Flashcards in Neuroanatomy 1 Deck (125):
1
Where is the gray matter and white matter in the cerebrum?
Outside and inside
2
Where is the gray matter and white matter in the brainstem?
Mixed
3
Where is the gray matter and white matter in the spinal cord?
Inside and outside
4
What are the excitatory neurons? What kind of connections do they make?
glutamatergic. long-range connections
5
what are the inhibitory neurons? what kind of connections do they make?
GABAergic. short-range, local connections
6
where are the cell bodies of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin in the brain?
mostly brainstem and the axons project into cortox
7
where levels of the sympathetic system?
t1-l3
8
what are the levels of the parasympathetic system?
CN III, VII, IX, X, S2-S4
9
what is the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?
Motor output in spine
10
what is the function of the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway of the spinal cord?
sensory (vibration, joint position, light touch)
11
what is the function of the anterolateral pathways?
sensory (pain, temp, crude touch)
12
what is the cortical origin for most descending motor pathways?
primary motor cortex
13
what is the cortical termination for most somatosensory info>
primary somatosensory cortex
14
what is the purpose of the midbrain?
relay station for auditory and visual info
15
what cranial nerves are in the midbrain?
3 and 4
16
what is the purpose of pons?
sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture
17
what are the cranial nerves in pons?
5, 6, 7, 8
18
what is the purpose of medulla?
cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic functions
19
what are the cranial nerves in the medulla
9, 10, 11, 12
20
what is the purpose of the cerebellum?
coordination. some role in learning, memory, attention, language and some emotional functions like fear and pleasure
21
what is the purpose of the basal ganglia?
regulate quantity of movement
22
what are the areas of the frontal cortex
prefrontal association cortex
- primary motor cortex for CONTRALATERAL side of body
- Broca’s speech area
- premotor/ supplementary motor areas
- frontal eye fields (scanning visual field)
- orbital cortex, olfactory tract
- cingulate gyrus
- micturition inhibitory area
23
what are the areas in the parietal lobe
primary somatosensory sensory cortex
- secondary and tertiary somatosensory cortices
24
what is the function of the parietal lobe?
- sensory information processing
- connection between receptive and expressive speech areas
- involved in tracking objects
25
what is the function of the dorsal area of the occipital lobe?
processing where you are and the other things around you in place
26
what is the function of the ventral area of the occipital lobe?
item identification and recognition
27
what are the functions of the temporal lobe?
limbic functions, understanding speech and written language, memory and facial/colour recognition (olfactory cortex)
28
what is the function of the insula?
primary auditory cortex, taste, other visceral senses, social, emotional, limbic
29
what areas do the middle cerebral artery supply?
most of lateral surface of cortex, deep structures (basal ganglia),
30
what areas do the anterior cerebral artery supply?
most of medial surface of cortex
31
what areas do the posterior cerebral artery supply?
posterior structures of medial and lateral surfaces
32
what does the central sulcus separate?
frontal and parietal lobes (motor and sensory info)
33
what does the lateral sulcus separate?
frontal and parietal from temporal
34
what is the function of the cingulate gyrus?
limbic system and error detector and pain
35
what consists of the paracentral lobule?
supplementary motor area, primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, all for the legs and feet
36
what part of the homunculus does the ACA supply?
legs and feet
37
what part of the homunculus does the MCA supply?
arms, face, oral cavity
38
explain the flow of motor movement from primary, unimodal to heteromodal.
primary motor cortex, motor association (premotor and supplementory motor), frontal heteromodal association cortex (prefrontal cortex)
39
explain the flow of sensory movement from primary, unimodal to heteromodal.
primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, lateral parietal and temporal heteromodal association
40
what is the function of the premotor cortex?
integration of visual and somatosensory cues
41
what is the function of the supplementary motor cortex?
programming complex sequencing of movement and motor planning
42
What can happen in the loss of the temporoparietal on the dominant side?
Broca's and Wernicke's
43
What can happen in the loss of the temporoparietal on the non-dominant side?
neglect
44
why does a lesion in the multimodal parieto-occipital-temporal area cause neglect?
interrupts the dorsal stream of "what?" and non-dominant hemisphere is responsible for location and movement of objects in space
45
how does one get a left side neglect?
lesion in the right hemisphere
46
Where are the limbic structures mostly located?
medial and ventral part of the brain (ie frontal, inuslar)
47
What are the four limbic structures and function?
HOME - Homeostasis (hypothalamus), Olfaction (olfactory cortex), Memory (hippocampus), Emotion (amygdala)
(Also anterior cingulate gyrus)
48
What are common behaviours related to the limbic system?
anger/sadness, reward-related behaviour, blushing, sweating, learning and memory
49
Where is the anterior cingulate located?
superior and medial aspect of limbic system
50
what is the function of the anterior cingulate
error detection (ie pain, errors) and linking reward behaviour
51
what can be a result of a dysfunctional anterior cingulate?
OCD
52
what are the two aspects of pain?
sensory-discriminative aspect and motivational-affective aspect
53
what area of the brain is responsible for the motivational-affective aspect
Limbic cortical areas: anterior cingulate gyrus, anterior insula, orbitofrontal cortex
54
what is the function of the hippcampus
learning and memory, and declarative memory
55
what happens if there is bilateral damage in the hippocampi
lose the ability to form new memories about facts
56
what are the functions of the amygdala
anything about emotions including appropriate behaviours, drive, determining significance, recognizing emotion. It is also involved in nondeclarative memory
57
what happens if there is a lesion on the amygdala
unable to recognize emotions in another person's face like fear, anger, and surprise
58
what is the function of the hypothalamus
autonomic functions (regulation of all preganglionic nerves) and physiological responses to emotional changes
59
what are some common disorders of the limbic system
seizures, neurodegenerative disorders, addictions, neurovasular, psychiatric
60
what are the functions of the thalamus
1. relay sensory info to the cortex
2. modulate motor-specific cerebral functions
3. controlling level of cortical activity
4. modulates emotional/motivational responses
5. complex visual and language functions
61
what are the three main groups of the thalamic nuclei
anterior, medial, lateral
62
which of the groups of the thalamic nuclei is responsible for relaying somatic motor and sensory information
lateral nuclei
63
what part of the lateral nuclei is responsible for motor
ventral anterior and ventral lateral
64
what part of the lateral nueli is responsible for sensory
ventral posterior (VPM for head, VPL for body)
65
where does the motor information from the basal ganglia and cerebellum project?
to the thalamus and then to the cortex, then to the brainstem or spinal cord
66
when does the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway dessucate
at caudal medulla
67
when does the anterolateral pathway dessucate
at cervical spinal cord
68
what are the symptoms of impaired somatic motor control
weakness, paralysis, wasting, jerking, incoordination
69
where are the two projection of upper motor neurons
brain stem and the anterior horn of the spinal cords
70
where does the upper motor neuron project from
cerebral cortex
71
what are the two main divisions of the motor neurons based on the location on the spinal cord
medial and lateral corticospinal tract
72
what does the lateral corticospinal tract control
usually the contralateral extremities
73
where does the lateral corticospinal tract dessucate
pyramid of the medulla/ at the cervicomedullary junction
74
where is the lateral motor system located
lateral funiculus
75
what consists of the lateral motor system
lateral corticospinal tract
76
where is the medial motor system located
anteromedial funiculus
77
what consists of the medial motor system
reticulospinal, vestibulospinal, tectospinal, anterior corticospinal (this is not that important
78
describe the innervation of the lateral vs medial UMN on the LMN
lateral CST is unilateral and innervates contralaterally. anterior CST innervates LMN bilaterally
79
what does the anterior CST control
bilateral axial and girdle muscles
80
what are the functions of the supplementary motor area (3)
- complex sequence of movements
- transforming potential motor actions into real movements (motor planning, imagining movement)
- self-initiating movement
81
what can be a symptom of impaired supplementary motor area
apraxia (difficulty with motor planning, ie pretend to comb you hair)
82
what are the functions of the premotor cortex (2)
- integration of visual and somatosensory cues (ie visual cues to grab an object)
- potential motor actions driven by sensory input
83
which musculature has the strongest commissural linkages
vertebral and abdominal muscles
84
what musculature has the weakest commissural linkages
limb muscles (routinely used independently)
85
where does the corticobulbar UMN come from
lateral part of the homunculus of the primary motor cortex
86
what does the corticobulbar UMN control
head, face, neck
87
where does the corticospinal UMN come from
medial and "medial-lateral" part of the homunculus of the primary motor cortex
88
what does the corticospinal UMN control
arms, legs, trunk
89
what anatomically/clinically important structure does both the sensory and motor pathways run through
internal capsule
90
what can cause damage at the internal capsule
lacunar infarct
91
what kind of nerve run through the internal capsule
upper motor neurons of the motor pathway and sensory nerves
92
Weakness: UMN (yes/no), LMN (yes/no)
yes, yes
93
Atrophy: UMN (yes/no), LMN (yes/no)
no, yes
94
Fasciculations: UMN (yes/no), LMN (yes/no)
no, yes
95
Reflexes: UMN (increased/decreased, LMN (increased/decreased)
increased, decreased
96
Tone: UMN (increased/decreased, LMN (increased/decreased)
increased, decreased
97
what are the symptoms of UMN lesions
muscle weakness, hyperreflexia, increased tone, Babinski's sign
98
what are the symptoms of LMN lesions
muscle weakness, hyporeflexia, decreased tone, atrophy
99
what are the three main functions of the somatosensory system
conscious perception (cortical), modulation of movement (cerebellar), arousal and alertness (thalamus and brainstem)
100
how many neurons are usually in a somatosensory pathway
three
101
where does the first somatosensory neuron go
from periphery to spinal cord
102
where does the second somatosensory neuron go (can go two ways)
spinal cord to thalamus (and cerebellum)
spinal cord to motor neuron of effector organ (reflex)
103
where does the third somatosensory neuron go
thalamus to cerebral cortex
104
what is the fasciculus gracilis
medial part of the DCML
105
what information does the fasciculus gracilis get
tactile and proprioceptive information from the legs and trunk
106
at what spinal levels does the fasciculus gracilis enter
T6-T12
107
what is the fasciculus cuneatus
lateral part of the dorsal column
108
what information does the fasciculus cuneatus get
tactile and proprioceptive information from the upper trunk, arms and neck
109
at what spinal levels do the fasciculus cuneatus enter
C1-T6
110
What are the five main divisions of the human CNS
Telencephalon - Forebrain
Diencephalon – Forebrain; “Diencephalic structures”
Mesencephalon - Midbrain
Myelencephalon – Brainstem + Cerebellum
Spinal Cord – Spinal Cord
111
What are the five main divisions of the human CNS
Telencephalon - Forebrain
Diencephalon – Forebrain; “Diencephalic structures”
Mesencephalon - Midbrain
Myelencephalon – Brainstem + Cerebellum
Spinal Cord – Spinal Cord
112
what are the nine key structures for clinical localization
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, spinal nerve, motor neuron, NMJ, muscle
113
Where does the lateral corticospinal tract synapse
at the spinal cord where it needs to leave
114
where does the DCML synapse
just before the dessucation in the medulla
115
where does the anterolateral tract synapse
at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where it enters
116
what are the functions of the dominant hemisphere
complex motor tasks, verbal functions, arithmetical processing, following written instructions, musical ability
117
what are the functions of the non-dominant hemisphere
visual-spatial analysis, non-verbal language functions, sense of direction, musical ability (untrained), complex musical pieces, comprehensive procession
118
what connects the broca's and wernickes area
arcuate fasciculus
119
what is the anterior aspect of the limbic system associated with
olfactory system
120
what is the central aspect of the limbic system associated with
amygdala and hippcampus
121
what structure allows for the dessucation of the DCML
internal arcuate fibers
122
what structure allows for the dessucation of the anterolateral pathway
anterior commissure
123
what does astereognosis mean
cannot identify an object by palpation
124
what parts of the cortex allow for stereognosis
unimodal and multimodal somatosensory association
125