Module 12 (Slide 1 To 39)

Question 1

The term “mycology” is derived from the
Greek word ____ meaning _____?

Answer 1

mykes = mushroom

Question 2

Scientific discipline
dealing with fungi

Answer 2

Mycology

Question 3

Scientists who study fungi?

Answer 3

Mycologists

Question 4

Diseases caused in animals by fungi is called?

Answer 4

Mycoses

Question 5

Italian botanist and mycologist considered one of the founders of modern mycology.

Answer 5

Pier Antonio Micheli

Question 6

He discovered the existence of fungal spores and proved fungi came from spores

Answer 6

Pier Antonio Micheli

Question 7

Book by Pier Antonio Micheli where he described fungal spores

Answer 7

Nova Plantarum Genera (1729)

Question 8

Specialized agar used for fungal growth at pH 5.5.

Answer 8

Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA)

Question 9

Sterol unique to fungi cell membranes that makes them resistant to many antibacterial antibiotics.

Answer 9

Ergosterol

Question 10

Fundamental tube-like structural units of fungi.

Answer 10

Hyphae

Question 11

A mass/mat of hyphae forming the vegetative portion of the fungus.

Answer 11

Mycelium

Question 12

Modified parasitic hyphae that penetrate host tissue but remain outside the cell membrane.

Answer 12

Haustoria

Question 13

Hyphae without cross-walls, multinucleate, also called coenocytic.

Answer 13

Aseptate hyphae

Question 14

Hyphae divided into cells by cross walls (septa).

Answer 14

Septate hyphae

Question 15

Hyphae type that grow on or in media and absorb nutrients.

Answer 15

Vegetative hyphae

Question 16

Hyphae type that grow or exist in the air and bear structures for spore production.

Answer 16

Aerial hyphae

Question 17

Fungal cell wall component that strengthens and protects.

Answer 17

Chitin

Question 18

Yeast reproductive process where daughter cells bud off.

Answer 18

Budding (Blastoconidia formation)

Question 19

Filamentous fungi characterized by tubular hyphae.

Answer 19

Molds

Question 20

Fungi that can exist as either yeast or mold depending on conditions.

Answer 20

Dimorphic fungi

Question 21

Characteristics of fungi (what are they):

Answer 21

Non-motile eukaryotes lacking chlorophyll

Contain nucleus, mitochondria, 80S ribosomes

Cell wall made of polysaccharides, chitin, polypeptides

Cell membrane contains ergosterol

Larger than bacteria

Simpler nutritional requirements, wide growth rate range

Form visible colonies in days to weeks

Can be unicellular or multicellular

Reproduce sexually and asexually with spore production

Question 22

Types of fungi based on morphology:

Answer 22

Yeast

Mould or Mold (filamentous fungi)

Dimorphic fungi

Question 23

Three main types of nutrition in fungi:

Answer 23

Saprophytic fungi (dead organic material)

Parasitic fungi (living hosts, pathogenic)

Mutualistic fungi (benefit host in return)

Question 24

Structures of molds:

Answer 24

Conidia

Conidiophore

Sporangiospores

Sporangium

Sporangiophore

Phialides

Vesicles

Rhizoids

Septate hyphae

Question 25

General features of yeast:

Answer 25

Unicellular **3–5 µm** in size Reproduce by budding **(blastoconidia formation) or fission** Identified by **microscopic morphology** (cornmeal agar) Identified by **biochemical tests** (sugar assimilation, enzymatic activity)

Question 26

Fungal growth conditions (important values) =

Answer 26

Grow on SDA at pH 5.5 Optimum growth pH: 5.0 Threshold pH: 4.5 Temperature: 25°C (some are strict aerobes) Can tolerate high osmotic pressures

Question 27

True or False Fungi are photosynthetic organisms.

Answer 27

False ( they are non photosynthetic)

Question 28

True or false Chitin is a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that encases fungal cell walls.

Answer 28

Truee

Question 29

T or F Fungi are smaller than bacteria and take longer to form visible colonies.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

T or F Ergosterol is a sterol unique to fungi cell walls.

Answer 30

False (unique to **cell membranes**, not walls)

Question 31

T or F Coenocytic hyphae are found in Zygomycota and Oomycota.

Answer 31

Truee

Question 32

How many fungal species are estimated to exist in the Kingdom Fungi?

Answer 32

Approximately 6 million species.

Question 33

How many fungal species are capable of infecting vertebrates?

Answer 33

625 species

Question 34

How many fungal species are associated with humans (pathogens or commensals)?

Answer 34

200 species

Question 35

How many fungal species cause diseases in plants?

Answer 35

8,000 species

Question 36

How many new fungal species are described each year?

Answer 36

1,700 new

Question 37

His proof was simple: having placed spores on slices of melon, he noted that the fungal fruitbodies that appeared on the fruit were identical to the ones from which he had taken the original spores.

Answer 37

Pier Antionio Micheli

Question 38

Characteristics of fungi (others):

Answer 38

Unicellular yeast, multicellular is mold Live off decaying matter Aerobes; 25°C; some are strict aerobes Terrestrial and aquatic Tolerates high osmotic pressure Low pH values (pH 5.0 optimum growth and pH 4.5 threshold) Saprophytes prefer cool niche places

Question 39

Characteristics of fungi (main):

Answer 39

Eukaryotic with true nucleus Absorption = Obtaining nutrients through mycelium Produces exoenzymes for nutrient digestion Heterotrophic - uses energy to live from other organisms Non photosynthetic Widely distributed Chitin = strengthening and protection

Question 40

Molds produced primarily by means of asexual reproductive spores:

Answer 40

**Conidia** – spores formed by budding (blastoconidia) or disarticulation of existing hypha (arthroconidia) • **Borne externally** on an aerial hyphae called *conidiophore* **Sporangiospores** – produced by free-cell formation within sporangium in aseptate molds • **Borne in a sac** (sporangium) on an aerial hypha called *sporangiophore*

Question 41

Most fungi have a ____ composed of hyphae that elongate by tip growth

Answer 41

thallus

Question 42

Bears conidia or spores for reproduction

Answer 42

Fertile hyphae

Question 43

Vegetative or submerged hyphae

Answer 43

Absorbs nutrients

Question 44

where the nucleus of each cell is embedded in the cytoplasm without a cell wall

Answer 44

Coenocytic (Zygomycota / oomycota)

Question 45

Example of Septate hyphae – with cross walls

Answer 45

Basidiomycota / Ascomycota

Question 46

grow on or in media (absorb nutrients); form seen in tissue, few distinguishing features

Answer 46

Vegetative hyphae

Question 47

growing or existing in the air ; contain structures for production of spores (asexual propagules); **usually only seen in culture**

Answer 47

Aerial hyphae

Question 48

Hyphae grow from their ?

Answer 48

Tips

Question 49

extensive, feeding web of hyphae

Answer 49

Mycelium

Question 50

are the ecologically active bodies of fungi

Answer 50

Mycelia

Question 51

What type of nutrition enables fungi to live as decomposers and symbionts?

Answer 51

A: Absorptive nutrition.

Question 52

What are fungi classified as in terms of nutrition?

Answer 52

Heterotrophs that acquire nutrients by absorption.

Question 53

What do fungi secrete to decompose complex molecules into simpler ones?

Answer 53

Hydrolytic enzymes and acids.

Question 54

From what sources do fungi get carbon?

Answer 54

organic sources

Question 55

What fungal structure releases enzymes for digestion?

Answer 55

Hyphal tips

Question 56

What happens to the products of enzymatic breakdown of the substrate?

Answer 56

They diffuse back into the hyphae and are used.

Question 57

Which organelle “hangs back” and directs fungal nutrient absorption?

Answer 57

nucleus

Question 58

What fungal body part provides enormous surface area for nutrient absorption?

Answer 58

hypha, which forms the mycelium

Question 59

How much hyphal length and surface area may be contained in 10 cm² of soil?

Answer 59

1 km of hyphae with 314 cm² surface area.

Question 60

Enumerate the three main types of fungi nutrition.

Answer 60

Saprophytic fungi → absorb nutrients from dead organic material. Parasitic fungi → absorb nutrients from cells of living hosts; some are pathogenic. Mutualistic fungi → absorb nutrients from a host, but reciprocate to benefit the host.

Question 61

By what means do fungi reproduce?

Answer 61

releasing spores produced either sexually or asexually

Question 62

What are the characteristics of fungal spores?

Answer 62

Usually unicellular, haploid, and of various shapes and sizes

Question 63

What process produces spores sexually?

Answer 63

Meiosis

Question 64

What process produces spores asexually?

Answer 64

Mitosis

Question 65

Under favorable conditions, how do fungi generally reproduce?

Answer 65

By **cloning themselves** through producing **enormous numbers of asexual** spores.

Question 66

What is the purpose of sexual reproduction in fungi?

Answer 66

occurs as a **contingency**, resulting in greater genetic diversity

Question 67

What are spores responsible for in fungi?

Answer 67

Dispersal and geographic distribution

Question 68

How are spores dispersed?

Answer 68

wind or water

Question 69

Where do spores germinate?

Answer 69

moist places with appropriate substrata

Question 70

What is the **asexual stage** of fungi called?

Answer 70

Anamorph

Question 71

A spore formed via asexual reproduction (mitosis), commonly called a conidium or sporangiospore.

Answer 71

mitospore

Question 72

sexual stage of fungi called?

Answer 72

Teleomorph

Question 73

**haploid spore formed via sexual** reproduction (meiosis), type varies by phylum

Answer 73

meiospore

Question 74

Which process is responsible for infectious asexual spores like conidia and arthroconidia?

Answer 74

Mitosis

Question 75

Which process generates genetic diversity in fungi?

Answer 75

Meiosis

Question 76

What happens during plasmogamy? Explainn

Answer 76

The cytoplasm of two parent mycelia unites without nuclear fusion.

Question 77

What is the heterokaryotic stage?

Answer 77

Two or more genetically different nuclei are contained within a single cell.

Question 78

What occurs during karyogamy?

Answer 78

Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus.

Question 79

What follows karyogamy to restore the haploid phase?

Answer 79

Meiosis, which produces meiospores

Question 80

What do meiospores germinate into?

Answer 80

New mycelia, completing the cycle

Question 81

In Zygomycetes, what is formed when + and – mating types conjugate?

Answer 81

zygosporangium

Question 82

Enumerate the steps in fungal sexual reproduction.

Answer 82

Plasmogamy – cytoplasms unite. Heterokaryotic stage – genetically different nuclei coexist. Karyogamy – nuclei fuse to form diploid nucleus. Meiosis – restores haploid phase and produces meiospores. Spore germination – meiospores form new mycelia.

Question 83

A spore formed in a sac-like cell (ascus), often eight spores; seen in Ascomycetes. (Sexual spore type)

Answer 83

ascospore

Question 84

A sexual spore produced on a club-shaped structure (basidium); seen in Basidiomycetes.

Answer 84

basidiospore

Question 85

A thick-walled spore formed during sexual reproduction in Phycomycetes.

Answer 85

zygospore

Question 86

What are the three main ways fungi reproduce asexually?

Answer 86

Budding, fragmentation, or producing spores.

Question 87

What is mycelial fragmentation?

Answer 87

: A fungal mycelium separates into pieces, each growing into a new mycelium.

Question 88

A bulge forms on the side of the cell, the nucleus divides mitotically, and the bud detaches. This is called?

Answer 88

budding

Question 89

What is the most common mode of fungal reproduction?

Answer 89

Formation of asexual spores

Question 90

What process produces asexual spores?

Answer 90

Mitosis by one parent, resulting in genetically identical spores

Question 91

What are spores called when released outside the thallus

Answer 91

Conidia

Question 92

What are spores called when produced within a reproductive

Answer 92

Sporangiospores

Question 93

Enumerate the six most common types of asexual spores.

Answer 93

Conidia – external spores from a conidiophore (macroconidia = multicellular, microconidia = unicellular). Arthroconidium (Arthrospore) – formed by disarticulation of mycelium. Blastoconidia (Blastospore) – formed from budding along mycelium or another blastospore. Chlamydospore – thick-walled resistant spore formed by direct differentiation of the mycelium. Sporangiospore – contained in a sporangium at the end of a sporangiophore (Class Phycomycetes). Thallospore – produced on a thallus (hypha); seen in Deuteromycetes.

Question 94

Sexual spore types

Answer 94

Ascospore Basidiospore Zygospore