Neuroanatomy 3 Flashcards

(65 cards)

1
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

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2
Q

what are the two layers of the dura mater and what do they do

A

periosteum - anchors dura mater to skull meningeal dura - mechanical support and strength to brain

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3
Q

which layer of the dura mater is in the vertebral column

A

meningeal dura

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4
Q

where are the venous sinuses found

A

between the layers of dura mater and separate left and right hemispheres, as well as occipital lobe from the cerebellum

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5
Q

what are the venous sinuses filled with

A

venous blood

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6
Q

where are the potential spaces and what kind of blood vessel can fill it

A

epidural space (superficial to peristeom) - meningeal artery subdural space (deep to meningeal layer) - bridging veins

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7
Q

where are the real spaces

A

-between periosteal and meningeal layer - sagittal fissure - transverse fissure (separates occipital and cerebellum) - venous sinuses

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8
Q

describe the pathway of cerebral spinal fluid

A

made in lateral ventricle interventricular foramina of Monro 3rd ventricle cerebral aquaduct 4th ventricle foramina magendie –> cisterna magna foramina luschka –> pontine cistern subarachnoid space arachnoid granulations dural venous sinuses

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9
Q

where are the other areas that CSF goes in the body besides the cortex

A

superior cistern, interpeduncular, pontomedullary, cisterna magna, and lumbar (see lecture for picture)

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10
Q

what is non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

when flow of CSF is obstructed in the ventricular system

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11
Q

what is a communicating hydrocephalus

A

when the absorption of CSF is not sufficient to remove fluid being produced

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12
Q

what are arachnoid granulations. what kind if pressure is needed

A

protrusion of arachnoid into the venous sinus where the CSF in the subarachnoid space can drain into the venous sinuses. CSF pressure must be greater than venous pressure

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13
Q

what are the three most common brain herniations

A

subfalcine, uncal, tonsilar

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14
Q

what is this

A

epidural hematoma

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15
Q

what is this

A

subdural hematoma

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16
Q

what is this

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

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17
Q

describe the full layers from the scalp to the pia mater

A
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18
Q

a subfalcine herniation compresses which part of the brain

A

limbic cortex and comissural

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19
Q

an uncal herniation compresses which brain structures

A

temporal lobe and midbrain

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20
Q

what are the three layers of the blood brain barrier

A

arachnoid barrier, choroid/blood CSF barrier, and actual BBB

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21
Q

how does the arachnoid barrier work

A

arachnoid granulations are considered one-way valves to prevent venous blood from subarachnoid space

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22
Q

how does the blood-CSF barrier

A

choroidal blood capillaries have fenestrations but tight junctions at the choroid epithelium that prevents blood from entering ventricles

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23
Q

how does the blood brain barrier proper work

A

tight junctions at the capillary level with astrocytes to help

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24
Q

where is an area where there is no BBB

A

pineal gland

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25
what are the two arterial supply of the brain (and is it anterior or posterior)
internal carotid (anterior) and vertebral (posterior) artery
26
what is the venous drainage of the brain
internal jugular vein
27
the signal from the basal ganglia to the thalamus is (excitatory/inhibitory)
inhibitory
28
what are the two structures in the red? what is the called overall
Putamen and globus pallidus. Lentiform Nucleus
29
what are the two structures in blue? what are they called overall
caudate and putamen. Striatum
30
what is this? what does it do
nucleus accumbens - connection between limbic system and basal ganglia
31
what is the top blue arrow
subthalamic nucleus
32
what is the bottom blue arrow
substantia nigra
33
what are the inputs to the basal ganglia
cerebral cortex, substantia nigra pars compacta, centromedian cortex
34
what structures outputs the info from the basal ganglia
substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus internus
35
what is the effect of the direct pathway on the thalamus (movement, inhibition?, thalamocortical activity)
selective facilitation of movement, disinhibits thalamus, increased thalamocortical activity
36
what is the effect of the indirect pathway on the thalamus (movement, inhibition?, thalamocortical activity)
selective suppression of movement, inhibits thalamus, decreased thalamocortical activity
37
what is the pathophysiology of parkinsons
loss dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, so there is no dopamine influence on the striatum. leads to a net inhibitory effect on the thalamus
38
what is the pathophysiology of huntington's disease
- polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein which leads to the STRIATAL degeneration - indirect-pathway selectively vulnerable - loss of OUTPUT STRIATAL NEURONS removes the inhibitory effect on the thalamus ​
39
what is the dysfunction of the cerebellum
ataxia
40
what are the three functional areas of the cerebellum
1) Flocculonodular lobe/vernis 2) intermediate hemispheres 3) lateral hemispheres
41
what is the function of the flocculonodular lobe and vernis
coordination of the proximal limb and trunk muscles (like the fasciculus cuneatus) (vermis) balance (FN) vestibular-ocular reflex (FN)
42
what is the function of the intermediate hemisphere
coordinate distal limb muscles and modulate ongoing movement
43
what is the function of the lateral hemisphere
motor planning
44
what are the three pairs of peduncles in the cerebellum and do they have afferent or efferent nerves
inferior - afferent and efferent middle - afferent only superior - efferent primarily
45
what are the sources of afferent nerves to the cerebellar peduncles and what information do they bring
vestibular system (balance and head position) spinal cord (proprioceptive) pons (cortical info)
46
what are the three pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei
- fastigial nucleus - interposed nucleus - dentate nucleus
47
where are the dentate and interposed nuclei found
superior penduncle
48
what intermediate targets does dentate and interposed nuclei send efferent information to
thalamus (VA, VL) and red nucleus
49
what motor system does the dentate and interposed nuclei modulate
lateral
50
where is the fastigial nucleus found
inferior peduncle
51
what intermediate targets do the fastigial nucleus send efferent info to
vestibular, reticular formation, MLF
52
which motor system does the fastigial nucleus modulate
medial
53
what kind of muscle coordination is the fastigial nucleus in charge of
eye movements, posture, balance
54
what kind of muscle coordination is the interposed nucleus in charge of
limb movements (pose for a funny picture!)
55
what kind of muscle coordination is the dentate nucleus in charge of
skilled learned movements (like how a dentist needs to be skilled)
56
what is the general pathway to determine cerebellar motor pathways
sensory --\> cerebellar functional structure --\> cerebellar deep nuclei --\> target nuclei --\> target
57
what is the cerebellar pathway for eye movement
vestibular flocculonodular lobe fastigial nuclei vestibular nuclei MLF
58
what are the symptoms of impaired cerebellar function of eye movement
impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex impaired nystagmus ocular dysmetria (overshoot and undershoot saccades)
59
what is the cerebellar pathway for postural control
proprioceptive and vestibular cerebellar vermis fastigial nucleus vestibular nucleus medial motor system (vestibulospinal)
60
what are the symptoms of impaired cerebellar postural control
impaired ability to sit and stand without support vertigo
61
what is the cerebellar pathway for truncal balance
proprioceptive and vestibular cerebellar vermis fastigial nucleus vestibular and reticular formation medial motor system (vestibulospinal and reticulospinal)
62
what is the cerebellar pathway for appendicular movement
proprioceptive intermediate hemisphere interposed nucleus VA/VL lateral motor system
63
what are the symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction of appendicular movement (ataxia)
- impaired on finger-nose-finger task - impaired on heel-shin test - impaired rapid alternating movements - incoordination during limb movement
64
what is the cerebellar pathway for learned skilled movements
pontocerebellar lateral hemisphere dentate nucleus VA/VL nuclei lateral motor system
65
what are the symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction of learned skilled movements
- impaired rapidity & precision of performing skilled movements (e.g.playing piano) - impaired ability to learn new skilled motor tasks