patho > immunity > Flashcards

immunity Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • inappropriate response to antigen
  • occurs immediately or within minutes to hours
  • classified by pathogenesis
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2
Q

classified pathogenesis

A

type 1
- IgE mediated

type 2
- cytotoxic reactions

type 3
- immune complex

type 4
- cellular/ delayed

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3
Q

immunoglobulin functions: igG

A
  • defense against bacteria
  • most numerous
  • within the blood and lymph
  • ability to cross the placenta
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4
Q

immunoglobulin functions: igM

A
  • defense against blood-borne infections
  • produces additional igG
  • first responder
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5
Q

immunoglobulin functions: igA

A

located within mucous membranes, tears, saliva, mucous, and colostrum

  • nonspecific- protect against a wide variety
  • gatekeeper- the line of defense and portals of entry
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6
Q

immunoglobulin functions: igE

A
  • initiates inflammation to trigger allergic reactions (contact allergies)
  • support mucous membranes and skin
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7
Q

immunoglobulin functions: igD

A
  • rarest immunoglobulin
  • monitors other immunoglobulins
  • stop autoimmune from occurring
  • regulatory
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8
Q

type 1 hypersensitivty

A

immediate reaction
- had to have been previously exposed (sensitization)

1st exposure: IgE: antibodies are made and attach to mast cells through the body

2nd exposure: antigen causes IgE to trigger T cells and histamine

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9
Q

type 11 hypersensitivity

A

cytotoxic and cytolytic reaction
- igG and igM antibodies bind with antigen on cell surface

  • cell destruction occurs
  • resulting in: Lysis, phagocytosis
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10
Q

cell destruction

A

complement-mediated cell lysis

antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

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11
Q

type 2 hypersensitivity targets

A

rbcs, wbcs, plts

  • abo incompatibilities
  • rh incompatibilities
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12
Q

type 3 hypersensitivity

A
  • immune complex reactions: antigen-antibody complexes
  • ineffectively removed by phagocytosis
  • autoimmune diseases
  • sites: kidneys, skin, joints, blood vessels. and lungs
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13
Q

type 4 hypersensitivty

A
  • cell-mediated or delayed hyperensitivty reactions. mediated by t cells as opposed to antibodies
  • occurs in two phases
    • sensitization phase
    • effector phase
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14
Q

type 3 examples

A

examples: systemic lupus, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis

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15
Q

type 4 examples

A

contact dermatitis, tubercule and skin testing and transplant rejections

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16
Q

sensitization phase

A

contact with antigen stimulates memory cells

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17
Q

effector phase

A

subsequent exposure
release of cytokines
ends in phagocytosis

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18
Q

allogeneic

A

transplanted tissue from the same species but not identical

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19
Q

syngenic

A

transplanted tissue its from identical tiwn

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20
Q

autologous

A

transplanted tissue is from the host

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21
Q

xenogenic

A

transplanted tissue is from another species

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22
Q

hyperacute tissue rejections

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A
  • immediately- 3 days post-transplant

- host has antibodies against donor tissue

23
Q

acute tissue rejection

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A
  • 4 days- 3 months post-transplant
  • most common and treatable
  • result from cell destruction
24
Q

chronic tissue rejection

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A
  • 4 months- years after transplant

- antibody-antigen mediated

25
classification of transplant rejections
- host-versus-graft rejection: host rejecting transplant | - graft-versus-host rejection- transplant tissue attacks person- only for bone marrow
26
autoimmunity
- normal defenses become self-destructive - 80 diseases - treatment focuses on symptom management - common to have multiple - women after more than men - exacerbations - remissions
27
lupus types
- neonatal - discoid - drug induced systemic lupus - systemic lupus erythematosus - most common - chronic, progressive, inflammatory - multisystem disorder
28
joints
- polyarthritis: joint pain in 5 joints | - arthralgia: joint stiffness
29
skin
- butterfly rash - photosensitivity - oral ulcers - alopecia
30
kidneys
- proteinuria- protein in urine | - glomerulonephritis
31
lungs
pleurisy- sever inflammtion of pleural linning
32
heart
carditis- inflammation of sac around heart
33
blood vessels
Raynaud's phenomenon
34
nervous system
- depression - mood changes - seizures
35
diagnosis of sle
- no single test - scored based on 22 criteria lab test - antinuclear antibody screen (ANA) - erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - c- reactive protein (CRP)
36
treatment of SLE
- symptom management - stress reduction, exercise, sleep medical - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories: tynol - corticosteroids: inflammation - immunosuppressants
37
primary immunodeficiencies
- defect within the immune system | - genetic and or congenital abnormalities
38
secondary immunodeficiencies
- underlying disease - infection - liver diseases - suppressing factors - medications - malnutrition
39
opportunistic infections
infections from pathogens that typically wouldn't cause disease
40
human immunodeficiency virus
- chronic infection: no longer characterized as life-ending illness - sometimes progressive immune disorder
41
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- late phase of HIV infection | - no cure
42
HIV-1
worldwide
43
HIV-2
Africa
44
HIV modes of transmission
person to person | needs a portal entry
45
person to person
``` blood semen vaginal secretions breast milk body fluids containing blood ```
46
portal of entry
tear in mucous membrane non-intact skin access to bloodstream or lymphatic tissue
47
HIV patho
- hiv viral particle taken into the human cell--> covering destroyed to expose viral RNA - reserve transcriptase (enzyme) forces the human cell to produce new DNA from viral; RNA - New DNA than spreads via the lymphoid system - CDA + t-lymphocytes begin to function abnormally - impairment of the immune system results
48
HIV progression
- initial infection --> clinical latency stage (symtom free) | - if infection remains untreated---> CD4+ Tlymphocytes begin to decrease
49
how long does symtom free period vary
8-12 years | early symtomatic stage= signs of weakening immune system
50
HIV diagnosis
- enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay | - nucleic acid test
51
aids diagnosis
- CD4+ t lyphocyte count below 200 | - opportunistic infections and diseases
52
management of HIV
- no cure | - prevent or delay development of opportunistic disease
53
prevntion of HIV
- pre-exposure prophlaxis | - safe sex practices
patho
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