BIOL 100 Dave Version > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ball-and-socket joint.

A

A joint that allows for rotational movement in multiple directions

Examples include the shoulder and hip joints.

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2
Q

What are bursae?

A

Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between tissues

They are commonly found around joints.

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3
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Regulates calcium levels in the blood

It lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

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4
Q

What condition is referred to as carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

A condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the wrist

Symptoms include pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand.

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5
Q

What are carpals?

A

The eight small bones that make up the wrist

They connect the hand to the forearm.

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6
Q

Define cartilage.

A

A flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body

It provides support and cushioning at joints.

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7
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

A joint where bones are connected by cartilage

Examples include the joints between vertebrae.

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8
Q

What are clavicles commonly known as?

A

Collarbones

They connect the arm to the body.

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9
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

The small bone at the base of the vertebral column

Also known as the tailbone.

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10
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Dense bone tissue that provides strength and structure

It forms the outer layer of bones.

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11
Q

What is the diaphysis of a bone?

A

The shaft or central part of a long bone

It contains the medullary cavity.

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12
Q

What is the role of the endosteum?

A

A thin membrane lining the medullary cavity of bones

It contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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13
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

The end part of a long bone

It is covered with articular cartilage.

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14
Q

What is the ethmoid bone?

A

A bone located between the eyes, forming part of the nasal cavity

It contributes to the structure of the skull.

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15
Q

What is the longest bone in the body?

A

Femur

It is located in the thigh.

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16
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

A joint connected by dense connective tissue

Examples include sutures in the skull.

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17
Q

What is the fibula?

A

The smaller bone of the lower leg

It runs parallel to the tibia.

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18
Q

What are fontanels?

A

Soft spots on an infant’s skull

They allow for growth and passage during birth.

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19
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

The large opening at the base of the skull

It allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain.

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20
Q

What is the function of growth hormone?

A

Stimulates growth and cell reproduction

It is produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

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21
Q

What is the growth plate?

A

The area of growing tissue near the ends of long bones

It is responsible for the lengthening of bones.

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22
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

A joint that allows movement in one plane

Examples include the elbow and knee.

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23
Q

What is the humerus?

A

The bone of the upper arm

It connects the shoulder to the elbow.

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24
Q

What are lacrimal bones?

A

Small bones forming part of the eye socket

They are located in the corner of the eye.

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25
What are **lacunae**?
Small cavities in bone or cartilage that contain osteocytes ## Footnote They are essential for bone health.
26
What are **ligaments**?
Tissues that connect bones to other bones ## Footnote They provide stability to joints.
27
What does **lumbar** refer to?
The lower back region of the spine ## Footnote It consists of five vertebrae.
28
What is the **mandible**?
The lower jawbone ## Footnote It is the only movable bone of the skull.
29
What are **metacarpals**?
The five bones that form the middle part of the hand ## Footnote They connect the wrist to the fingers.
30
What are **metatarsals**?
The five bones that form the middle part of the foot ## Footnote They connect the ankle to the toes.
31
What is the **nasal bone**?
The bone that forms the bridge of the nose ## Footnote It is a paired bone.
32
What is the **occipital bone**?
The bone that forms the back and base of the skull ## Footnote It contains the foramen magnum.
33
What are **osteoblasts**?
Cells that build new bone tissue ## Footnote They are crucial for bone growth and healing.
34
What are **osteoclasts**?
Cells that break down bone tissue ## Footnote They help regulate calcium levels in the body.
35
What are **osteocytes**?
Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue ## Footnote They reside in lacunae.
36
What are **osteons**?
The structural units of compact bone ## Footnote They consist of concentric layers of bone matrix.
37
What are **palatine bones**?
Bones that form part of the hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity ## Footnote They are paired bones.
38
What is the role of the **parathyroid gland**?
Regulates calcium levels in the blood ## Footnote It produces parathyroid hormone (PTH).
39
What is the **patella**?
The kneecap ## Footnote It protects the knee joint.
40
What is the **pelvic girdle**?
The structure that connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton ## Footnote It consists of the hip bones.
41
What is the **periosteum**?
A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones ## Footnote It provides nourishment and attachment for tendons.
42
What are **phalanges**?
The bones of the fingers and toes ## Footnote Each finger has three phalanges, while the thumb has two.
43
What does **PTH** stand for?
Parathyroid hormone ## Footnote It regulates calcium levels in the blood.
44
What is the **pubic symphysis**?
The joint where the two pubic bones meet ## Footnote It allows for slight movement during childbirth.
45
What is **red marrow**?
Bone marrow that produces blood cells ## Footnote It is found in certain bones, such as the pelvis.
46
What are **ribs**?
Curved bones that form the rib cage ## Footnote They protect the thoracic cavity and organs.
47
What is the **sacrum**?
A triangular bone at the base of the spine ## Footnote It is formed by the fusion of five vertebrae.
48
What is the **scapula**?
The shoulder blade ## Footnote It connects the humerus with the clavicle.
49
What is a **slipped disk**?
A condition where an intervertebral disk protrudes ## Footnote It can cause pain and nerve compression.
50
What is the **sphenoid bone**?
A bone located at the base of the skull ## Footnote It is often referred to as the 'keystone' of the skull.
51
What is **spongy bone**?
Bone tissue that has a porous structure ## Footnote It is found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of others.
52
What are **tarsals**?
The seven bones that make up the ankle ## Footnote They connect the foot to the leg.
53
What is the **temporal bone**?
A bone that forms part of the side of the skull ## Footnote It houses the structures of the ear.
54
What are **tendons**?
Tissues that connect muscles to bones ## Footnote They transmit the force generated by muscles.
55
What is the role of the **thyroid gland**?
Regulates metabolism and growth ## Footnote It produces thyroid hormones.
56
What is the **tibia**?
The larger bone of the lower leg ## Footnote It is also known as the shinbone.
57
What is the **vertebral column**?
The spine, composed of vertebrae ## Footnote It protects the spinal cord and supports the body.
58
What is **yellow marrow**?
Bone marrow that stores fat ## Footnote It is found in the medullary cavity of long bones.
59
What are **zygomatic bones**?
Bones that form the cheekbones ## Footnote They contribute to the structure of the face.
60
What are the **functions of the skeletal system**?
* Support * Protection * Movement * Mineral storage * Blood cell production ## Footnote These functions are essential for overall health.
61
How is **bone** a living tissue?
It contains cells, blood vessels, and nerves ## Footnote Bone is constantly being remodeled and repaired.
62
Why do **children have more bones** than adults?
Children have more bones due to the presence of growth plates and unfused bones ## Footnote As they grow, some bones fuse together.
63
What is the **function of muscles**?
* Movement * Posture * Heat production ## Footnote Muscles are essential for bodily functions.
64
What happens when **muscles are not used** over time?
They undergo atrophy and lose strength ## Footnote Regular exercise is important to maintain muscle health.
65
What are the **three types of muscle**?
* Skeletal muscle * Cardiac muscle * Smooth muscle ## Footnote Each type has distinct characteristics and functions.
66
What does **resistance exercise** do to muscles?
Increases muscle strength and size ## Footnote It promotes muscle hypertrophy.
67
What is **acetylcholine**?
A neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction ## Footnote It is released at the neuromuscular junction.
68
What is an **action potential**?
An electrical impulse that travels along a neuron ## Footnote It is essential for nerve signal transmission.
69
What is the **amygdala**?
A brain structure involved in emotion regulation ## Footnote It plays a key role in fear and pleasure responses.
70
What is the **cerebellum** responsible for?
Coordination of voluntary movements and balance ## Footnote It is located at the back of the brain.
71
What is the **cerebral cortex**?
The outer layer of the brain involved in complex functions ## Footnote It is responsible for thought, memory, and perception.
72
What is the **CNS**?
Central Nervous System ## Footnote It consists of the brain and spinal cord.
73
What is the **corpus callosum**?
A bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres ## Footnote It facilitates communication between the hemispheres.
74
What are **dendrites**?
Branch-like structures on neurons that receive signals ## Footnote They transmit information to the cell body.
75
What is **dopamine**?
A neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward ## Footnote It plays a role in motivation and movement.
76
What is the **dura mater**?
The outermost layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord ## Footnote It provides protection and support.
77
What is the **frontal lobe** responsible for?
Higher cognitive functions such as reasoning and planning ## Footnote It is located at the front of the brain.
78
What are **glial cells**?
Supportive cells in the nervous system ## Footnote They provide insulation and nourishment to neurons.
79
What is the **hippocampus**?
A brain structure involved in memory formation ## Footnote It plays a key role in learning and spatial navigation.
80
What is the **hypothalamus**?
A brain region that regulates homeostasis and endocrine functions ## Footnote It controls hunger, thirst, and temperature.
81
What are **motor neurons**?
Neurons that transmit signals from the CNS to muscles ## Footnote They are responsible for voluntary movement.
82
What is **multiple sclerosis**?
A disease that involves the destruction of the myelin sheath ## Footnote It affects communication between the brain and body.
83
What is **myasthenia gravis**?
An autoimmune disorder that affects neuromuscular transmission ## Footnote It leads to muscle weakness.
84
What is the **myelin sheath**?
A fatty layer that insulates axons ## Footnote It speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses.
85
What is a **neurotransmitter**?
Chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse ## Footnote They play a key role in communication between neurons.
86
What is the **parasympathetic nervous system**?
The division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy ## Footnote It promotes 'rest and digest' functions.
87
What is the **pons**?
A part of the brainstem that connects different parts of the brain ## Footnote It plays a role in regulating sleep and arousal.
88
What are **potassium ions**?
Ions that play a crucial role in maintaining the resting membrane potential of neurons ## Footnote They are involved in action potential generation.
89
What is the **prefrontal cortex**?
The front part of the frontal lobe involved in complex behaviors ## Footnote It is associated with decision-making and social behavior.
90
What is the **reticular activating system**?
A network of neurons that regulates wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions ## Footnote It is crucial for attention and arousal.
91
What is **saltatory conduction**?
The process by which action potentials jump from node to node along myelinated axons ## Footnote It increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission.
92
What is a **synapse**?
The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released ## Footnote It is essential for communication in the nervous system.
93
What is the **thalamus**?
A brain structure that relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex ## Footnote It acts as a sensory gateway.
94
What is a **ventricle**?
Cavities within the brain that produce and contain cerebrospinal fluid ## Footnote They help cushion and protect the brain.
95
What is **acromegaly**?
A disorder caused by excess growth hormone in adulthood ## Footnote It leads to abnormal growth of bones and tissues.
96
What does **ACTH** stand for?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ## Footnote It stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.
97
What is **Addison’s disease**?
A disorder where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones ## Footnote Symptoms include fatigue and low blood pressure.
98
What is the **adrenal medulla**?
The inner part of the adrenal glands that produces adrenaline ## Footnote It is involved in the body's fight-or-flight response.
99
What are **antagonistic hormones**?
Hormones that have opposing effects on the same physiological function ## Footnote Examples include insulin and glucagon.
100
What is the **anterior pituitary gland**?
A gland that produces several hormones, including growth hormone and ACTH ## Footnote It plays a key role in regulating various endocrine functions.
101
What is **antidiuretic hormone**?
A hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body ## Footnote It is produced by the posterior pituitary gland.
102
What is the function of **cortisol**?
A hormone that helps regulate metabolism and stress response ## Footnote It is produced by the adrenal cortex.
103
What is **cretinism**?
A condition resulting from severe hypothyroidism in infancy ## Footnote It leads to stunted growth and developmental delays.
104
What is **Cushing’s syndrome**?
A disorder caused by excess cortisol in the body ## Footnote Symptoms include weight gain and high blood pressure.
105
What is **diabetes insipidus**?
A condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone ## Footnote It is not related to blood sugar levels.
106
What is **diabetes mellitus**?
A group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose) ## Footnote It includes Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
107
What does **GHRH** stand for?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone ## Footnote It stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary.
108
What is **glucagon**?
A hormone that raises blood glucose levels ## Footnote It is produced by the pancreas.
109
What are **glucocorticoids**?
A class of steroid hormones that regulate metabolism and immune response ## Footnote Cortisol is a primary glucocorticoid.
110
What is **glycogen**?
A stored form of glucose in the liver and muscles ## Footnote It serves as an energy reserve.
111
What is a **goiter**?
An enlargement of the thyroid gland ## Footnote It can be caused by iodine deficiency or thyroid dysfunction.
112
What is **Graves’ disease**?
An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism ## Footnote Symptoms include weight loss and increased heart rate.
113
What is the function of **insulin**?
A hormone that lowers blood glucose levels ## Footnote It is produced by the pancreas.
114
What is **melatonin**?
A hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles ## Footnote It is produced by the pineal gland.
115
What is **myxedema**?
A severe form of hypothyroidism in adults ## Footnote Symptoms include swelling and lethargy.
116
What is **nitric oxide**?
A signaling molecule involved in various physiological processes ## Footnote It plays a role in vasodilation.
117
What is **oxytocin**?
A hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth ## Footnote It is also involved in social bonding.
118
What is the **pancreas**?
An organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones, including insulin ## Footnote It plays a key role in glucose metabolism.
119
What is the **thymus**?
An organ that produces hormones involved in immune function ## Footnote It is important for T-cell development.
120
What is the **thyroid gland**?
A gland that produces thyroid hormones regulating metabolism ## Footnote It is located in the neck.
121
What is the function of **thyroid hormone**?
Regulates metabolism, growth, and development ## Footnote It is crucial for energy production.
122
What is **thyroxine**?
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism ## Footnote It is also known as T4.
123
What is a **tropic hormone**?
A hormone that stimulates other endocrine glands to release hormones ## Footnote Examples include ACTH and TSH.
124
What is a **water-soluble hormone**?
Hormones that cannot pass through cell membranes and require receptors on the cell surface ## Footnote Examples include insulin and epinephrine.
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