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ESA 4 - Reproductive System > Menopause > Flashcards

Flashcards in Menopause Deck (34)
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1
Q

What stages does the menopause consist of?

A
  • Pre-menopause
  • Menopause
  • Post-menopause
2
Q

When does pre-menopause begin?

A

Typically from ˜40 years, but variable

3
Q

What is considered to be premature menopause?

A

Before early 30’s

4
Q

What is premature menopause due to?

A

Follicular failure

5
Q

What happens to ovulation in pre-menopause?

A

Ovulation is early is absent

6
Q

What happens to oestrogen in pre-menopause?

A

Less oestrogen is secreted

7
Q

What happens to LH and FSH levels in pre-menopause?

A

LH and FSH levels rise, FSH more

8
Q

Why do FSH and LH levels rise in pre-menopause?

A

Reduced feedback

9
Q

What happens to fertility in pre-menopause?

A

It is reduced

10
Q

What is the menopause?

A

Cessation of the menstural cycle

11
Q

What is the average of menopause?

A

49-50, but variable

12
Q

When do menopause occur?

A

When there are no more follicles to develop

13
Q

What is the indiciation that someone has passed from pre-menopause to menopause?

A

When there have been no menstrual cycles for 12 months

14
Q

What happens to oestrogen levels in menopause?

A

They fall dramatically

15
Q

What happens to FSH and LH levels in menopause?

A

They rise, FSH dramatically

16
Q

What are the effects to menopause?

A
  • Vascular changes
  • Has effects on oestrogen sensitive tissues
  • Effects on bone
17
Q

What oestrogen sensitive tissues are affected in the menopause?

A
  • Uterus
  • Bone
  • Cervix
  • Vagina
  • Breast tissue
  • Skin
  • Bladder/pelvic muscles
18
Q

What is the effect of the menopause on the uterus?

A
  • Regression of the endometrium
  • Shrinkage of myometrium
19
Q

What is the effect of the menopause on the cervix?

A

Thinning

20
Q

What is the effect of the menopause on the vagina?

A
  • Vaginal rugae lost
  • Thinner, dryer
21
Q

What is the effect of the menopause on breast tissue?

A

Involution of some breast tissue

22
Q

What is the result of the changes in bladder and loss of pelvic tone in the menopause?

A

Increased risk of urinary incontinence

23
Q

What is the effect of the menopause on bone?

A

Bone mass reduced by 2.5% per year for several years

24
Q

Why does the menopause result in a loss of bone mass?

A

Reduced oestrogen enhances osteoclast ability to absorb bone

25
Q

What does the loss of bone mass in the menopause lead to?

A

Osteoporosis

26
Q

What does the fact that the severity of menopausal osteoporosis is much worse in some than others indicate?

A

That there are other factors, not just sensitivity to oestrogen

27
Q

What is post-menopausal osteoporosis a major cause of?

A

Fractures in later life

28
Q

How can post-menopausal osteoporosis be limited?

A

Oestrogen therapy

29
Q

How can menopausal symptoms be treated?

A

Hormone replacement therapy

30
Q

What are the advantages of hormone replacement therapy?

A
  • Can improve well-being
  • Can limit osteoporosis
31
Q

Is HRT recommended for a first line protection against osteoporosis in menopause?

A

No

32
Q

Is HRT adviced for cardioprotection in menopause?

A

No

33
Q

How can HRT be administered?

A

Orally or topically, by patch or gel

34
Q

Do males experience menopause?

A

No, there is no obvious events in males, and sperm production continues