hepatitis

Question 1

what is a cause of chronic liver disease

Answer 1

chronic hepatitis

Question 2

what do hepatocytes show

Answer 2

degenerative changes (swelling, vacuolation)

necrosis
shrink

Question 3

what inflammatory cells are present

Answer 3

• lymphocytes
• plasma cells
• lymphoid follicles

Question 4

what are the causes of acute hepatitis

Answer 4

A

E

Question 5

what virus is hep A

Answer 5

RNA

Question 6

how does hep A spread

Answer 6

faecal-oral

Question 7

is there a vaccine for hep A

Answer 7

vaccine

Question 8

what virus is hep B

Answer 8

DNA

Question 9

is hep B spread by blood

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

is hep B spread by salvia

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

when is hepatitis A usually seen

Answer 11

autumn

Question 12

who does hep A affect

Answer 12

children and young adults

Question 13

where does hep A arise from

Answer 13

ingestion of contaminated food or water

Question 14

what kind of virus is it

Answer 14

picornavirus

Question 15

where does hep A replicate

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

where is hep A excreted

Answer 16

bile and then faeces

Question 17

symptoms of hep A

Answer 17

• nausea
• anorexia
• jaundice

then

• dark urine
• pale stools

Question 18

why do you get dark urine and pale stools

Answer 18

intrahepatic cholestasis

Question 19

what is liver like in hep A

Answer 19

enlarged

Question 20

what test for hepatitis A

Answer 20

anti-HAV IgM = acute

Question 21

treatment for hepatitis A

Answer 21

vaccine

Question 22

hep B transmission

Answer 22

• vertical = mother to child in womb
• horizontal = abrasions usually children
  = IV drug use
  = male to male sex

Question 23

what does hep B look like

Answer 23

• inner core

- outer envelope (HBsAG).

Question 24

what is Hep B core formed from

Answer 24

HBcAG

- contains double stranded DNA

Question 25

what is HBeAG

Answer 25

protein formed via specific self cleavage secreted separately by the cell

Question 26

what happens to hep B once it enters the cell

Answer 26

it loses its coat

Question 27

what can HBV cause

Answer 27

hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 28

symptoms of HBV

Answer 28

- rash - polyarthritis - fever

Question 29

initial test for HBV

Answer 29

HBsAg is looked for

Question 30

what is looked for in acute HBV

Answer 30

anti-abc IgM

Question 31

is there a vaccine for HBV

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

what can HBsAg do to cytoplasm

Answer 32

give ground glass appearance

Question 33

what is oral antiviral therapy for HBV

Answer 33

entecavir tenofovir lamivudine

Question 34

what is HDV enclosed in

Answer 34

shell of HBsAg

Question 35

what is HDV always present with

Answer 35

hep B

Question 36

how is HDV diagnosed

Answer 36

serum IgM anti-HDV

Question 37

what usually develops with HDV

Answer 37

cirrhosis

Question 38

what is chronic HDV confirmed by

Answer 38

finding HDV in the. liver or HDV RNA in serum by PCR

Question 39

treatment for patients with active liver disease

Answer 39

pegylated interferon-alfa-2a for 12 months

Question 40

how is HCV transmitted

Answer 40

blood to blood e.g. IV drug user

Question 41

what is HCV

Answer 41

single stranded RNA

Question 42

what do some patient with HCV get

Answer 42

mild influenza | - jaundice

Question 43

testing for HCV

Answer 43

anti-HCV test

Question 44

HEV is usually in

Answer 44

contaminated water

Question 45

is HEV zoonotic

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

what is used for HEV diagnosis

Answer 46

ELISA for IgG and IgM

Question 47

how to prevent and control HEV

Answer 47

good sanitation | hygiene

Question 48

what is most common hepatitis

Answer 48

C

Question 49

is there a vaccine for hepatitis C

Answer 49

no

Question 50

how is hepatitis B found

Answer 50

only with HepB

Question 51

where is hepatitis E common

Answer 51

in tropics

Question 52

what is HBsAg

Answer 52

hep B surface antigen

Question 53

what does HBsAg mean for the patient

Answer 53

they are currently infected with Hep B

Question 54

what is Anti-HBs

Answer 54

hep B surface antibody

Question 55

what does presence of Anti-HBs indicate

Answer 55

recovery and immunity = means successfully vaccinated

Question 56

what is Anti-HBc

Answer 56

hep B core antibody

Question 57

when does Anti-HBc appear

Answer 57

onset of acute Hep B and stays for life - indicates previous or ongoing infection

Question 58

is hep A acute or chronic

Answer 58

acute

Question 59

is there a vaccine for Hep B

Answer 59

yes