1
Q
Identify the table title and enumerate the three anatomical regions covered in this figure 14.2
A
- Upper Respiratory Tract
- Upper Digestive Tract
- Lower Digestive Tract
2
Q
Identify the labeled anatomical structures in the respiratory diagram and enumerate them.
A
Nose, Mouth, Epiglottis, Trachea, Bronchi. (Alveoli of lungs shown but too small to see at this magnification.)
3
Q
Identify the genera listed for the Upper Respiratory Tract and enumerate them.
A
Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Moraxella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Candida (fungus).
4
Q
Identify the notes about Upper Respiratory Tract microbiota and enumerate them.
A
Answer:
- The nose is cooler than the rest of the respiratory system and has some unique microbiota.
- The trachea and bronchi have a sparse microbiota compared to the nose and mouth.
- The alveoli of the lungs (too small to see at this magnification) have no natural microbiota.
5
Q
Identify the genera listed for the Upper Digestive Tract and enumerate them.
A
Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Treponema, Entamoeba (protozoan), Trichomonas (protozoan)
6
Q
Identify the notes about Upper Digestive Tract microbiota and enumerate them.
A
Answer:
- Microbes colonize surfaces of teeth, gingiva, lining of cheeks, and pharynx.
- They are found in saliva in large numbers.
- Dozens of species have never been identified.
7
Q
Identify the genera listed for the Lower Digestive Tract and enumerate them.
A
Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Proteus, Shigella, Candida (fungus), Entamoeba (protozoan), Trichomonas (protozoan)
8
Q
Identify the notes about Lower Digestive Tract microbiota and enumerate them.
A
- Bacteria in the lower digestive tract are mostly strict anaerobes.
- Some facultative anaerobes are also resident.
9
Q
Identify the specific sites of colonization in the mouth/upper digestive tract as noted and enumerate them.
A
Surfaces of teeth, Gingiva, Lining of cheeks, Pharynx, Saliva (large numbers).
10
Q
Identify the table 14.2 title in the image and enumerate the three anatomical regions/systems covered in this continuation.
A
(1) Female Urinary and Reproductive Systems,
(2) Male Urinary and Reproductive Systems,
(3) Eyes and Skin.
11
Q
Identify the genera listed for the Female Urinary and Reproductive Systems and enumerate all listed taxa including non-bacteria.
A
Answer:
Genera: Bacteroides, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Candida (fungus), Trichomonas (protozoan)
12
Q
notes for the Female Urinary and Reproductive Systems microbiota and enumerate them.
A
(1)
Microbiota change as acidity in the vagina changes during menstrual cycle.
(2)
The flow of urine prevents extensive colonization of the urinary bladder or urethra.
13
Q
Identify the genera listed for the Male Urinary and Reproductive Systems and enumerate all taxa.
A
Genera: Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Mycobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
14
Q
Identify the notes for the Male Urinary and Reproductive Systems and enumerate them.
A
Notes:
(1) The flow of urine prevents extensive colonization of the urinary bladder.
(2) The flow of urine prevents extensive colonization of the urethra
15
Q
genera listed for the Eyes and Skin microbiota (both skin and conjunctiva) and enumerate them including non-bacteria
A
Skin genera:
Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, Candida (fungus), Malassezia (fungus)
Conjunctiva genus:
Staphylococcus
16
Q
Identify the notes for the Eyes and Skin microbiota and enumerate all details.
A
Notes:
(1) Microbiota live on the outer, dead layers of the skin and in hair follicles and pores of glands.
(2) The deeper layers (dermis and hypodermis) are axenic.
(3) Tears wash most microbiota from the eyes, so there are few compared to the skin.
17
Q
What is the belief that normal flora benefit a host by preventing the overgrowth of more harmful microbes?
A
Microbial antagonism
18
Q
belief that normal flora benefit a host by preventing overgrowth of more harmful microbes
- normal microbial flora prevents potential pathogens from gaining access to our body
A
Microbial antagonism
19
Q
What prevents potential pathogens from gaining access to our body, such as in the vagina?
A
Normal microbial flora
20
Q
What term describes a close relationship between two different organisms?
A
Symbiosis
21
Q
What does the word “symbiosis” literally mean?
A
“To live together”
22
Q
What term describes the relationship between microorganisms and their host?
A
Symbiosis
23
Q
Enumerate the three types of symbiotic relationships.
A
Answer:
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
- Parasitism
24
Q
What symbiotic relationship benefits both organisms (helpful)?
A
Mutualism
25
What symbiotic relationship benefits one organism but harms the other (harmful)?
Parasitism
26
What condition occurs when **organisms do not cause disease** unless the **appropriate condition exists** (potentially harmful)?
Opportunism
27
What other term refers to “normal microbiota”?
Normal flora or indigenous microbiota
28
Refers to the organisms that colonize the body’s
surfaces without normally causing disease
Normal Microbiota
29
What does normal microbiota refer to?
The organisms that colonize the body’s surfaces **without normally causing disease**
30
Enumerate the two types of normal microbiota.
Answer:
1. Resident microbiota
2. Transient microbiota
31
What type of microbiota are part of the normal microbiota throughout life?
Resident microbiota
32
What is the usual relationship of most resident microbiota to the host?
Commensal
33
What type of microbiota remain in the body for only hours to months before disappearing?
Transient microbiota
34
Remain in the body for only hours to months before disappearing
• Found in the same regions as resident
microbiota
Transient Microbiota
35
Enumerate the three reasons why transient microbiota cannot persist in the body
Answer:
1. Competition from other microorganisms
2. Elimination by the body’s defense cells
3. Chemical or physical changes in the body
36
What environment is generally free of microorganisms?
womb during development
37
When does microbiota begin to develop?
During the birthing process
38
Much of one’s resident microbiota is established during what stage of life?
The first months of life
39
What are microbes that are normally harmless but can cause disease under certain circumstances?
Opportunistic pathogens
40
What symbiotic relationship is where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected (harmless)?
Commensalism
41
Three Acquisition of Normal Microbiota
• Development in the womb is generally free of microorganisms
• Microbiota begins to develop during the birthing process
• Much of one’s resident microbiota established during the first months of life
42
Enumerate the three conditions that provide opportunities for pathogens.
Answer:
1. Immune suppression
2. Changes in the normal microbiota (altered relative abundance)
3. Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual sites in the body
43
What is the invasion of the host by a pathogen?
Infection
44
results only if the **invading pathogen alters the normal functions** of the body?
Disease
45
What occurs **only if the invading pathogen alters the normal functions** of the body?
Disease
46
What is another term for disease?
Morbidity
47
Define “disease.”
Any **deviation from a condition of good health** and well-being; **alteration of the state of a body** or its organs that interrupts or **disturbs proper performance of bodily functions**
48
Define “infectious disease.”
disease condition **caused by the presence or growth of infectious microorganisms** or parasites
49
Disease is also referred to as ?
morbidity
50
What is the mere presence of microbes in or on the body?
Contamination
51
What results when an organism has evaded the body’s external defenses, multiplied, and become established in the body?
Infection
52
Enumerate the surfaces or items on which contamination may occur.
Body surface
Clothes
Beddings
Toys
Surgical instruments
Dressings
Water
Food
53
The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animals
Infection
54
Does infection always cause illness?
No, an infection does not always cause illness.
55
Enumerate the levels (gradients) of infection.
(C,S,L,M/C)
Answer:
1. Colonization (e.g., S. aureus in skin and normal nasopharynx)
2. Subclinical or inapparent infection (e.g., polio)
3. Latent infection (e.g., herpes simplex virus)
4. Manifest or clinical infection
56
Lodgment, development, and reproduction of **arthropods** on the surface of the body or in clothing
; also describes invasion of the gut by **parasitic worms**
Infestation
57
Give examples of infestation.
Lice
Itch mite
Ascariasis (parasitic worms in the gut)
58
What are subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient?
Symptoms
59
What are objective manifestations of disease that can be observed or measured by others?
Signs
60
What is a **group of symptoms and signs** that characterize a disease or abnormal condition?
Syndrome
61
What are infections that lack symptoms but are still present?
Asymptomatic or subclinical infections
62
What is the study of the cause of disease called?
Etiology
63
What theory states that disease is caused by infections of pathogenic microorganisms?
Germ theory of disease
64
Who developed a set of postulates to prove a particular pathogen causes a particular disease?
Robert Koch
65
Established criteria illustrating how specific microbes cause certain disease
Koch’s Postulates
66
Enumerate Koch’s Postulates.
Answer:
1. Same pathogen present in every case of the disease
2. Pathogen must be grown in pure culture
3. Pathogen isolated from pure culture must cause disease in healthy host
4. Pathogen must be re-isolated from inoculated lab animal
67
Why is using Koch’s postulates not feasible in all cases? (Give reasons)
Some pathogens can’t be cultured in the laboratory
Some diseases are caused by a combination of pathogens and other cofactors
Ethical considerations prevent applying Koch’s postulates to pathogens that require a human host
68
**Modes of infectious disease transmission** occur from either a ___ or a ___.
Reservoir or portal of exit
69
Enumerate the three groups of disease transmission.
Answer:
1. Contact transmission
2. Vehicle transmission
3. Vector transmission
70
Enumerate the listed modes of transmission.
Answer:
Direct transmission
Indirect transmission
Direct contact
Vehicle-borne
Droplet infection
Contact with soil
Vector-borne (mechanical, biological, propagative, cyclo-propagative, cyclo-develop.)
Air-borne
Inoculation into skin or mucosa
Fomite-borne
Trans-placental (vertical)
Unclean hands and fingers
71
Enumerate the examples of direct transmission.
Direct contact
Contact with soil
Droplet infection
Inoculation into skin or mucosa
Trans-placental (vertical)
72
Enumerate the examples of indirect transmission.
Vehicle-borne
Vector-borne:
•Mechanical
• Biological = propagative, cyclo prop., cyclo develop
Air-borne
Fomite-born
Unclean hands
and fingers
73
Enumerate the examples of direct transmission.
Answer:
1. Close personal contact
2. Touching
3. Kissing
4. Sex
74
Enumerate the examples of indirect transmission.
Answer:
Fomites (inanimate objects such as tissues, drinking glasses, needles → e.g., AIDS, Hepatitis)
Transmission by a medium (water, food, air → e.g., Plague, Cholera)
Droplet transmission (saliva and mucus from coughing, sneezing, laughter, less than 1 meter)
Airborne transmission (carried on water/mucus droplets, greater than 1 meter)
Vectors (often arthropods)
75
Define fomites and give examples.
Inanimate objects that transmit infection, such as tissues, drinking glasses, needles.
76
Name diseases transmitted by fomites.
AIDS, Hepatitis
77
Define **droplet transmission** and give examples.
Transmission through saliva and mucus expelled by coughing, sneezing, or laughter at less than 1 meter.
78
Transmission where pathogens are carried on water/mucus droplets greater than 1 meter.
airborne transmission
79
Passive process where pathogens are carried on the body of the vector (e.g., fly landing on food).
mechanical vector transmission
80
Give a disease transmitted by mechanical vector transmission.
(Examples include dysentery or other foodborne diseases transmitted by flies)
81
What is biological vector transmission? Give example.
Active process where the vector must bite, scratch, or sting (e.g., mosquito bite).
82
Give a disease transmitted by biological vector transmission.
Malaria (mosquito-borne)
83
Enumerate the two routes of transmission.
Answer:
1. Vertical transmission
2. Horizontal transmission
84
Define vertical transmission.
Transmission from mother to offspring.
85
Enumerate the types of vertical transmission and examples.
Answer:
Transplacental: Rubella, Toxoplasma gondii (humans only have two layers of separation)
Perinatal: Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia
Breastfeeding: HIV
86
Transmission from animal to animal or person to person.
horizontal transmission
87
Enumerate the forms of horizontal transmission.
Contact spread
Common vehicle
Airborne
Vector-borne
88
What are the two main routes of transmission of infectious diseases?
Vertical transmission, Horizontal transmission
89
Define vertical transmission.
Transmission from mother to offspring
90
Enumerate the types of vertical transmission and examples
Answer:
Transplacental: Rubella, Toxoplasma gondii (note: humans only have two layers of separation)
Perinatal: Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia
Breastfeeding: HIV
91
Transmission from animal to animal and person to person
horizontal transmission
92
Infectious diseases can be classified in many different ways.
Enumerate four.
Answer:
1. The body system they affect
2. The taxonomic groups of the causative agent
3. Their longevity and severity
4. How they are spread to their host
93
Diseases transmitted directly or indirectly from one host to another
communicable diseases
94
95
Diseases that are easily spread from one person to another
contagious diseases
96
noncommunicable diseases?
Diseases not spread from one host to another
97
**Based on frequency of occurrence,** enumerate the classifications of disease.
Sporadic
Endemic
Epidemic
Pandemic
98
Occurs only occasionally
sporadic disease
99
Constantly present in the population
endemic disease
100
Many animals in a given area get disease in a short time period
epidemic disease
101
Worldwide epidemic?
pandemic disease
102
Incidence of specific notifiable diseases
morbidity
103
Number of deaths from these diseases
mortality
104
Diseases that physicians are required to report
notifiable diseases
105
The study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations
epidemiology
106
How do epidemiologists track occurrence of diseases? (two measures)
Incidence = number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time
Prevalence = number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time
107
In epidemiology, what **two aspects are used to evaluate occurrence** besides incidence and prevalence?
Frequency and geographic distribution
108
Enumerate the four categories of disease severity.
**Acute**: develops quickly and lasts short time
**Chronic**: develops slowly and lasts long time
**Subacute:** in between acute and chronic
**Latent**: causative agent remains inactive for a period of time and then becomes active to produce symptoms
109
Enumerate the three categories of host involvement in infection.
Answer:
1. Primary infection – acute infection caused by initial illness
2. Secondary infection – caused by opportunistic microbe after host immune system is weakened by primary infection
3. Subclinical infection – does not cause noticeable disease
110
What are the three categories of extent of host involvement?
Answer:
1. Primary infection – acute infection caused by initial illness
2. Secondary infection – caused by opportunistic microbe after host immune system weakened by primary infection
3. Subclinical infection – does not cause noticeable disease
111
2. Enumerate the five stages of disease development.
Answer:
1. Incubation period
2. Prodromal period
3. Period of illness
4. Period of decline
5. Period of convalescence
112
Define incubation period
Answer: Time interval between initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms
113
Early mild symptoms
prodromal period
114
Define period of illness
When disease is most acute
115
Define period of decline
When signs and symptoms decline
116
Define period of convalescence
When the person regains strength and the body returns to prediseased state
117
Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection because most pathogens cannot survive long outside of their host
reservoirs of infection
118
Any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, or substance, or a combination of these, in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends primarily for survival, and where it reproduces itself in such a manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host; it is the natural habitat of the infectious agent.
reservoir in epidemiology
119
Enumerate the three types of reservoirs of infection.
Answer:
1. Animal reservoirs
2. Human carriers (human reservoir)
3. Nonliving reservoirs
120
Diseases and infections naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans
zoonoses
121
Enumerate routes by which humans acquire zoonoses.
Answer:
Direct contact with animal or its waste
Eating animals
Bloodsucking arthropods
122
What role do humans usually play with zoonotic pathogens?
Humans are usually dead-end hosts
123
Enumerate animal reservoirs and zoonotic diseases associated with them.
Answer:
Dogs → rabies
Cats/fleas → plague
Cattle → bovine tuberculosis
Rodents → leptospirosis
(There are over 100 zoonotic diseases that can be conveyed from animals to man)
124
Define human reservoir
Humans that act as carriers or cases for infection
125
Enumerate types of human cases (reservoir)
Answer:
Primary case
Index case
Secondary cases
126
Enumerate types of human carriers.
Answer:
Incubatory
Convalescent
Healthy carriers
127
According to the spectrum of disease, what are the human reservoir types?
Answer:
Clinical cases (mild/severe, typical/atypical)
Sub-clinical cases
Latent infection cases
128
According to duration, human reservoirs can be classified as?
Answer:
Temporary
Chronic
129
Enumerate the portals of exit in human reservoirs.
Answer:
Urinary
Intestinal
Respiratory
Others
130
Define non-living reservoirs.
Soil, water, and food that can act as reservoirs of infection
131
What often causes the presence of microorganisms in nonliving reservoirs?
Contamination by feces or urine
132
Give examples of infections from soil as a reservoir.
Tetanus, anthrax, coccidioidomycosis
133
Give examples of infections from contaminated water or food as reservoirs.
Fecal or urine contamination leading to foodborne or waterborne infections
134
Define a **case** in epidemiology.
A person or animal in the population or study group identified as having the particular disease, health disorder, or condition under investigation
135
A case is a person or animal in the population or study group identified as having the particular disease, health disorder, or condition under investigation.
case
136
What is a carrier in infectious disease?
carrier is an infected individual who is asymptomatic but infective to others.
137
Give full definition of carrier
carrier is an infected person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent in the absence of discernible (visible) clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection to others.
138
Why does a carrier state occur?
occurs either due to inadequate treatment or immune response, leading to the disease not being completely eliminated.
139
What are the three elements required for a carrier state to occur?
1. The presence in the body of the disease agent.
2. The absence of recognizable symptoms and signs of disease.
3. The shedding of disease agent in the discharge or excretions.
140
Do all carriers eventually get sick?
: No. Some individuals will eventually develop illness, while others never get sick.
141
Why may healthy carriers not develop illness?
Because they may have defensive systems that protect them from illness.
142
What are **predisposing factors of disease?**
They are factors that make the body more susceptible to disease or alter the course of the disease.
143
Enumerate examples of predisposing factors of disease.
Gender
Age
Fatigue
Climate
Poor nutrition
144
Define emerging infectious diseases.
New diseases and diseases with increasing incidences.
145
What microorganisms may cause emerging infectious diseases?
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa
146
Enumerate causes of emerging infectious diseases.
Use of antibiotics and pesticides
Climatic changes
Travel
Lack of vaccinations
Improved case reporting
147
Define nosocomial infections.
Infections acquired while in a health care facility.
148
Enumerate the types of nosocomial infections.
Exogenous – pathogen acquired from the health care environment
Endogenous – pathogen arises from normal microbiota due to factors within the health care setting
Iatrogenic – results from medical procedures
149
It **refers to the convergence of risk factors within healthcare settings that promote the development of nosocomial infections** (e.g., weakened patients, invasive procedures, antibiotic use, pathogens in the environment).
perfect storm
(Presence of microorganisms, immunocompromised patients, transmission of pathogens between staff and patients and among patients)
150
What is the most effective way to reduce nosocomial infections?
Hand washing
151
In general, what does control of nosocomial infections involve?
Precautions designed to reduce the factors that result in disease.
152
Nosocomial infection percentage:
Surgical sites : 19%
Urinary tract: 40%
Respiratory: 15%
Other (meningitis, gastroenteritis) : 12%
Skin: 8%
Septicemia : 6%
153
Nosocomial infections occur because of?
Presence of microorganism in hospital environment
Immunocompromised patients
Transmission of pathogens between staff and patients, and among patients
154
(Terms used to classify disease)
What is acute disease?
Disease develops rapidly and that runs it s course rapidly/quickly
155
Chronic disease meaning?
Disease with usually mild symptoms that develop slowly and last a long time
156
Subacute disease?
Disease eith time course and symptoms between acute and chronic
157
Latent disease?
Disease that appears a long time after infection
158
Communicable disease?
Disease transmitted from host to another
159
Contagious disease?
Disease arising from outside of host or from opportunistic pathogen
160
Focal infection?
Infection that serves as a sourcce of pathogens for infections at other sites in the body
Microbiology
flashcards
Decks in class (22)
# Cards
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Module 6106
-
Module 7181
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Module 8. 1132
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Module 8.2115
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Module 8.3283
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Module 9188
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9191
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11.1191
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11.2170
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Module 11.2160
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Module 12 (Slide 1 To 39)94
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Module 12 (Slide 40 To 65)76
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Module 12 (66-101)156
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Module 12 (-110 Last)25
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LAB EXAM 1 EXERCISES31
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LAB EXAM 1 PPT CULTURE MEDIA107
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Module 13 (VIRUSES)64
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Module Virology Pt.1 (RNA VIRUSES)85
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Module Virology Part 2 (DNA)57
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Module VIROLOGY Part 3 (Introduction)98
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RNA (Picorna-Coronaviridae)83
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RNA VIRUS (REO - RHABDOVIRIDAE)49
