o In one place for a COMMON ACTIVITY
o a group is where two or more individuals who are connected to one another by social relationships
o Three elements: the number of individuals involved; connection, and relationship.
o Follows NORMS
GROUP
Benefits of a Large Group
- Offers an efficient way to reach the most number of learners in a limited time
- Goal is to maximize learning through exchange of ideas
Benefits of a Large Group
- Offers an efficient way to reach the most number of learners in a limited time
- Goal is to maximize learning through exchange of ideas
Group is where …
- Group of people
- Gathered in one place
- With a common activity
- With interaction
- Following group norms
- Working towards a common goal
- Most common strategy used by teachers
- Carefully prepared oral presentation of a subject by a qualified expert
- Efficient strategy to reach a large number of students in a limited time
- Focus on major points of the topic and not too lengthy
- Need to “refresh the lecture”
- Combined with other presentation methods
- Content-oriented
LECTURE
Uses of Lecture
- To present factual material or a point of view directly
- To entertain or inspire an audience: Accounts of personal experiences
- To present up-to-date information on current research
- To review, clarify, emphasize or summarize
- To correct misconceptions
ADVANTAGES OF LECTURE
- Suitable for audiences of any size
- Easy to organize
- Some learn more easily by listening
- Efficient for passing on factual knowledge & conceptual learning
- Economic: Staff use and Time
- Can be easily recorded
LIMITATIONS OF LECTURE
- Passive audience
- Limited feedback
- Not effective for teaching skills or developing attitudes
- One-way communication
- Students who are not auditory learners or are weak in notetaking will have a harder time
- Effectiveness of lectures depends on: Oral skills and Personality of the lecturer
- Basic method of instruction for teaching skill-type subject matter
- Observe the performance of a task or procedure
- Used with both large and small groups
- May be live or prerecorded
- Imparts both knowledge & skills
- Learner carries out the activity under the guidance of the instructor • Visual presentation + oral discussion
DEMONSTRATION
USES OF DEMONSTRATION
- To teach people to carry out a particular task, skill, or procedure
- To convince others that a new product has merit
- To set standards of workmanship
- To teach safety procedures
ADVANTAGES OF DEMONSTRATION
- Use of actual materials
- Flexible pace
- Utilizes several senses
- Stimulates interest
- Presents ideas and concepts more clearly
- Provides direct experiences
- Reinforces learning
LIMITATIONS OF DEMONSTRATION
- Considerable time and expense
- If a limited number of materials are available, some members of the group may not be occupied
- Requires careful preparation & rehearsal
- A series of brief lectures on related topics
- Each speaker presents only one aspect of the topic
- Talks should be short: 10-15 minutes
- Moderator summarizes and will be followed by open discussion
- Structured, formal method
- Set beforehand: Order and Duration of presentation
- Commonly used method during conventions or postgrad programs
- More organized than the panel: Each speaker has prepared his/her part well
FORUM-SYMPOSIUM
USES OF FORUM-SYMPOSIUM
- To tackle & analyze the different aspects of the topic
- To clarify aspects of a complex problem & show the relation of the parts to the whole
ADVANTAGES OF FORUM-SYMPOSIUM
- Permits audience participation
- Allows for several points of view
- More comprehensive subject coverage is possible
- Short speeches keep the audience alert
- Excellent device for informing an audience and crystallizing opinion
- Develops cooperation
LIMITATIONS OF FORUM-SYMPOSIUM
- Success of the forum depends on how well the speakers have prepared the lectures, ability of the moderator, and maturity of the audience
- Heated debates may be stimulating, but they inhibit the development of consensus
ROLES OF THE CHAIRPERSON
- Introduces the issue
- Introduces the speakers
- Conducts the forum
• Summarizes the discussion
• Provides link between presentations
- Group of 4 to 8
- Special knowledge of the subject
- Hold an orderly conversation on an assigned topic
- Similar purposes with the forum-symposium
PANEL DISCUSSION
DIFFERENCE OF PANEL DISCUSSION
- Degree of control by the chairperson & speakers
2. Formality of the method of presentation
USES OF PANEL DISCUSSION
- To identify and explore a problem or issue.
- To give the audience an understanding of the various parts of a problem.
- To weigh the advantages and disadvantages of a course of action.
DISADVANTAGES OF PANEL DISCUSSION
- No formal presentation to deliver
- Knowledgeable about the topic
- Prepared & anticipated possible topics for discussion
- Chosen based on their expertise
HOW TO RUN A PANEL DISCUSSION
- Chairperson introduces issue and problems
- Chairperson starts informal discussion with questions
- Discussants express views and information about the topic and interact with one another
- Chairperson serves as a moderator, clarifying and restating issue, redirects discussion, and summarizes points,
- Open Forum may follow
- Chairperson ends by summarizing major points
PROS OF PANEL DISCUSSION
- Chairperson has more control
- Experts present different opinions and can provoke better discussion than a one-person discussion.
- Open forum for audience
- Informal contact with the audience.
- Frequent changes of speaker and viewpoint keep the audience interested and stimulate discussion.
CONS OF PANEL DISCUSSION
- Less organized than a symposium
- Not cover all aspects of the problem or may over-emphasize one aspect.
- Extreme differences of opinion among the panel may block progress toward a solution.
- Requires a skilled moderator.
- Personalities may overshadow content.
- Experts are often not effective speakers.
USES OF COLLOQUY
- To identify and explore a problem or issue.
- To give the audience an understanding of the various parts of a problem.
- To weigh the advantages and disadvantages of a course of action.
PROS OF COLLOQUY
- Provides audience representation and feedback from audience to expert.
- Permits presentation of various sides of an issue.
- Variety of speakers and presentations stimulates interest of members of the audience.
CONS OF COLLOQUY
- Difficult for the moderator to hold the participants to the topic under discussion.
- Audience members are in a primarily passive role.
- Some members may want to “hog the show.”
- Extreme difference of opinion among the group members may block progress toward a solution.
- Similar to panel discussion
- Expert discussants
- Chairperson
- Audience can ask or comment anytime
- No separate Open Forum
SINGLE PANEL COLLOQUY
- Modified version of the panel using 6 to 8 persons — half representing the audience, and half serving as resource people or experts.
- Expert Panel
- No active role in discussion
- Lay Panel
- Discuss topic
- Throw questions at Expert Panel if needed
- Open Forum follows
TWO PANEL COLLOQUY
• A group of people engaged in specialized study led by a recognized authority in the subject being studied:
Experts/ Authorities gives inputs about lesson at hand and lectures
• Single session or a series of sessions
• Use is to study a subject in depth under the guidance of an authority
SEMINAR
PROS OF SEMINAR
- Recognized authority is available to guide discussion and to assist the learners
- Detailed and systematic discussion and inquiry can take place
- All members of the group have the opportunity to participate
CONS OF SEMINAR
- Difficult to find the right person to direct the seminar
- Presence of an expert may inhibit participation of some members 3. Difficult to find all the source materials desired
ADVANTAGES OF SEMINAR
- A recognized authority is available to guide discussion and to assist the learners.
- Detailed and systematic discussion and inquiry can take place.
- All members of the group have the opportunity to participate, over time, in the discussion and in formal presentations
LIMITATIONS OF SEMINAR
- It may be difficult to find the right person to direct the seminar.
- Members may not want to spend all the time required for preparation or reports.
- The presence of an expert may inhibit participation of some members.
- It may be difficult to find all the source materials desired.
- Concepts
- Application of didactics through practicing skills
- Lecturettes, Discussion and Processing
WORKSHOPS WITH PLENARY
USES OF WORKSHOP
- To identify, explore and seek solutions to a problem.
2. To permit extensive study of a situation, including its background and social or philosophical implications
PROS OF WORKSHOP
- Opportunity for preparation for specific vocational, professional or community service functions
- Permits a high degree of individual participation.
- Provides group determination of goals and methods
CONS OF WORKSHOP
- Requires a lot of time
- Requires a high proportion of staff to participants
- May require special facilities or materials
- Participants must be willing to work both independently and cooperatively.
- Summary
- Critique
- Feedback
PLENARY SESSION
HOW TO RUN A SEMINAR, WORKSHOP AND PLENARY SESSION
- Responsibilities for the giving of reports are assigned and these are prepared in advance of the seminar.
- Reports are made, including the use of visuals and written handouts if needed.
- Reports/ Lectures are given.
- Break into groups for Workshop.
- Evaluation and follow-up as needed either within workshop proper or during the plenary.
- Groups converge for summary, processing of the workshop, feedback of seminar and workshop, presentation of outputs, etc.
PROS OF PLENARY SESSION
• PROS
- Knowledge and Skills teaching
- Best if output is expected
CONS OF PLENARY SESSION
• CONS
- Needs a lot of preparation
- Plenary Session is moderator-dependent
- Discussion between two people or public dialogue
DISCUSSION