insulin

Question 1

what can insulin resistance cause?

Answer 1

• diabetes
• hypertension
• neurodegenerative disease
• chronic kidney disease
• liver disease
• gout
• sleep apnea
• acne
• hyperlipidaemia

Question 2

what can cause insulin resistance

Answer 2

• excess weight
• excess caloric intake
• sedentary lifestyle
• genetics

Question 3

how does insulin resistance cause heart failure

Answer 3

• increase lipid oxidation then increase oxidative stress
• leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and decrease glucose metabolism
• this leads to ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, cardiac fibrosis and systolic abnormality leading to heart failure

Question 4

what is the gold standard for the measurement of insulin sensitivity

Answer 4

the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp

Question 5

what are the three mechanisms of insulin resistance

Answer 5

• impairment of insulin signalling
• inflammation
• pathway-selective hepatic insulin resistance

Question 6

can insulin resistance be reversed

Answer 6

yes