Hormones etc...

Question 1

secretin

Answer 1

• physiologic hormone
• elevates cAMP
• duodenal and jejunal S cells
• pH < 4, free fatty acids in the small intestine
• secretion of HCO₃ - and H₂O by pancreas and biliary tract

Question 2

gastrin

Answer 2

• physiologic hormone
• elevates Ca2+
• G cells in pyloric antrum of stomach
• vagal stimulation (neural), peptides in stomach, stretch of stomach, GRP
• HCl secretion from oxyntic (parietal) cells, stimulates growth of mucosa, increased levels –> gastric contractility and pyloric sphincter closure

Question 3

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 3

• physiologic hormone, neurotrnasmitter (NANC)
• elevated Ca2+
• duodenal and jejunal I cells, hypothalamic neurons, enteric neurons
• certain amino acids and free fatty acids in the small intestine
• pancreatic secretion od=f enzymes and gall bladder contraction, incresed levels –> gastric motility (inhibits propulsion), pyloric sphincter closure, satiety

Question 4

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 (GLP1)

Answer 4

• phsiologic hormone
• elevates cAMP
• duodenal L cells throughout small intestine to upper colon
• luminal glucose and essential amino acids
• secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells, reduce secretion of glucagon from alpha cells, at physiologic levels inhibits gastric emptying, significant satiety effects

Question 5

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

Answer 5

• physiologic hormone
• elevates cAMP
• duodenal K cells throughout the small intestine
• luminal glucose
• secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells, reduce secretion of glucagon from alpha cells

Question 6

Pancreatic Peptide (PP)

Answer 6

• candidate hormone
• islets of Langerhans
• nutrients in intestines (glucose)
• inhibits pancreatic enzyme and HCO₃ - secretion, maybe a “break” on secretion

Question 7

motilin

Answer 7

• candidate hormone
• intestine
• trigger unknown
• action unknown

Question 8

ghrelin

Answer 8

• candidate horone
• gastric mucosa
• trigger unknown
• stimulates hunger during inter-digestive periods

Question 9

enterogastrone

Answer 9

• candidate hormone
• small intestine
• trigger unknown
• feedback to aacid secreting glands to stimulate or inhibit secretion

Question 10

entero-oxyntin

Answer 10

• candidate hormone
• small intestine
• trigger unknown
• feedback to acid secreting glands to stimulate or inhibit secretion

Question 11

somatostatin

Answer 11

• peptide
• paracrine, neurotransmitter
• submucosa
• inhibits gastrin secretion by G cells

Question 12

histamine

Answer 12

• peptide
• paracrine
• enterochromaffin cells, submucosa
• stimulates acid secretion from parietal (oxyntic) cells, activates crypt fluid secretion in intestine and colon

Question 13

Substance P

Answer 13

• peptide
• neurotransmitter (NANC)
• salivary glands
• secretion, enhanced blood flow

Question 14

neurotensin

Answer 14

• peptide
• neurotransmitter (NANC)
• mucosa and muscle of gut, colon

Question 15

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)

Answer 15

• peptide
• neurotransmitter (NANC)
• elevates cAMP (intestinal mucosa)
• mucosa and muscle of gut, colon
• relaxation of smooth muscle, activates NaCl and H₂O secretion

Question 16

guanylin

Answer 16

• peptide
• neurotransmitter (NANC)
• elevates cAMP (intestinal mucosa)
• relaxation of smooth muscle, activates NaCl and H₂O secretion

Question 17

enkephalins

Answer 17

• peptide
• neurotransmitter (NANC)
• mucosa and muscle of gut
• sphincter muscle contraction

Question 18

Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP) or bombesin

Answer 18

• peptide
• neurotransmitter (NANC)
• gastric mucosa
• stimulates gastrin release from G cells

Question 19

kallikrein

Answer 19

• salivary glands, mesenchymal cells
• bradykinin, relaxation of smooth muscle

Question 20

aldosterone and ADH

Answer 20

• salivary glands, mesencymal cells
• influence composition of saliva during low flow only

Question 21

Glicentin

Answer 21

Glicentin is a proglucagon-derived peptide mainly produced in the L-intestinal cells. While the roles of other members of the proglucagon family including glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2 and oxyntomodulin has been well studied, the functions and variation of glicentin in human are not fully understood. Experimental and clinical studies have highlighted its role in both intestinal physiology and glucose metabolism, pointing to its potential interest in a wide range of pathological states including gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders.

Question 22

Insulin

Answer 22

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use.

• release stimulated by glucose, glucagon, leucine, ketone bodies, acetylcholine and incretins (a group of gastrointestinal hormones GLP 1 and GIP)
• inhibitied by low glucose concentraion and sympathetic input during times of stress

Question 23

GRPP

Answer 23

Peptides derived from the glucagon gene Gcg, for example, glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), act as physiological regulators of fuel metabolism and are thus of major interest in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as type-2 diabetes and obesity, and their therapeutic management. Glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide (GRPP) is a further, 30 amino acid Gcg-derived peptide identified in human, mouse, rat, and pig. However, the potential glucoregulatory function of this peptide is largely unknown.

Question 24

Oxyntomodulin

Answer 24

Oxyntomodulin (often abbreviated OXM) is a naturally occurring 37-amino acid peptide hormone found in the colon, produced by the oxyntic (fundic) cells of the oxyntic (fundic) mucosa. It has been found to suppress appetite. The mechanism of action of oxyntomodulin is not well understood.

Question 25

Glucagon

Answer 25

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It works to raise the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream, and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body. * stimulated by hypoglycemia and amino acids * stimulates the release of insulin, but insulin suppresses the release of glucagon

Question 26

Somatostatin

Answer 26

Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.

Question 27

beta cells

Answer 27

Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in pancreatic islets that synthesize and secrete insulin and amylin. Beta cells make up 50–70% of the cells in human islets

Question 28

alpha cells

Answer 28

Alpha cells (more commonly alpha-cells or α-cells) are endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. They make up to 20% of the human islet cells synthesizing and secreting the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood.

Question 29

delta cells

Answer 29

Delta cells (δ-cells or D cells) are somatostatin-producing cells. They can be found in the stomach, intestine and the pancreatic islets. ... Ghrelin can also strongly stimulate somatostatin secretion, thus indirectly inhibiting insulin release.