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Pediatrics > Infectious/Communicable Disorders > Flashcards

Infectious/Communicable Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What contributes to an infants increased risk of infection?

A
  • decreased inflammatory response

- losing passive immunity acquired from maternal antibodies

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2
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

functional at birth

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3
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

occurs when the body encounters and then develops immunity to new diseases

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4
Q

Types of Infectious Diseases

A
  • bacterial infections
  • viral infections
  • zoonotic infections
  • vector-borne infections
  • parasitic and helminthic infections
  • STI’s
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5
Q

What are some methods of preventing infectious diseases?

A
  • hand washing
  • adequate immunizations
  • proper handling/preparing of food
  • judicious antibiotic use
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6
Q

What info is obtained in a health history?

A
  • any known exposure to infectious diseases
  • history of immunizations and diseases
  • fever, sore throat
  • lethargy, malaise
  • poor feeding or decreased appetite
  • vomiting, diarrhea, cough, rash
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7
Q

Inspection and Observation

A

skin, mouth, throat, and hair for lesions and wounds

hydration status and vitals

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8
Q

Palpation

A
  • palpate skin for temp, turgor, moisture
  • palpate rash
  • palpate lymph nodes
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9
Q

Infection stimulates the release of what?

A

endogenous pyrogens

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10
Q

Pyrogens

A

act on the hypothalamus and trigger prostaglandin production, which increases the body’s set temperature

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11
Q

What triggers the cold response?

A

Prostaglandins

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12
Q

Cold Response

A
  • shivering
  • vasoconstriction
  • decrease in peripheral perfusion
  • fever occurs as a result
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13
Q

What are the Common Lab tests for infectious diseases?

A
  • CBC
  • ESR
  • CRP
  • Blood, stool, urine, wound, throat cultures
  • Nasal swabs
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14
Q

We do not begin antibiotics until after we have what?

A

ordered cultures to be taken

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15
Q

C-Reactive Protein

A

measures the type of protein produced in the liver that is present during episodes of acute inflammation

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16
Q

CBC-Complete Blood Count

A

evaluates white blood cell count

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17
Q

ESR-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

A

determines the presence of inflammation or infection

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18
Q

Blood Culture and Sensitivity

A

detects the presence of bacteria or yeast and what antibiotics that are sensitive to

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19
Q

Common Treatment for Infectious Disorders

A

hydration

fever reduction

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20
Q

Common Medications for Infectious Disorders

A
  • antibiotics
  • antivirals
  • antipyretics
  • antipruritic
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21
Q

Antipyretics

A

treats only the fever associated with the illness

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22
Q

How often should you assess the temp?

A
  • q 4-6 hours
  • 30-60 minutes after medicine is given
  • with any change in condition
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23
Q

How to Manage Fever

A
  • use same site/device for temp measurement
  • administer antipyretics per order
  • notify doc of temp per institution or specific order
  • assess fluid I/O’s and encourage oral intake or administer intravenous fluids
  • keep linen and clothing clean and dry
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24
Q

When should the parent notify the doctor?

A
  • any child younger than 3 months w/ rectal temp above 38 C/100.4 F
  • any child lethargic or listless
  • fever lasting more than 3-5 days
  • fever greater than 40.6 C/105 F
  • any child immunocompromised
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25
Q

Nursing Interventions to Promote Comfort

A
  • assess pain ad response to interventions
  • administer meds as ordered
  • apply cool compress or baths to areas of pruritis
  • provide fluids frequently
  • provide cool mist
  • dress in light cloths
  • use diversional activity/distraction
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26
Q

Nursing Interventions to Promote Skin Integrity

A
  • monitor skin for changes in temp, redness, swelling, warmth, pain, infection, changes in rash
  • encourage fluid intake and proper nutrition
  • keep fingernails short
  • encourage to press instead of scratch
  • use antipruritic and topical ointment
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27
Q

Sepsis

A

systemic overresponse to infection resulting from bacteria, fungi, viruses, rickettsia, or parasites

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28
Q

Septic Shock is what?

A

A MEDICAL EMERGENCY

29
Q

Septic shock results in what?

A
  • hypotension
  • low blood flow
  • multisystem organ failure
30
Q

Who is at high risk of developing septic shock?

A
  • infants less than 3 months
  • immunocompromised children
  • children w/ indwelling vascular catheter
31
Q

What could you observe as the nurse for a child/baby w/ sepsis?

A
  • lethargic
  • pale
  • dehydrated
  • weak cry
  • lack of responsiveness
  • petechia or other skin lesions
  • tachypnea
  • nasal flaring
  • grunting
  • retractions
32
Q

What labs may be ordered for sepsis?

A
  • chest x-ray
  • CBC
  • Blood culture
  • Stool/Urine culture
  • CSF analysis
  • Culture of tubes, catheters, or shunts
33
Q

Interventions for Sepsis

A
  • increased fluids
  • start IV
  • antipyretics
  • call to get orders
  • educate parents
34
Q

Other Bacterial Infections in Children

A
  • CAMRSA-staph aureus
  • scarlet fever
  • diphtheria
  • pertussis
  • tetanus
  • botulism
  • osteomyelitis
  • septic arthritis
35
Q

Scarlet Fever

A

Strep throat

  • fever greater than 101 F
  • chills
  • body ache
  • loss of appetite
  • N/V
  • sand paper rash
  • strawberry tongue
  • yellow/white specks of pus on tonsils
  • swollen lymph nodes
36
Q

Pertussis is characterized by what?

A
  • acute respiratory disorder
  • paroxysmal/whooping Cough
  • copious secretions
37
Q

S/S of Tetanus

A
  • headache
  • spasms
  • crankiness
  • cramping of jaw (lock jaw)
  • difficulty swallowing
  • stiff neck
  • seizures
38
Q

Diphtheria causes infections where?

A

nose, larynx, tonsils, pharynx

39
Q

Viral Infections Occurring in Children

A
  • viral exanthems
  • mumps
  • zoonotic infections
40
Q

Vector Borne Infections

A

diseases transmitted by ticks, mosquitoes, or other insect vectors

41
Q

Types of Vector Borne Infections

A

Lyme disease

Rocky mountain spotted fever

42
Q

Teaching Guidelines for Tick Removal

A
  • use fine-tipped tweezers
  • protect fingers w/ tissue, paper towel , or latex gloves
  • grasp as close to skin as possible and pull upward
  • do not twist or jerk
  • once removed clean site w/ soap and water and wash hands
  • save tick for identification
43
Q

Key Teaching Points for Child w/ Infectious Disease

A
  • assess child and family’s willingness to learn
  • provide family w/ time to adjust
  • repeat info
  • teach in short sessions
  • gear teaching to level of understanding for child
  • use multiple modes of learning
44
Q

How is a diagnosis of scarlet fever made?

A

identification of group A streptococcus on throat culture

45
Q

S/S of Diphtheria

A
  • history of sore throat and fever usually less than 38.9 C

- pseudomembranes form swallowing becomes difficult and signs of airway obstruction become apparent

46
Q

S/S of Pertussis/Whooping Cough

A
  • cold symptoms
  • paroxysmal coughing spells
  • cough 10-30 times in a row followed by whooping sound
  • redness in the face
  • cyanosis
  • protrusion of the tongue
  • saliva, mucus, and tears from nose, moth, eyes
47
Q

Botulism

A

disease caused by toxin produced in the immature intestines of young children

48
Q

If treatment for botulism is not started what may happen?

A

paralysis of arms, legs, trunk, and respiratory system

49
Q

S/S Botulism in Infants

A
  • constipation
  • poor feeding
  • listlessness
  • generalized weakness
  • weak cry
50
Q

S/S Botulism in Children

A
  • double/blurred vision
  • drooping eyelids
  • difficulty swallowing
  • slurred speech
  • muscle weakness
51
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

close contact with saliva of a rabid animal, usually by a bite

52
Q

What is the prognosis for rabies?

A

poor once symptoms are developed; death usually occurs within days of symptoms

53
Q

S/S of Rabies

A 
flu-like
fever
headache 
general malaise 
pain, pruritus, and paresthesia at bite site
54
Q

What is the most common reported vector-borne disease in the US?

A

Lyme disease

55
Q

How is Lyme disease transmitted to humans?

A

the bite of an infected black legged deer tick

56
Q

What is the drug of choice for Lyme disease in children over 8 years?

A

Doxycycline

57
Q

What is the risk that keeps us from giving doxycycline to younger children?

A

discoloration of the teeth

58
Q

What is the drug of choice for Lyme disease in children younger than 8?

A

Amoxicillin

59
Q

What are the three stages of Lyme disease?

A
  • early localized
  • early disseminated
  • late disease
60
Q

What will the rash look like for Lyme Disease?

A

ring-like; “bulls eye” rash

61
Q

Early signs of RMSF

A
  • sudden onset of fever
  • headache
  • malaise
  • n/v
  • muscle pain
  • anorexia
62
Q

Late signs of RMSF

A
  • rash
  • abdominal pain
  • joint pain
  • diarrhea
63
Q

What does the early rash for RMSF look like?

A

starts small, pink, macular, non-itchy, blanchable spots on the wrists, forearms, and ankles

64
Q

What does the rash change to in RMSF?

A

quickly spreads to the rest of the body and appears red, spotted, an petechial or hemorrhagic

65
Q

How is chickenpox spread?

A

through contact or air borne

66
Q

What is the rash like for chicken pox?

A

appear first on scalp, face, trunk then extremities; initially intensely pruritic erythematous macules that evolve to papules, and then form clear fluid filled vesicles

67
Q

When can a child with chickenpox return to school?

A

when the rash has crusted over

68
Q

Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)

A
  • flushing, “slapped cheeks” appearance
  • spreads as a maculopapular, lace-like appearance
  • may have pain or swelling in joints
69
Q

Measles Rash

A

kolpik spots

  • bright red spots with blue white centers on mucus membranes
  • erythematous maculopapular rash appears 3-4 days after; proceeds from head downward

Pediatrics (24 decks)

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