1
Q
Draw the Wernicke-Geschwind Model of Language, label each primary area (Broca’s, Wernicke’s, Arcuate Fasciculus, Primary Motor Cortex) and the associated function of each area.
A
- Sounds sensations enter brain through auditory pathway
- Sound images are stored in Wernicke’s area…
- … and are sent to Broca’s area over the arcuate fasciculus pathway
- …for articulation over the motor pathway.
2
Q
Draw and describe the structural and functional differences between Dorsal and Ventral language pathways.
A
Ventral: Semantics
Dorsal: Phonemes
3
Q
Describe the neural web hypothesis of language. How does it differ from the standard model?
A
- Meaning comes through connections bt/w nodes to comprise neural webs
- Brain organized into neural webs for different aspects of language
- Webs consist of nodes and their 2-way connections
4
Q
Describe the behavioral characteristics of Wernicke’s and Broca’s Aphasia in terms of fluency and comprehension.
A
- Wernicke’s Aphasia (Fluent, yes; Comprends, no)
- Deficits in classifying sounds or comprehending words
- Word salad
- Broca’s Aphasia (Fluent, yes; Comprehends, no)
- Can understand speech
- Labors hard to produce speech
5
Q
What causes Kluver-Bucy Syndrome? What are 4 features of the disorder?
A
Bilateral medial temporal lesions; sometimes seen with herpes encephalitis.
- HYperorality
- HYpersexuality
- Stimulus bound
- Visual agnosia
- Lack of fear response
6
Q
What are the 6 basic emotions that Ekman discussed?
A
- Sad
- Happiness
- Anger
- Fear
- Excitement
- Disgust
7
Q
Describe the Somatic Marker Hypothesis.
A
Somatic markers: feelings in body associated w/ emotions, (e.g., association of rapid heartbeat w/ ANX or of nausea w/ disgust).
- When confronted with a stimulus of biological importance, the brain & body change
- Reductions in body reactions lead to reduced intensity of emotion
- Emotion is fundamental to survival
- Emotion is necessary for rationale decisions
8
Q
Describe hemispheric differences in emotional processing
A
- R hemisphere: automatic components of emotion
- Generates feelings
- Lesions -> Aprosodia
- L hemisphere: cognitive control of emotion
- Interprets feelings
- lesions -> flattened mood
- L frontal -> decrease talking
9
Q
brain areas associated with each of the “dual systems”
A
- ventral striatum (VS), specifically the nucleus accumbens, associated w/ reward processing
- PFC associated with cog/ control system.
- vmPFC or orbitofrontal cortex works too
10
Q
*[Adol Risk Taking Beh] Dual Systems mode? What is it.
A
IDEA:
- Risk-taking beh. peak during adol b/c activation of an early-maturing reward processing system amplifies affinity for exciting, novel, and risky activities,…
- …while a slower-to-mature, “cognitive control” system is not developed enough to consistently restrain potentially hazardous impulses.
11
Q
*[Adol Risk Taking Beh] NAcc/Ventral Striatum: location. What does increased activation mean among adolescents?
A
NAcc/VS: decreased activation translates to less behavioral control.
12
Q
Name two areas of the brain involved in arithmetic and describe their functions.
A
- Intraparietal sulcus – numerical processing
- Left angular gyrus – language, number processing, spatial cognition, and previously learned facts
- Fusiform gyrus – visual processing of number symbols
- Prefrontal cortex – working memory and executive functioning
13
Q
What is dyscalculia? What are the hallmark signs of dyscalculia?
A
- difficulty in numeracy, not a difficulty in mathematics except for areas that deal with numbers.
Umbrella term to describe mathematical understanding and processing; failure to acquire academic skills related to numbers at an appropriate age.
Hallmark sign:
- inability to subitize (i.e., recognize quickly the quantity of objects in a small group of randomly scattered objects).
14
Q
List three parts of the brain related to Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder.
A
- Posterior cingulate cortex
- Superior frontal gyrus
- Insula
- ACC
- PFC
- Amygdala
15
Q
What is one way that normal bereavement and complex bereavement differ?
A
- The patient experienced the death of a loved one at least 6 months previously
- Experience symptoms of intense yearning or sorrow
- Maladaptive adjustment
- It affects functioning at work, school, etc
16
Q
Burnout is associated with (lesser/greater) empathy-related brain activity. (circle)
A
Lesser
17
Q
Name 2 ways to treat or prevent burnout for helping professionals.
A
Any 2:
- mindfulness
- physical activity
- greater awareness of one’s own emotions
- structural changes that promote autonomy
- decreasing bloated caseloads
- greater flexibility in work setting
- greater contact/collaboration with colleagues
18
Q
Briefly describe differences between small and large vessel vascular cognitive impairment. Which is more common?
A
Small vessel (more common)
- small, lacunar infarcts deep in brain (B.G, thalamus, and frontal-subcortical circuits).
- More associated w/ deficits in exec function
- More insidious onset
Large vessel (less common)
- includes strategic infarcts, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, (efx vary by location).
- Maybe more deficits in VSI and language
19
Q
Name and describe the three criteria for probable vascular dementia.
A
- Dementia: decline from previous function of at least 2 of the following:
- Memory, orientation, ATTN, language, VSI, executive functions, motor control, and praxis
- Evidence for cerebrovascular disease
- Focal signs consistent w/ stroke
- Imaging consistent with cererbovascular disease (i.e. stroke, multiple lacunes, white matter lesions)
- Relationship between criteria A and B.
- Onset within 3 months of stroke
- Rapid onset
- Fluctuating, stepwise progression
20
Q
How does verbal memory deficits play into domestic violence?
A
- Low verbal IQ scores are strong predictors of DV abuse.
Or..
- an inability to communicate in other modes, the abusers opt for violent methods to communicate their volatile internal states.
21
Q
What brain structure has been linked to potentially be related to the ability to detect empathy in others?
A
Fusiform gyrus: Prior to the threat of aggression, hyperresponsiveness is present in the fusiform gyrus.
22
Q
How do executive function deficits reinforce abuse amongst domestic violence perpetrators?
A
Slow PSI -> component of impaired ability to make decisions, which impairs ability to evaluate behavioral consequences of actions.
23
Q
What popular theory in flow describes a decrease in neural activity in the frontal lobe?
A
Transient Hypofrontality
24
Q
What are 2 of the 4 areas of the neural activity are significantly related to the flow condition? List the directionality as well (i.e. significantly increased or decreased neural activity)
A
- Putamen (increase)
- Left IFG (increase)
- Medial Prefrontal Cortex (decrease)
- Left Amygdala (decrease)
25
[Childhood Trauma] Explain what 3 factors alter the neurobiological development of the hippocampus, PFC, and amygdala. Also, note the role of sensitive periods of development.
* **Chronic & repeated activation** of the physiological stress response system (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; **HPA axis**) contributes to changes.
* **Gene\*Environment** interactions act together with epigenetic processes (e.g., DNA methylation) to influence the HPA axis.
* **Timing** (**and recurrence**) of the childhood traumas matter most. # of childhood traumas do not account for the effect of changes.
* happen during sensitive periods of develop. = highest effect.
26
Childhood traumas change the hippocampus, PFC, and amygdala.
What are three effects are associated with these neurobiological changes?
* Emotional regulation
* interceptive awareness
* and executive functions.
27
Describe how the mirror neuron system (MNS) can help people heal from trauma. (think of the properties of MNS).
MNS demonstrates *plasticity:* new info and new experiences can be integrated and changes these connections.
E.g., positive experiences of the therapists modeling emotional regulation can help client begin mirroring these behaviors (therapist is giving the client a new attachment experience). Thus, this can modify the affective connections and implicit memory.
28
What is one of the types of categories for psychedelic drugs based on the neurotransmitter they interact with?
* Glutamate
* norepinephrine
* serotonin psychedelics
29
What is one of the drugs that have been used to inform drugs models of schizophrenia?
* LSD
* PCP
* Ketamine
30
M.S.A. Shrinkage and scarring occurs where?
Shrinkage in **cerebellum** and **pons**
Scarring in **pons**
31
Describe at least two structural and/or functional brain differences among people who experience gender dysphoria (compared to cisgender controls).
* **Functional**: Voice perception. There is evidence for a better recognition of voices of the opposite sex and a differentiation of the sexes in its underlying functional cerebral correlates, namely the prefrontal and middle temporal areas. Trans women revealed a pattern more similar to ciswomen.
* **Functional**: Olfaction. Activation of the hypothalamic network to olfactory encounter of androstadienone (pheromone-like compound) in trans women was similar to that of cisgender women and different from that of cisgender men.
* **Structural**: Bed nucleus of the stria terminals (BSTc). There are sex differences in the volume and # of neurons in this area, w/ volume being 2.5x larger in cis men than cis woman. Volume and # of neurons in the BSTc of a trans woman match those of cis women, and trans men match those of cis men.
* **Structural**: Hypothalamic uncinate nucleus (INAH3). There are sex differences in the volume of this area, with cis men having a larger mass volume than cis women. Trans women’s volume of this area matches the volume range of cis women, and trans men that of cis men.
32
Describe the diagnostic criteria for Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults and include at least three subcriteria of Criterion A.
1. Marked **incongruence** between one’s experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender, (at least 6 mo.), as manifested by at least _2_ of the following:
1. incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender and sex characteristics
2. **desire** **to be rid of one’s sex characteristics** b/c of incongruence
3. desire for the sex characteristics of the other gender
4. desire to be of other gender
5. desire to be treated as the other gender
6. conviction that one has typical feelings/reactions of other gender
2. Associated with **clinically significant distress** or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
33
3 symptoms of Multiple System Atrophy.
* **Parkinsonian feature**: Rigidity, postural instability, hypokinetic speech, tremors
* **Cerebellar Dysfunction**: impaired movement and coordination; slurred, slow, or low-volume speech, disorders of extraocular movements, blurred vision/difficulty focusing your eyes
* **Autonomic**: vocal cord paralysis, posture, inadequate heart rate while standing, dry mouth/skin, constipation, loss of bladder or bowel control
34
What brain structures what might be involved with Autism?
ACC
35
Name one area of the brain associated with prejudice reduction.
* Amygdala and/or
* bilateral anterior temporal lobe.
36
Explain one way that we can reduce our own prejudice, as supported by neuroscientific research?
* **Acknowledge** **biases**
* **Intergroup contact** (exposure to people with different racial identities)
* Exchange **accurate information** rather than stereotypes
37
Please explain the hemispheric lateralization of language.
* L hemisphere dominating language
* lexical, syntactic language, writing and speech, phonetics and semantics
* Right: language related tasks.
38
What are some of the cognitive benefits typically associated with bilingual brain?
(possibly)
* Outperform monolinguals in measures of inhibitory control
* delays the onset of Alzheimer's-type dementia by 4 years
* greater ATTN
* Exec function
39
Psychopathy is a diagnosis: T/F
F
40
Name the two primary brain areas associated with psychopathy, and describe the “connection” issue.
* amygdala
* vmPFC
Peeps w/ psychopathy have reduced white matter (important for communication bt/w brain areas). Less white matter means amygdala and vmPFC are less likely to communicate, thus emotional info is not integrated into decision making.
41
3 brain regions affected by MSA.
* Basal ganglia
* putamen
* caudate nucleus
* globus pallidus
* Subthalamic nucleus
* Substantia nigra
42
3 symptoms of IBS and 3 brain structures
Symptoms:
* abdominal pain
* bloating
* abnormal bowel habits (e.g., diarrhea and/or constipation)
* visceral hypersensitivity
Possible brain structures involved:
* primary somatosensory cortex
* thalamus
* hippocampus
* insula
* cingulate cortex (also ACC)
* amygdala
* PFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex also acceptable)
* brainstem
43
What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and what are three ways in which the brain may differ in IBS patients compared to healthy controls?
a chronic gastrointestinal disorder primarily affecting the large intestine
Research suggests structural, functional, and connectivity differences in the brain vs. controls
44
What are the three main symptoms associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
* Impairments in communication
* Impairments in social interactions
* Repetitive and restrictive behaviors & interests
45
Name one symptom of Witzelsucht
Possible answers (only need to list one):
* uncontrollable tendency to tell **puns**
* uncontrollable tendency to tell inappropriate jokes;
* and/or uncontrollable tendency to tell stories at inappropriate times
46
Name one area of the brain associated with Pathological Humor in Incongruity Theory:
Possible answers (only need to list one):
* Right lateral
* frontal Bilateral
* OFC
47
What contextual factors may increase adolescents’ proclivity towards risk-taking?
Emotionally arousing situations are particularly implicated in increased risk-taking among adolescents.
E.g., presence of peers increases adolescents’ sensitivity to reward (and subsequently increases risk-taking)
48
Phonemes
Fundamental language sounds that form a word
49
Morphemes
Smallest meaning unit of words
50
Lexicon
Collection of all words in a given language
51
Match Each Ion with the most appropriate term:
a. depolarization
b. protein molecules
c. hyperpolarization
d. transmitter release
1. Ca++ \_\_\_
2. Na+ \_\_\_
3. A- \_\_\_
4. Cl- \_\_\_
a. depolarization
b. protein molecules
c. hyperpolarization
d. transmitter release
1. Ca++ **D**
2. Na+ **A**
3. A- **B**
4. Cl- **C**
52
A change in the membrane potential from -65 mV to -70 mV is an example of __________ and a change in the membrane potential from -65 to -50 mV is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A change in the membrane potential from -65 mV to -70 mV is an example of **hyperpolarization** and a change in the membrane potential from -65 to -50 mV is an example of **depolarization**.
53
Discuss the contribution of each of the following ions in the production of an action potential:
* K+
* Na+
* Cl-
* Three **Na+** are **taken into** **cell**
* two **K+** are **release**.
Influx of Cl- will hyperpolarize the cell (it's negatively charged).
Na+ and K+ maintain the resting potential.
54
Compare and contrast graded potentials with action potentials
Summation of graded potentials (ISPS & ESPS) may create an action potential if sum of ISPS and ESPS reach the potential.
55
Describe one way pain processing is different in patients with fibromyalgia than healthy controls.
Increased brain activation to noxious stimuli:
* Reduced pain modulation
* Increased resting state connectivity between the DMN and the pain processing network.
56
Name one approach that psychologists help patients with fibromyalgia
* CBT
* behavioral activation
* ACT
57
Name one unknown area in the research regarding pornography use and describe a potential consequence of such a gap in the literature and/or treatment.
→ Possible Answers:
A. No definition of pornography “addiction” or what constitutes an “excessive” level of consumption. (Affected measurement and generalizability).
B. No theoretical approach has been identified as most effective.
58
Name a major part of the brain that is active during pornography viewing and how its functionality associates with the nature of viewing pornography.
→ Possible Answers:
**A.** **Midbrain dopamine neurons** – dopamine associated w/ *reward* *system*, is the “pleasure” chemical
* *B.** **PFC** – prefrontal regions receive significant input from the dopamine cells in the tegmentum. May contribute to emo states. It has several parts in it whose fx makes sense with pornography:
- OFC: emotional processing
- vmPFC: implicated in the processing of risk and fear
Biopsych 5518
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