Neuroendocrine cell bodies are in the _____ and _____ nuclei of the hypothalamus, but whose axons extend down the hypophyseal stalk into the posterior pituitary, which produce hypothalamic hormones
Paraventricular, Supraoptic
_____ and _____ which are stored in, and released from the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin, ADH
Both ADH and Oxytocin are small polypeptides of 9 amino acids. They are initially produced as part of much larger proteins called _____ and transported from the neuron cell bodies in the hypothalamus down the axons to the posterior pituitary by axo-plasmic flow
Neurophysins
The _____ is an outgrowth of the brain and contains only the axon endings of hypothalamic neurons
Posterior Pituitary
ADH acts on the kidney to enhance the permeability of the ____ to water
collecting ducts
Sensory (osmoreceptors) cells in the hypothalamus measure the osmotic pressure of blood. When osmotic pressure rises→Antidiuretic Hormone is ____. When osmotic pressure is low→ADH secretion is ____
secreted, inhibited
_____ inhibits the secretion of ADH
Alcohol
Absence of ADH → _____
Diabetes Insipidus
Oxytocin and ADH are made from pre-prohormones that contain molecules called ____ in the cell body of the hypothalamic ____ neurons.
Neurophysins, Magnocellular
The pre-prohormones are packaged by the _____ into secretory vesicles and moved down the axons by axo- plasmic flow
Oxytocin and ADH are made from pre-prohormones that contain molecules called ____ in the cell body of the hypothalamic ____ neurons.
Role of the neurophysins: a mutation of the gene coding for the preprohormone that alters the neurophysin structure prevents the movement of ADH from the endoplasmic reticulum to the axon and produces _____
familial neurogenic diabetes insipidus
_____ of any kind and _____ can inhibit oxytocin release
Stress, alcohol
Synthesis of oxytocin is influenced by a number of ____ hormones
steroid
Anterior Pituitary is a true _____ organ. Develops from endothelial tissue from the ____
endocrine, roof of the mouth
Anterior Pituitary is controlled by hypothalamic hormones secreted into the _____ portal blood system
hypothalamic-hypophyseal
Hypothalamic hormones are small peptides, which are rapidly destroyed. They reach the anterior pituitary before being destroyed, but do not reach _____ which are influenced by the same molecules acting as _____
peripheral cells, paracrines
Hormones that act directly on peripheral target cells to produce physiological actions: (3)
Prolactin (PRL)- mammary glands
Growth Hormone (GH (Somatotrophin)- liver
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) a.k.a. Melanotrophin: melanocytes, and neurons
Growth Hormone: acts on the ____ and many other endocrine tissues to stimulate the production of _____, a.k.a. Insulin like Growth Factors (IGF’s)
liver, Somatomedins
____ hormones stimulate essentially all functions of their target endocrine organs
Trophic/Stimulating
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone = _____
Growth hormone Inhibiting Hormone = _____
MSH Inhibiting Hormone= _____
Dopamine
Somatostatin
Dopamine
The hormones produced by the ______ act to suppress the secretion of the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones when the peripheral hormone levels exceed their set points.
peripheral endocrine glands (adrenal cortex, thyroid, gonads)
Peripheral to limbic= ____ loop
Trophic stimulating hormones to hypothalamus= ____ loop
Peripheral to anterior pituitary= ____ loop
Releasing/inhibiting hormones to hypothlamus=____ loop
ultra long
short
long
ultra short loop
Anabolic effects of growth hormone: (2)
DNA synthesis
Protein synthesis
_____ is excess growth hormone
acromegaly
