Neuroanatomy 2 Flashcards
(71 cards)
what are the four components to a reflex
sensory, circuitry, motor, effector
what is the motor part of the autonomic system innervate
viscera, smooth muscles, and exocrine glands
how many neurons is the motor autonomic system pathway
2
what is the function of the micturition centre
voluntary control of micturition (inhibition and initiation)
what is the function of the pontine micturition centre
coordinates the contraction of the bladder (detrussor, ANS) with the internal (ANS) and external (SNS) urinary sphincters
does so by activate the parasymp and inhibitin the symp. Normally inhibited by the cortex (micturition centre)
how is the thoracic motor nuclei in the spinal cord involved with micturition
visceral motor neurons (smooth muscle of internal sphincter. needs to be inhibited to be relaxed)
how is the sacral motor nuclei in the spinal cord involved with micturition (type of neurons and functions)
has alpha-motor neurons (external sphincter and pelvic floor muscles) and visceral motor neurons (parasympathetic of detrusor muscles)
What is the pathophysiology of a cortical pathology leading to urinary incontinence
bilateral pathology in the medial frontal cortex
what does a cortical pathology leading to urinary incontinence look like
normal bladder emptying that is no longer under voluntary control
What is the pathophysiology of a spinal pathology above the sacrum leading to urinary incontinence
bilateral spinal cord lesion above sacral levels
What is the pathophysiology of a spinal pathology at the level of the sacrum leading to urinary incontinence
bilateral spinal cord lesion at the level of the sacrum or bilateral lesions in the nerve roots of cauda equina
what does a spinal pathology above the sacrum look like
pontine micturition center can no longer control reflexes, incomplete bladder emptying
what does a spinal pathology at the level of the sacrum look like
damaged motor output and/or sensory input driving reflex, severe urinary incontinence
what is the reticular formation
central core of diffuse nuclei that runs the entire length of the brainstem
what parts of the brain does it join
rostrally - diencephalon, caudally - intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord
what does the rostral reticular formation consist of and what does it work with
consists of mesencephalon (midbrain) and rostral pons
works with diencephalic nuclei
what does the caudal reticular formation consist of and what does it work with
consists of caudal pons and medulla
works with cranial nuclei and spinal cord
what does the rostral reticular formation do
alertness and consciousness
sleep
pain perception (anterolateral pathway)
what does the caudal reticular formation do
nociception respiration and cardiovascular somatic motor (medial motor system) reflex autonomic functions pain perception
what is the importance of the nuclei in the reticular formation
some of them are nucleus containing NT including Ach, dopamine, NE, serotonin and histamine. cell bodies are in the RF and the axons are sent out to the cortex
other than NT, what are some of the nuclei associated with RF
periaqueductal gray matter controlling pain
chemotactic trigger zone (medulla) - nausea
some cranial nerve nuclei
where does the RF receive input
motor and visceral from forebrain (to rostral...don't sleep) cerebellum (attention) cranial nerves (V/VIII) (to caudal) anterolateral pathway (for alertness and perception in caudal)
what is the output target for rostral RF
cortex
what is the output target for caudal RF
integration of cranial nerve activity