nations resisting oppression as stated in the Truman Doctrine?
Support people resisting subjugation and oppression
## Footnote
This policy was aimed at preventing the spread of communism.
50
What does **containment** refer to in the context of the Cold War?
Containing communism and its spread
## Footnote
This strategy aimed to prevent the influence of the Soviet Union.
51
What is the **domino effect** in relation to communism?
If one country falls to communism, another one will, and so on
## Footnote
This theory justified US intervention in various regions.
52
What was the **Marshall aid** package amount to help European nations recover?
13 billion
## Footnote
The aid aimed to support the recovery of European nations after World War II.
53
How many nations were involved in the **conference** set up to assess needs for Marshall aid?
22 nations
## Footnote
This conference was crucial in determining how the aid would be allocated.
54
What is described as the **most unsworded act** in US history?
Marshall aid
## Footnote
This reflects the significant impact of the aid on international relations.
55
How many countries formed the **Organisation of European Economic Cooperation** to spend Marshall aid?
16 countries
## Footnote
This organization was established to manage the distribution of the aid effectively.
56
What was the percentage growth of the **GNP** of Marshall Plan countries?
25%
## Footnote
This growth indicates the economic success attributed to the Marshall Plan.
57
What did the Czech leader say upon returning from Stalin?
"I returned as Stalin's slave"
## Footnote
This statement reflects the oppressive nature of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
58
What was the condition for financial aid to **France** under the Marshall Plan?
Expel all communist ministers
## Footnote
This condition illustrates the political motivations behind the aid distribution.
59
What societal change occurred in **Western Europe** as a result of the Marshall Plan?
Rapid development into a consumerist society
## Footnote
This shift contrasted sharply with the austerity faced by other nations.
60
What was the aim of the Marshall Plan regarding **Soviet influence**?
Undermine Soviet influence and move Eastern states closer to the West
## Footnote
This strategic goal was central to US foreign policy during the Cold War.
61
What did the Marshall Plan accelerate in terms of international relations?
Reduced possibility of cooperation and consensus between the two superpowers
## Footnote
This reflects the growing tensions of the Cold War.
62
In which countries did the **fear of communism** recede due to the Marshall Plan?
* France
* Italy
## Footnote
The success of the Marshall Plan contributed to diminishing fears of communism in these nations.
63
Who is primarily blamed for the **Cold War** according to the 'Stalin's Game Plan' perspective?
Josef Stalin
## Footnote
His policies aimed at imposing Soviet control over Eastern Europe are seen as a direct cause.
64
What did Roosevelt's successors fail to understand, leading to the **Cold War**?
Stalin's legitimate concerns for security
## Footnote
This misunderstanding contributed to escalating tensions between the US and the Soviet Union.
65
According to the 'Power Vacuum' perspective, who is blamed for creating the **power vacuum** in Europe?
Hitler
## Footnote
His conquests destroyed political structures, leading to a power struggle between the US and the Soviet Union.
66
What was the **shift** in US policy regarding Germany after the war?
From punishment to reconstruction
## Footnote
This shift was exemplified by Byrnes' declaration to help Germany regain an honorable place among free nations.
67
What historical events contributed to the **divisions over Berlin**?
* Yalta
* Potsdam
## Footnote
These conferences established the post-war order and influenced the future of Berlin.
68
What was the **creation of Bizonia**?
January 1947
## Footnote
This was the merging of the British and American zones in Germany.
69
What economic differences became evident between East and West Berlin due to the **Marshall aid**?
Living standards increasingly evident
## Footnote
The aid contributed to significant economic disparities between the two regions.
70
What was introduced by Western powers across allied zones of occupation that served as a **trigger**?
Deutschmark
## Footnote
The introduction of this currency marked a significant economic shift in the region.
71
What was the consequence of the **free movement of people** from East to West Berlin?
Embarrassing for communism and Stalin's control
## Footnote
This movement highlighted the failures of the Soviet regime in maintaining control.
72
What was **Stalin's response** in June 1948?
* Road, rail and canal blockade by USSR
* Aimed to starve West Berlin into submission
* Forced allies to abandon plans for a West German state
## Footnote
This blockade was a significant event in the early Cold War.
73
What was the **Allied reaction** to Stalin's blockade?
* Berlin airlift
* US General Clay's statement about democracy
* Planes that bombed Germany in 1945 now saving Berlin
* Operation 'Little Vittles'
* Pilots flew around the clock through 20-mile air corridors
* Initially struggled to deliver 2,000 tons a day, peaked at over 13,000 tons in 24 hours
* Lasted 315 days, ending in May 1949
* By March 1949, 8,000 tons per day were airlifted into Berlin
## Footnote
The Berlin airlift was a crucial operation to support West Berlin during the blockade.
74
When did **Stalin lift the blockade**?
12th May 1949
## Footnote
Stalin recognized that the blockade would not prevent a West German state.
75
What were the **consequences** of the Berlin Blockade?
* First major flashpoint of the Cold War
* Marked the end of Allied and Soviet cooperation
* No longer trust in the relationship
## Footnote
This event significantly escalated tensions between the East and West.
76
What was created in **April 1949** as a response to the Cold War?
NATO
## Footnote
America consolidated its relationship with Europe through this alliance.
77
Why did the USA see the need to create an **Atlantic alliance**?
* Prevent Western European states from becoming communist
* Prevent them from becoming neutral due to pressure from USSR
## Footnote
This was part of the broader strategy during the Cold War.
78
What significant event occurred in **1955** related to NATO?
West Germany joined NATO
## Footnote
This led to the formation of the Warsaw Pact.
79
What was the political state of Europe after the events of the Cold War?
* Divided politically
* Divided economically
* Divided militarily
## Footnote
The division was a direct result of the tensions between NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
80
What were the two German states finalized in **May 1949**?
* Federal Republic of Germany (West)
* German Democratic Republic (East)
## Footnote
This division symbolized the broader East-West divide during the Cold War.
81
What significant development occurred in **1949** regarding the Soviet Union?
Soviets developed their own A-bomb
## Footnote
This led to the acceleration of the US development of the H-bomb.
82
What were the **rules of the Cold War**?
* The 'long peace'
* Established rules of engagement
* Respect for each other's spheres of influence
* Avoid direct military conflict
## Footnote
These rules were intended to manage tensions between superpowers.
83
In what year did the **Soviets detonate their own atom bomb**?
1949
## Footnote
This event marked the beginning of the nuclear arms race between the US and the USSR.
84
What was the name of the **first hydrogen bomb** developed by the US, and how much more powerful was it compared to atom bombs?
Ivy Mike, 1000 times more powerful
## Footnote
The US successfully detonated this bomb in 1952.
85
In what year did the **Soviets detonate their own hydrogen bomb**?
1953
## Footnote
This was only one year after the US, indicating a rapid advancement in their nuclear capabilities.
86
What significant event occurred in **1957** that marked the beginning of the ballistic missile race?
The launch of Sputnik
## Footnote
This was the first satellite launched into space by the Soviets.
87
What was the US's response to the launch of Sputnik, which was later deemed embarrassing?
The Vanguard
## Footnote
This failed launch was mockingly referred to as 'flopnik' by the UK press.
88
What did the **Gather report** find regarding US defenses against a Soviet attack? 1957
Inadequately defended
## Footnote
It recommended measures such as shelters and increasing ballistic missiles.
89
Who heightened tensions with rhetoric about the USSR producing missiles 'like sausages'?
Khruschev
## Footnote
This statement contributed to the perception of a missile gap.
90
What did Eisenhower believe about the **missile gap**?
It was a myth
## Footnote
He refused to panic despite the heightened tensions.
91
By **1962**, how many nuclear warheads did the US have?
More than 3000
## Footnote
This included 203 ICBMs with a range greater than 8600 miles.
92
How many missiles did the **USSR have** by 1962?
36 missiles
## Footnote
This indicated that the US was superior in terms of nuclear capabilities.
93
What was the purpose of deploying missiles in **Cuba** by the USSR?
To shift nuclear status in favor of the USSR
## Footnote
This action escalated tensions during the Cold War.
94
Define the **military industrial complex**.
A network of individuals and institutions involved in weapons production
## Footnote
This was supported by defense spending of 40-50 billion per year in the 1950s.
95
What doctrine is referred to as **MAD**?
Mutually Assured Destruction
| formulated in the early 1960s
## Footnote
This doctrine was a key concept during the Cold War regarding nuclear deterrence, both sides would lose in nuclear war so it would never start
96
What are **MIRVs**?
Nuclear missiles that can carry up to 10 warheads
## Footnote
This technology increased the destructive capability of nuclear arsenals.
97
What was the role of **Radio Free Europe** during the Hungarian uprising of 1956?
Broadcasts encouraging rebellion, leading some rebels to believe military support from the west was possible
## Footnote
Radio Free Europe was funded by the CIA.
98
Who emerged as a leader independent of Moscow during the **Hungarian uprising**?
Imre Nagy
## Footnote
He was part of the reformist leadership within the Hungarian communist party.
99
What were the main **demands** of the students and workers during the Hungarian uprising?
* Free speech
* Withdrawal of troops
* Disbanding of the secret police
## Footnote
These demands were inspired by perceived successes in Poland.
100
What significant event occurred when demonstrators toppled the statue of **Stalin** in Budapest?
They used Molotov cocktails and seized rifles to resist Soviet tank enforcements
## Footnote
Nagy backed the revolution, declared Hungary neutral, and announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact.
101
What was the **Soviet response** to the Hungarian uprising on November 4th, 1956?
Khrushchev ordered the Soviet army to re-enter Budapest
## Footnote
This marked a significant escalation in the conflict.
102
What were the **consequences** of the Hungarian uprising?
* 2,500 Hungarians killed
* 200,000 fled to Austria
* Nagy executed in 1958
* Hungary under strict communist rule until 1988
## Footnote
The uprising showed other Eastern European countries the consequences of trying to break away from Soviet influence.
103
True or false: The **West** intervened during the Hungarian uprising.
FALSE
## Footnote
The US issued strong protests but did not intervene due to high stakes and preoccupation with events in the Middle East.
104
What did the events of the Hungarian uprising signal regarding the **US policy** towards Eastern Europe?
Acceptance that Hungary remained within the Soviet sphere of influence
## Footnote
Rollback was not pursued, and the US settled for containment.
105
Fill in the blank: The Hungarian uprising was not a failure of **________**.
containment
## Footnote
The US maintained its policy despite the uprising.
106
In what year did **Egyptian leader Colonel Nasser nationalise the Suez Canal**?
1956
## Footnote
This action followed the cutting of funding from the Aswan dam.
107
Why were **Britain and France annoyed** with Egypt's actions regarding the Suez Canal?
* The canal was vital for oil
* The canal was crucial for trade
## Footnote
The nationalisation symbolised declining imperial power.
108
What was the **initial action taken by Israel** in the Suez Crisis?
Israel invaded Sinai first
## Footnote
This was part of a secret agreement with Britain and France to attack Egypt.
109
What did Britain and France claim when they intervened in the Suez Crisis?
They claimed they were protecting the canal
## Footnote
They bombed the Egyptian airfield as part of their intervention.
110
How did the **USA react** to the invasion of Egypt during the Suez Crisis?
* Opposed the invasion
* Feared it would push Arab states towards the USSR
* Put financial pressure on Britain
## Footnote
The USA's actions were aimed at maintaining influence in the region.
111
What was the **USSR's response** to the Suez Crisis?
* Threatened military intervention
* Supported Egypt
## Footnote
The USSR's involvement highlighted the Cold War dynamics.
112
What were the **consequences** for Britain and France after the Suez Crisis?
* Humiliated internationally
* No longer seen as major world powers
* Serious decline in imperial influence
## Footnote
This marked a significant shift in global power dynamics.
113
What doctrine did the USA establish in 1957 in response to the Suez Crisis?
Eisenhower doctrine
## Footnote
This doctrine promised US support to Middle Eastern countries against communism.
114
What was the **proxy war** aspect of the Suez Crisis?
* USA backed Israel
* USSR backed Egypt
## Footnote
This illustrated the Cold War occurring on multiple fronts.
115
How did both superpowers show a **reduction of tension** during the Suez Crisis?
* Condemned British and French intervention
* Russia threatened with nuclear response
## Footnote
This was an example of both superpowers having a common goal.
116
What was one of the **causes** of the Berlin War related to the **brain drain**?
Millions of young, skilled Germans were fleeing to the West, threatening the East German economy with collapse
## Footnote
By 1961, this mass exodus posed a significant challenge to East Germany.
117
What did **Khrushchev** demand in his **ultimatum** issued in 1958?
Western allies withdraw from Berlin within six months
## Footnote
This ultimatum heightened tensions between the East and West.
118
What was a significant **diplomatic failure** that contributed to the Berlin War?
Failed summits in Paris (1960) after the U2 crisis and Vienna (1961)
## Footnote
These failures exacerbated the tensions between the superpowers.
119
What event in **1960** is an example of heightened tensions leading to the Berlin War?
U2 Crisis
## Footnote
This incident involved the downing of an American spy plane over Soviet territory.
120
What was significant about the **Vienna summit** in 1961?
The only meeting between JFK and Khrushchev was marked by heavy-handed treatment of JFK by Khrushchev
## Footnote
Khrushchev believed he could gain the upper hand due to JFK's youth and inexperience.
121
What did Khrushchev demand during the Vienna summit regarding **East Germany**?
The US recognize East Germany with Berlin as its capital
## Footnote
This was effectively a reissued ultimatum from 1958.
122
What did Khrushchev famously say about **Berlin**?
"Berlin is the testicles of the west. Every time I want to make the West scream, I squeeze on Berlin"
## Footnote
This quote illustrates the strategic importance of Berlin in Cold War tensions.
123
When did the **construction of the Berlin Wall** begin?
August 13th, 1961
## Footnote
East German troops initially sealed the border with barbed wire, which was soon replaced by concrete blocks.
124
What was the **Checkpoint Charlie Standoff**?
US and Soviet tanks faced each other barrel to barrel at Checkpoint Charlie
## Footnote
The standoff lasted three days before the Soviet leader withdrew tanks, reducing tensions.
125
What was one consequence of the Berlin Wall regarding **stability**?
The wall stabilized the long peace by ending the refugee flow and removing Berlin as a military flashpoint
## Footnote
A wall is considered better than a war.
126
What did the Berlin Wall symbolize in terms of **propaganda**?
A potent symbol of communist failure
## Footnote
The death of Peter Fechter became emblematic of the wall's tragic consequences.
127
What did Kennedy's visit to **West Berlin** in 1963 signify?
U.S. determination to defend the 'outpost of freedom'
## Footnote
This visit underscored American resolve during the Cold War.
128
What was the **TSAR bomber** known for?
The biggest nuclear detonation in history in 1961
## Footnote
This event highlighted the extreme military capabilities during the Cold War.
129
What was the **Cuban revolution** of 1959?
Fidel Castro took power by force and started ejecting all American business and investment
## Footnote
The USA stopped buying sugar from Cuba as a result.
130
What was the **Bay of Pigs invasion** of 1961?
A failed invasion organized by the CIA, sanctioned by Kennedy, involving Cuban exiles
## Footnote
It resulted in humiliation due to poor planning and underestimating Castro's popularity.
131
What was the significance of the **relationship between Castro and Khrushchev**?
Their relationship became very strong, leading to increased Soviet support for Cuba
## Footnote
This was a key factor in the Cuban missile crisis.
132
What was the **missile gap** and its relation to US missiles in Turkey?
USSR was concerned about US missiles in Turkey, leading to Soviet ballistic missiles being installed in Cuba
## Footnote
The USSR had many medium-range missiles.
133
What was **Operation Anadyr**?
The Soviet secret deployment of ballistic missiles to Cuba, including conventional weaponry and infantry
## Footnote
Around 60,000 troops were sent to help defend against a potential US invasion.
134
What significant event occurred on **14th October** during the Cuban missile crisis?
A U2 spy plane took photos of Soviet missiles under construction in Cuba
## Footnote
This discovery marked the beginning of heightened tensions.
135
What did Kennedy do on **20th October 1962** regarding the Soviet missiles?
He imposed a naval blockade, referred to as 'the quarantine', instead of an immediate air strike
## Footnote
This was to prevent further Soviet shipments to Cuba.
136
What happened on **24th October** during the crisis?
Soviet ships retreated when reaching the blockade, but the Soviets insisted they were prepared to use nuclear weapons
## Footnote
This indicated the high stakes of the situation.
137
What was the outcome of JFK's letter to Moscow on **26th October**?
The Soviets agreed to remove their missiles if the US did the same in Turkey
## Footnote
This was a crucial step towards de-escalation.
138
What occurred on **27th October**, known as 'black Saturday'?
A US U2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba, and a Soviet submarine nearly launched a nuclear attack
## Footnote
Despite the crisis escalating, a deal was successfully negotiated.
139
What were the **consequences** of the Cuban missile crisis for Kennedy?
* Seen as successfully resolving the crisis
* Khrushchev appeared to back down
* A hotline was installed between the White House and Kremlin
* The partial nuclear test ban treaty was signed
* Cuba remained communist, causing discontent for Castro
* JFK's speech for peace in 1963 urged re-examination of US Cold War attitudes
## Footnote
The crisis had long-lasting implications for US-Soviet relations.
A Level American History.2
flashcards
Decks in class (34)
# Cards
-
Chapter 180
-
Chapter 265
-
Chapter 345
-
Chapter 452
-
Chapter 553
-
Chapter 668
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Chapter 792
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Chapter 882
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Chapter 978
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Chapter 1098
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Chapter 1116
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1920s76
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chapter 1339
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Fdr166
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foreign policy between 1920- 1941106
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Impact of WW2 on the US34
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Chapter 1688
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Post WW2 Boom55
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1968-1975 Nixons Economic Policy11
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Women 1941-197573
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African American Civil Rights 1939-1960114
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American Civil Rights 1960-197591
-
Native Americans 1945-197519
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President Truman30
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Eisenhower47
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JFK47
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LBJ34
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Nixon61
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Cold war139
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Korea35
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Vietnam68
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The Youth 45 - 7522
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Mcarthyism20
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Detente22
