Block 10 > micro: gram + pathogens > Flashcards

micro: gram + pathogens Flashcards

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1
Q

How do gram (+) bacteria stain?

A

PURPLE - crystal violet stain adheres to the thick peptidoglycan layer

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2
Q

Staphylococcus are gram + __________

A

Cocci

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3
Q

What are the 3 Staphylococcus species mentioned?

A

Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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4
Q

Most virulent staph species?

A

Staph aureus

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5
Q

Is staph aureus normal flora?

A

Yes (20-40% carry it on their skin)

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6
Q

Staph aureus coagulase test

A

coagulase positive - toxin

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7
Q

Staph aureus ferments _________

A

Mannitol

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8
Q

What color colonies does Staphylococcus aureus form?

A

yellow/golden

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9
Q

Staph aureus eye impact

A

Impetigo, Blepharitis, Styes

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10
Q

Staph epidermidis Coagulase test

A

coagulase negative

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11
Q

What color colonies does staph epidermidis form?

A

White colonies

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12
Q

Staph epidermidis is a common cause of ___________ infection

A

Implant

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13
Q

Staph saprophyticus coagulase test

A

Coagulase negative

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14
Q

Staph epidermidis eye implication

A

Endophthalmitis secondary to IOL insertion

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15
Q

Staph saprophyticus is often a ___________ infection

A

Nosocomial

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16
Q

Staph saprophyticus is resistant to ___________

A

Novobiocin

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17
Q

Toxic shock presents in _______ % of staph aureus

A

20%

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18
Q

Toxic shock induces what symptoms?

A

Vomiting, Diarrhea, Hypotension, Liver and kidney damage

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19
Q

Enterotoxin presents in about _________% of staph aureus

A

50%

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20
Q

Enterotoxin stimulates ___________

A

Vomiting

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21
Q

Exfoliatin is an _____________ extracellular toxin

A

Staph Aureus

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22
Q

Exfoliatin causes _____________ syndrome

A

Scalded skin

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23
Q

Staph disease states

A

Pneumonia, Impetigo, Acne, Endocarditis, Sepsis, Meningitis, Food poisoning, Abscess

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24
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus; an infectious disease caused by a pathogen that is resistant to many antibiotics

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25
Ocular MRSA strains are frequently resistant to ____________, ____________ and _________________
Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim
26
Drug therapy recommended for endophthalmitis
Intravitreal injection with vancomycin + moxiflocacin or cephalosporin
27
90% of staph aureus is resistant to ____________
Penicillin
28
How is staph resistance to vancomycin changing?
Resistance is increasing
29
All staph are catalase ___________
positive
30
All strep are catalase __________
negative
31
Streptococci and enterococci are gram _______
positive
32
Streptococci and enterococci form
Pairs or chains
33
Streptococci hemolysis
- Alpha-hemolytic: changes hemoglobin into a green pigment - Beta-hemolytic: lyses RBCs - gamma hemolytic - no change in RBCs
34
What are the 3 main strep pathogens?
Strep pyogenes, Strep agalctiae, Strep pneumoniae
35
What is the most virulent strep pathogen?
Strep pyogenes
36
Strep pyogenes invades _______ tissue
Intact
37
Strep pyogenes hemolysis
beta hemolysis
38
Is strep pyogenes bacitracin sensitive or resistant?
SENSITIVE
39
Strep aglactiae is normal ____________ flora
Urogenital
40
Is strep aglactiae sensitive to penicillin?
Yes
41
Strep pneumoniae is normal ______________ flora
Nasopharyngeal
42
What pathogen is the most common route of pneumonia and otitis?
Strep pneumoniae
43
Strep pneumoniae hemolysis
alpha hemolysis
44
How is strep pneumoniae shaped?
Lancet shaped, diplococci
45
Strep pneumoniae capsule protects it from ___________ and ____________ allow it to Lyse cells
Phagocytosis, Toxins
46
How does the capsule of strep pyogenes help with its virulence?
Mimics our own connective tissue therefore its not recognized as foreign
47
6 toxins and exogenous enzymes produced by Strep pyogenes
Pyrogenic exotoxins, Streptolysin O and S, Streptokinase, C5a peptidase, Streptodornases, Hyaluronidase
48
How many extracellular toxins are produced by Strep pyogenes?
More than 20
49
Erysipelas is caused by
Strep pyogenes
50
What is erysipelas?
Superficial infection that extends into the lymphatics. Lesions are erythematous, indurated with sharply-demarcated margins.
51
Strep pyogenes diseases
- pharyngitis - scarlet fever - rheumatic fever - impetigo - purpura - erysipelas - necrotic fasciitis - nephrotoxicity - cellulitis - sepsis
52
Strep viridans hemolysis
alpha hemolysis
53
Strep viridans is normal flora of the ____________, ______________, and ____________
Nasopharynx, Urogenital tract, Colon
54
Strep viridans can cause:
Dental caries and endocarditis
55
What strep pathogen can show conjunctivitis?
Strep pneumoniae
56
Enterococcus species
E. faecalis, E. faecium
57
Enterococcus is normal _________ flora
Fecal
58
Enterococcus are gram _____ and catalase ______
Gram +, Catalase -
59
Enterococcus diseases
UTI and soft tissue infection
60
Enterococcus can lead to what eye related issue: severe _____________
Endophthalmitis
61
Is peptostreptococcus part of the normal flora?
Yes
62
Peptostreptococcus has been isolated in what ocular issues?
Dacryocystitis and orbital cellulitis
63
Staph shape and arrangement
Cocci and clusters
64
Staph are catalase __________
positive
65
Staph aureus causes what ocular problems?
Blepharitis and styes
66
Staph aureus is coagulase ______
positive
67
Staph aureus toxins
TSST, Exfoliatin (scalded skin), Enterotoxin, Leucocidin
68
Staph epi causes what ocular issues?
Endophthalmitis, Blepharitis
69
Staph epi is coagulase ___
negative
70
Strep shape and arrangement
Pair and chains, round to oval
71
Strep species are catalase _____
negative
72
Strep pneumoniae shape
Lancet shaped, diplococci
73
Corynebacterium are gram + _________
Rods
74
Coryne species are normal flora of the ______________, __________, and _____________
Conjunctiva, throat, and nasopharynx
75
Corynebacterium are catalase ______
positive
76
Corynebacterium selective media:
Tinsdales agar
77
Corynebacterium pathogens is is _________ mediated
Toxin
78
4 diseases caused by Coryne species
Pharyngitis, Diphtheria, Bacteremia, URTI
79
What is the sole cause of disease with Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
Toxin
80
Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces a thick, grey, adherent exudate known as ______________
Pseudomembrane
81
3 ways to manage Coryne diphtheria
1. Toxin neutralization 2. Antibiotic - erythromycin 3. Prevention - DPT vaccination
82
Listeria shape
Short, slender rods
83
Listeria are gram _____________ ________
Positive rods
84
Listeria are catalase ________
positive
85
Listeria can present in ________ supply
Food
86
What individuals should not consume lunch meats due to possibility of listeria?
Pregnant women
87
Listeria is most common in what individuals?
Pregnant women, Newborns, Immunocompromised
88
Treatment for Listeria
Ampicillin
89
How can listeria be prevented?
Proper food preparation (temperature)
90
Is propionibacterium normal flora?
Normal skin flora, yes
91
Propionibacterium acnes lives off what?
Free fatty acids in the skins lipids
92
Propionibacterium are pleomorphic gram ______ rods
+
93
Erysipelothrix are filamentous gram ________ ________
+ rods
94
Erysipelothrix are catalase ______
Negative
95
Erysipelothrix are oxidase ________
Negative
96
Bacillus are gram ______
positive
97
Are Bacillus aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
98
Bacillus transmission
via spores
99
Bacillus is found where?
In the soil
100
Bacillus have oval, centrally located ___________
Endospores
101
Primary pathogen of Bacillus
Bacillus anthracis
102
Bacillus capsule is required to prevent ___________
Phagocytosis
103
3 forms of Anthrax
cutaneous, respiratory, intestinal
104
Wool sorters disease is caused by what?
Bacillus anthracis
105
Wool sorters disease occurs via inhalation of __________
Spores
106
If left untreated, how dangerous is wool sorters disease?
100% fatal
107
Diagnostic signs of anthrax
Classic black eschar and history of exposure to animals or soil
108
Prevention of anthrax
Vaccination, Barriers - gloves, long sleeves
109
Eye implication of Anthrax
Preseptal cellulitis - no demarcation line
110
Clostridia are anaerobic ________ forming, gram ________ _______
Spore forming, Gram + rods
111
Clostridia spores cause ________
Bluges
112
Clostridia enter through contaminated ________ or _______
Food or wound
113
Clostridia diseases
Botulism, tetanus, gangrene, pseudomembraneous colitis
114
4 clostridia pathogens
Clostridia perfringens, Clostridia difficile, Clostridia tetani, Clostridia botulinum
115
Clostridia perfringens diseases
Gas gangrene, Food poisoning
116
Clostridia difficile diseases
Pseudomembranous colitis, Diarrhea
117
Clostridia tetani
tetanus
118
Treatment and prevention of clostridia tetani
Formaldehyde used to remove toxicity and triggers antitoxin production, DPT vaccination
119
What is the most potent toxin known in nature
Botulinum (Botox)
120
Botulism symptoms
Nausea, diarrhea, dry mouth, dilation
121
Severe infections of Clostridia often require powerful antibiotics that could result in life-threatening opportunistic infections. What can help prevent these infections from occurring?
Probiotics
122
Three main Probiotic organism species
Lactobacillus, Bifidobacter, Sacchromyces
123
What can help probiotics flourish in the body?
Prebiotics
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