BIOL 100 Dave Version > Exam 4 Study guide > Flashcards

Exam 4 Study guide Flashcards

add all the study contents from mod 13, 14, 15 (136 cards)

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1
Q

What is more problematic, nondisjunction in the first or second meiotic division of a sperm?

A

first because all four gametes will have the wrong number of chromosomes

Nondisjunction during the first division results in all four gametes being defective, while the second division results in only two defective gametes.

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2
Q

What is not true about spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A

Both produce four functional cells

Spermatogenesis produces four functional gametes, while oogenesis produces one functional gamete and three polar bodies.

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3
Q

What is the difference between meiosis I (MI) and meiosis II (MII)?

A

MI results in the separation of homologous pairs, while MII results in the separation of sister chromatids

MI produces haploid cells, while MII separates sister chromatids.

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4
Q

Which is not associated with prophase?

A

The nucleus reforms

The nucleus reforms during telophase, not prophase.

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5
Q

Which would be worse for an adult individual: the inability to have cells undergo mitosis or meiosis?

A

mitosis, since a person can live without the ability to make gametes

Mitosis is critical for replacing damaged cells and growth, while meiosis is not essential for individual survival.

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6
Q

A cell with 20 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. What is produced at the end of this process?

A

two cells with 20 chromosomes each

Mitosis produces identical cells, maintaining the same chromosome number.

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7
Q

Which stage comes after anaphase in the cell cycle?

A

telophase

Telophase is characterized by the formation of two nuclei and the beginning of cytokinesis.

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8
Q

A human diploid cell is being studied. What is true about it?

A

It is 2n

Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, totaling 46 in humans.

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9
Q

What does 2n represent in terms of cell chromosomes?

A

Diploid cells with pairs of chromosomes

In humans, this means 2 x 23 chromosomes for a total of 46.

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10
Q

What type of cells are gametes?

A

Haploid cells

Gametes have a total of 23 chromosomes.

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11
Q

What process separates homologous pairs of chromosomes in meiosis?

A

Meiosis

This results in haploid cells with 23 chromosomes.

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12
Q

What is the correct order for the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase

This sequence describes the events leading to cell division.

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13
Q

True or false: Mitosis occurs in body cells.

A

TRUE

Body cells undergo mitosis for growth and repair.

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14
Q

At which stage of meiosis are homologous chromosomes pulled apart?

A

Anaphase I

Sister chromatids remain together at the centromere during this stage.

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15
Q

What is the outcome when a sperm with a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg with a nondisjunction?

A

Klinefelter syndrome

This results in an XXY karyotype.

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16
Q

Which statement is not true about mitosis and meiosis?

A

Meiosis occurs in body cells

Meiosis occurs in gonads to produce gametes.

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17
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes in daughter cells

This occurs during metaphase I.

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18
Q

What happens during interphase?

A
  • Cell grows
  • DNA replicates
  • Organelles are synthesized

Interphase takes up the majority of the cell cycle.

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19
Q

What is the function of histones?

A

Condense DNA into tightly coiled structures

Histones do not encode information for protein synthesis.

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20
Q

What is the total number of chromosomes in diploid human cells?

A

46

This is due to having 23 pairs of chromosomes.

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21
Q

What is the role of meiosis in terms of genetic variability?

A

Causes variability through crossing over

This does not occur in mitosis.

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22
Q

What stage of the cell cycle is characterized by chromosomes lining up end to end?

A

Metaphase

This is when sister chromatids are aligned for separation.

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23
Q

What is the total number of chromosomes in a gamete?

A

23

This is a result of a mixture of chromosomes from the mother and father.

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24
Q

What stage of the cell cycle is characterized by chromosomes lining up end to end?

A

Metaphase

In this stage, the spindle apparatus attaches to the centromere of sister chromatids.

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25
During which stage does **recombination** occur?
Prophase I ## Footnote Recombination results from crossing over between homologous pairs of chromosomes.
26
How does **mitosis** differ from **meiosis**?
* Mitosis produces two identical cells * Meiosis produces four nonidentical cells ## Footnote Mitosis occurs in somatic cells, while meiosis produces gametes.
27
What connects **sister chromatids** together?
Centromeres ## Footnote The centromeres are covered with a protein called the kinetochore.
28
A single cell going through the second meiotic division is __________.
n ## Footnote This indicates that the cell is haploid, having only one set of chromosomes.
29
True or false: Mitosis reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid.
FALSE ## Footnote Mitosis maintains the diploid state, while meiosis reduces the chromosome number.
30
What happens during **anaphase**?
Separation of sister chromatids ## Footnote The spindles pull on the sister chromatids, causing them to separate.
31
What is the role of the **spindle apparatus**?
To move chromosomes to the equator of the cell ## Footnote The spindle apparatus is connected to the centromeres of sister chromatids.
32
What is the difference between **telophase** and **prophase**?
* Telophase has two nuclei * Prophase has a disappearing nucleus ## Footnote Telophase is essentially the reverse of prophase.
33
34
What is not true about a **vasectomy**?
There is a significant decrease in circulating testosterone in males after this sterilization procedure. ## Footnote A vasectomy does not affect testosterone levels; it only disrupts sperm travel.
35
What is associated with **menopause**?
* Hot flashes * Decreased estrogen levels * Osteoporosis ## Footnote Menopause is characterized by the cessation of ovulation and menstruation, leading to various symptoms due to low estrogen.
36
Choose the group of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that are caused by **bacteria**.
Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis ## Footnote Bacterial STDs can be treated with antibiotics, unlike viral STDs.
37
Menstrual cramps are due to the release of __________.
prostaglandins ## Footnote Prostaglandins cause uterine contractions that lead to menstrual cramps.
38
What is not true about **progesterone** being used as a contraceptive?
It decreases the chances of obtaining a sexually transmitted disease. ## Footnote Progesterone does not prevent STDs; abstinence or condoms are necessary for STD protection.
39
What is true about a **zygote**?
It is produced from the union of a sperm and an egg. ## Footnote A zygote contains 46 chromosomes, formed from the fusion of sperm and egg nuclei.
40
Place the correct order that sperm must travel starting with their formation until they leave the body.
seminiferous tubule, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra ## Footnote This is the correct path for sperm from production to release.
41
Which is not associated with a **gonad**?
releases follicle-stimulating hormone ## Footnote FSH is released by the anterior pituitary, not the gonads.
42
What occurs in the uterus during the **luteal phase** of the ovarian cycle?
endometrium development ## Footnote The luteal phase is characterized by the secretion of hormones that prepare the endometrium for potential implantation.
43
The second meiotic division of **spermatogenesis** produces four __________.
spermatozoa ## Footnote Spermatogenesis involves multiple stages, ultimately resulting in the formation of spermatozoa.
44
What is **spermatogenesis**?
The process of making sperm ## Footnote It starts with a spermatogonium and involves several stages including primary and secondary spermatocytes.
45
What is the first cell in **spermatogenesis**?
Spermatogonium ## Footnote This diploid cell initiates the process of sperm production.
46
What do primary diploid spermatocytes produce during the first meiotic division?
Two haploid secondary spermatocytes ## Footnote This is a key step in the process of spermatogenesis.
47
How many **early spermatids** are produced after the second meiotic division?
Four early spermatids ## Footnote This occurs after each secondary spermatocyte divides.
48
What structure begins to form on early spermatids?
Flagella ## Footnote Flagella are essential for the motility of sperm.
49
What is the total number of chromosomes in a **human diploid cell**?
46 ## Footnote Diploid cells contain pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent.
50
What is the consequence of decreased **follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)**?
New follicles cannot develop ## Footnote FSH is crucial for the development of ovarian follicles.
51
Where is the egg typically **fertilized**?
Oviduct ## Footnote The sperm meets the oocyte in the oviduct, leading to fertilization.
52
What do **interstitial cells** produce?
Testosterone ## Footnote These cells are located in the testes and are stimulated by luteinizing hormone.
53
What is the function of the **acrosome**?
Digest the outer layers of the egg ## Footnote The acrosome contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate the egg.
54
What is the correct order for an egg to travel from **ovulation** to **birth**?
Ovaries, oviducts, endometrium, cervix, vagina ## Footnote This sequence outlines the path of the egg and subsequent embryo.
55
When do **eggs** form in females?
Before birth ## Footnote All eggs are produced during early development and are not made throughout life.
56
What is the best birth control method for avoiding surgery and hormonal treatments?
Latex male condom ## Footnote It provides a physical barrier to prevent pregnancy and STDs.
57
What is the **function** of the **vaginal ring**?
Releases progesterone and estrogen hormones for three months ## Footnote The vaginal ring is inserted into the vagina and slowly releases hormones.
58
What does the **patch** do?
Releases progesterone or a mix of estrogen- and progesterone-based compounds ## Footnote The patch is a transdermal device placed on the skin.
59
What is **tubal ligation**?
A form of sterilization for females ## Footnote The oviducts are clamped or cut and tied off to prevent sperm from meeting eggs.
60
What is **Depo-Provera**?
Injection of progesterone hormone compounds ## Footnote It is a hormonal method of contraception.
61
Which hormone should a couple monitor to predict **ovulation**?
Luteinizing hormone ## Footnote Luteinizing hormone directly stimulates ovulation.
62
What hormone does **follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)** promote during the ovarian cycle?
Development of the follicle ## Footnote FSH is released from the anterior pituitary gland.
63
What triggers the **surge of LH** that leads to ovulation?
High levels of estrogen ## Footnote The surge of LH directly triggers the ovulation of a secondary oocyte.
64
True or false: **Estrogen** directly triggers ovulation.
FALSE ## Footnote Estrogen promotes follicle growth but does not trigger ovulation.
65
What is produced by the **corpus luteum** after ovulation?
Progesterone ## Footnote Progesterone is released after the oocyte has been ovulated.
66
What is the role of **gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)** in the ovarian cycle?
Released at the beginning of the cycle ## Footnote Monitoring GnRH is not useful for predicting ovulation timing.
67
What is the relationship between **estrogen** and **FSH/LH** during the ovarian cycle?
Estrogen prevents the release of FSH and LH until a peak is reached ## Footnote This creates a positive feedback loop for follicle development.
68
What is the **acrosome of sperm**?
A cap-like structure that contains enzymes to help penetrate the egg ## Footnote It plays a crucial role during fertilization.
69
What are the **bulbourethral glands** responsible for?
Producing pre-ejaculatory fluid that lubricates the urethra ## Footnote This fluid helps neutralize acidity in the urethra.
70
What is the function of the **cervix**?
Acts as a passageway between the vagina and uterus ## Footnote It plays a role in menstruation and childbirth.
71
Define **chromosome**.
A structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information ## Footnote Humans typically have 46 chromosomes.
72
What is the **corpus luteum**?
A hormone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged ## Footnote It produces progesterone to maintain the uterine lining.
73
What is the role of the **diaphragm** in reproduction?
A barrier method of contraception that prevents sperm from entering the uterus ## Footnote It is placed over the cervix.
74
What is **endometriosis**?
A condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus ## Footnote It can cause pain and fertility issues.
75
What is the **endometrium**?
The inner lining of the uterus ## Footnote It thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for potential implantation.
76
What is the function of the **epididymis**?
Stores and matures sperm after they are produced in the testes ## Footnote It is essential for sperm development.
77
What is **estrogen**?
A hormone that regulates the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics ## Footnote It plays a key role in the menstrual cycle.
78
What is **fertilization**?
The process where a sperm cell joins with an egg cell ## Footnote It results in the formation of a zygote.
79
What is the **first polar body**?
A small cell produced during oogenesis that typically does not develop into an ovum ## Footnote It is a byproduct of meiosis.
80
What is a **follicle**?
A fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains an immature egg ## Footnote It plays a role in the menstrual cycle.
81
What does **FSH** stand for?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ## Footnote It is important for the development of eggs in females and sperm in males.
82
Define **gamete**.
A reproductive cell (sperm or egg) that carries half the genetic information ## Footnote Gametes are haploid cells.
83
What is the **glans penis**?
The sensitive tip of the penis ## Footnote It is involved in sexual arousal and pleasure.
84
What does **GnRH** stand for?
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ## Footnote It stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.
85
What is the **head of sperm**?
The part of the sperm that contains the nucleus and acrosome ## Footnote It is crucial for fertilization.
86
What is a **hysterectomy**?
A surgical procedure to remove the uterus ## Footnote It may be performed for various medical reasons.
87
What is **implantation**?
The process where a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining ## Footnote It is a critical step in establishing a pregnancy.
88
What is the function of **inhibin** in the male reproductive system?
Inhibits the production of FSH to regulate sperm production ## Footnote It helps maintain hormonal balance.
89
What is an **IUD**?
Intrauterine Device, a form of long-term contraception ## Footnote It prevents fertilization and implantation.
90
What is a **latex condom**?
A barrier method of contraception made from latex ## Footnote It helps prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections.
91
What does **LH** stand for?
Luteinizing Hormone ## Footnote It triggers ovulation and stimulates testosterone production in males.
92
What is **menopause**?
The time in a woman's life when menstrual cycles permanently cease ## Footnote It typically occurs in the late 40s to early 50s.
93
What is **menstruation**?
The monthly shedding of the uterine lining when pregnancy does not occur ## Footnote It is a key part of the menstrual cycle.
94
What is the **midpiece of sperm**?
The section of sperm that contains mitochondria for energy ## Footnote It powers the sperm's movement.
95
What are the **ovaries**?
Female reproductive organs that produce eggs and hormones ## Footnote They are crucial for reproduction and hormonal balance.
96
What are the **oviducts**?
Also known as fallopian tubes, they transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus ## Footnote Fertilization typically occurs here.
97
What is **ovulation**?
The release of an egg from the ovary ## Footnote It occurs approximately midway through the menstrual cycle.
98
What is an **ovum**?
A female gamete or egg cell ## Footnote It is involved in fertilization.
99
What is the **penis**?
The male reproductive organ used for sexual intercourse and urination ## Footnote It delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract.
100
What is **progesterone**?
A hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy ## Footnote It is produced by the corpus luteum.
101
What are **prostaglandins**?
Hormone-like substances involved in various bodily functions, including inflammation and pain ## Footnote They play a role in the menstrual cycle.
102
What is the **prostate gland**?
A gland that produces fluid that nourishes and transports sperm ## Footnote It is located below the bladder.
103
What are **seminal vesicles**?
Glands that produce a significant portion of the fluid that makes up semen ## Footnote This fluid provides nutrients for sperm.
104
What are **seminiferous tubules**?
Coiled structures in the testes where sperm production occurs ## Footnote They are essential for spermatogenesis.
105
What is the **tail of sperm**?
The flagellum that propels the sperm forward ## Footnote It is crucial for reaching the egg.
106
What is a **testis**?
The male reproductive organ that produces sperm and hormones ## Footnote Typically, males have two testes.
107
What is **testosterone**?
The primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male characteristics ## Footnote It is produced in the testes.
108
What is **tubal ligation**?
A surgical procedure for female sterilization by blocking the fallopian tubes ## Footnote It prevents eggs from reaching the uterus.
109
What is the **urethra**?
The tube that carries urine from the bladder and semen from the reproductive system out of the body ## Footnote It serves both urinary and reproductive functions.
110
What is the **vagina**?
The muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the uterus ## Footnote It is involved in sexual intercourse and childbirth.
111
What is the **vas deferens**?
The duct that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct ## Footnote It is part of the male reproductive system.
112
What is a **vasectomy**?
A surgical procedure for male sterilization by cutting the vas deferens ## Footnote It prevents sperm from being included in semen.
113
Determine the **chromosome numbers** in human gametes versus zygote/embryo.
Gametes: 23 chromosomes; Zygote/Embryo: 46 chromosomes ## Footnote Gametes are haploid, while zygotes are diploid.
114
Which part of the male reproductive system requires **fructose**?
Seminal vesicles ## Footnote Fructose provides energy for sperm.
115
Which hormone in males stimulates **sperm production** without affecting secondary sex characteristics?
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) ## Footnote It is crucial for spermatogenesis.
116
What is the function of **inhibin** in the male reproductive system?
Regulates FSH production to control sperm production ## Footnote It helps maintain hormonal balance.
117
What is the function of **cilia** in the female reproductive tract?
Help transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus ## Footnote They play a role in fertilization.
118
What are the functions of the **corpus luteum**?
* Produces progesterone * Maintains the uterine lining * Supports early pregnancy ## Footnote It is crucial for reproductive health.
119
Relate **estrogen** and **progesterone** levels to phases of the menstrual cycle.
* Follicular phase: Estrogen rises * Luteal phase: Progesterone rises ## Footnote These hormones are important for regulating the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
120
List factors that increase the chance of **breast cancer**.
* Family history * Genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1, BRCA2) * Age * Hormonal factors ## Footnote These factors can influence risk levels.
121
What happens when the **prostate enlarges** as men age?
* Increased frequency of urination * Difficulty starting urination * Risk of urinary tract infections ## Footnote It can affect quality of life.
122
What path does **sperm** take beginning at the **epididymis**?
* Epididymis * Vas deferens * Ejaculatory duct * Urethra ## Footnote This is the route sperm take during ejaculation.
123
List **aneuploidies** of sex chromosomes that result in various syndromes.
* Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) * Turner syndrome (XO) * Triple X syndrome (XXX) * XYY syndrome ## Footnote These conditions are characterized by abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes.
124
Compare and contrast **oogenesis** and **spermatogenesis**.
* Oogenesis: Produces one ovum and polar bodies * Spermatogenesis: Produces four sperm cells ## Footnote They differ in quantity and process.
125
Determine the number of **chromosomes** in each human cell after **meiosis I** and after **meiosis II**.
* Meiosis I: 46 chromosomes (diploid) * Meiosis II: 23 chromosomes (haploid) ## Footnote Meiosis reduces chromosome number for gamete formation.
126
Compare and contrast **mitosis** and **meiosis**.
* Mitosis: Produces two identical diploid cells * Meiosis: Produces four genetically diverse haploid cells ## Footnote They serve different purposes in cell division.
127
How long does a **cell cycle** take in a typical human cell?
Approximately 24 hours ## Footnote This can vary based on cell type and conditions.
128
Match each phase of **mitosis** with what happens during that phase.
* Prophase: Chromosomes condense * Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the equator * Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate * Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform ## Footnote These phases are crucial for cell division.
129
List examples and characteristics of **sex-linked traits/diseases**.
* Hemophilia: Blood clotting disorder * Color blindness: Difficulty distinguishing colors * Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Muscle degeneration ## Footnote These traits are often linked to the X chromosome.
130
List examples and characteristics of **recessive diseases** in humans.
* Cystic fibrosis: Thick mucus production * Sickle cell anemia: Abnormal hemoglobin * Tay-Sachs disease: Neurodegeneration ## Footnote These diseases require two copies of the recessive allele to manifest.
131
List examples and characteristics of **dominant diseases** in humans.
* Huntington’s disease: Neurodegenerative disorder * Marfan syndrome: Connective tissue disorder * Achondroplasia: Form of dwarfism ## Footnote These diseases require only one copy of the dominant allele to manifest.
132
Use a **Punnett square** to predict the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring given the phenotypes/genotypes of the parents.
Punnett squares help visualize genetic crosses ## Footnote They show possible allele combinations in offspring.
133
Predict relationships based on **blood types** using **Punnett squares**.
Blood type inheritance follows codominance and multiple alleles ## Footnote A and B are codominant, while O is recessive.
134
Know how **PCR** differs from **DNA replication** in the nucleus.
* PCR: Amplifies DNA in vitro * DNA replication: Occurs in vivo during cell division ## Footnote PCR uses cycles of heating and cooling.
135
List how **DNA fingerprinting** has improved crime scene investigation.
* Identifies suspects * Excludes innocent individuals * Links crimes to the same perpetrator ## Footnote It utilizes unique patterns in DNA.
136
What are examples of uses of **gene therapy** in humans that have been successful?
* Treating genetic disorders (e.g., SCID) * Curing certain types of blindness * Treating hemophilia ## Footnote Gene therapy aims to correct defective genes.
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