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Flashcards in Pediatric Psychology Deck (66)
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1
Q

Potential Roles of Primary Care Clinicians

A
Prevention
Early identification/screening
Early intervention/engagement
Referral/collaborative care
Monitoring progress in care
Care coordination
2
Q

Barriers of Mental Health Care in Primary Care Settings

A
Ambivalence/variability
Discomfort
Time constraints
Poor payment
Variable access to MH specialty resources
Administrative barriers to MH services
Limited information exchange with MH specialists
Stigma
3
Q

Assisting a Parent Caring for a Child with a Disability

A
Seek the assistance of other parent
Know that you are not alone
Rely o positive resources in your life
Take it one day at a time
Seek information
Do not be intimidated
Maintain a positive outlook
Find programs for your child
Take care of yourself
Keep daily routines as normal as possible
KEEP YOUR SENSE OF HUMOR
4
Q

What is important in the assessment of a psychiatric condition in a pediatric patient?

A

Developmental milestones

5
Q

Approach to the Adolescent Mental Health Patient

A

No judgements or assumptions
Rules of confidentiality: outline the rules, not absolute, ask them to explain confidentiality, alone time with the patient
HEADSSS assessment

6
Q

Define HEADSSS

A
H: home
E: education
A: activities
D: drugs
S: sex
S: suicide/depression
S: safety
7
Q

Define Intellectual Disability

A

Neurodevelopment disorder with multiple etiologies that encompass a broad spectrum of functioning, disability, and strengths

8
Q

Define Global Developmental Delay

A

Children under 5 who fail to meet expected developmental milestones and have significant impairments in several areas of functioning

9
Q

Two Components of Intellectual Disability

A

Adaptive behavior

Intellectual functioning

10
Q

Define Adaptive Behavior

A

Collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that all people learn in order to function in their daily lives

11
Q

Define Intellectual Functioning

A

Reasoning, learning, and problem solving

12
Q

Clinical Features of a Patient with an Intellectual Disability

A

Parent concerns
Younger sibling overtakes an older sibling
Fails to meet expected developmental milestones
Immature behavior
Difficulty learning
Severely affected

13
Q

Causes of Intellectual Disability

A

Genetic
Embryonic development
Congenital infections
Congenital hypothyroidism
Teratogens: alcohol, lead & valproate
Environmental deprivation (Abuse/neglect)
Hereditary abnormalities

14
Q

Screening Tools for Intellectual Disability

A

Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ): 4-60 months
Bayley Infant Neurodevelopment Screener (BINS): 4-25 months
Brigance Screens-II: 4-90 months
Infant-Toddler Checklist for Language and Communications: 6-24 months
Parent’s Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS)

15
Q

DSM V for Intellectual Disability Criteria

A

IQ = 70
Deficits or impairments in adaptive function in at least 2 of the following: communication, self-care, home living, social/interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, safety
Onset before age 18 years old

16
Q

Treatment of Intellectual Disability

A

Early intervention program
Multidisciplinary team support
Family support & counseling

17
Q

Typical Learning Disabilities

A

Dyslexia
Dyscalculia
Dysgraphia

18
Q

Epidemiology of Dyslexia

A

Boys > Girls
Run in families
Often in patients with ADHD

19
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Dyslexia

A

Delayed language production
Speech articulation difficulties
Difficulties remember letters, numbers, & colors
Reversals or visual confusions (b/d, m/w, h/n)

20
Q

Common Problems with Individuals with Dyslexia

A

Processing & understanding what they hear
Difficulty comprehending rapid instructions
Following more than one command at a time
Remembering the sequence of things
Reversals of letters (b/d)
Reversal of words (saw/was)
May read from right to left
May fail to see/hear similarities & differences in letters & words
May not recognize spacing between words
May be unable to sound out pronunciation of an unfamiliar word

21
Q

Dyslexia Screening & Diagnosis

A
Medical exam
Cognitive exam
Sensory processing
Educational
Psychological factors
Vision
Hearing
Neurologic
Psychologic assessment
22
Q

Treatment of Dyslexia

A

Remedial education
Testing can reveal areas to work on
Use several senses to learn
No way to correct underlying brain malfunction

23
Q

Dyslexia Prognosis

A

Tutoring each week
Progress may be slow
Milder forms: read well enough to succeed in school
Severe forms: may never be able to read well

24
Q

Define Dyscalculia

A

Difficulty performing math calculations

25
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Dyscalculia

A

Difficulty understanding number lines, carrying/borrowing numbers, word problems, & counting change or money

26
Q

Strategies for Dyscalculia

A

Allow use of fingers & scratch paper
Use diagrams & draw math concepts
Provide peer assistance
Suggest use of graph paper

27
Q

Define Dysgraphia

A

Learning disability resulting from the difficulty in expressing thoughts in writing

28
Q

Dysgraphia Difficulties

A

Handwriting
Grammar & syntax
Formulating, expressing, & organizing ideas in writing
Ability to use sound-letter relationships effectively

29
Q

Who can diagnose dysgraphia?

A

Psychologist who specializes in learning disabilities

30
Q

Treatment of Dysgraphia

A

Accommodations
Modifications: essays shorter or put in question form
Remediations: writing practice

31
Q

Define Enuresis

A

Repeated voiding of urine during the day or night into bed or clothing

32
Q

Define Encopresis

A

Repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places

33
Q

Define Primary Enuresis

A

Never have had a dry night

34
Q

Define Secondary Enuresis

A

Child is completely potty trained and then has a patch where the child wets the bed

35
Q

Common Causes of Enuresis

A

Failure to arouse
Increase production of urine while asleep
Overactive bladder

36
Q

Enuresis & Psychiatry/Psychology

A

Stressors: family crises, new school, new sibling

Become withdrawn & anxious

37
Q

Etiology of Daytime Incontinence

A

Overactive bladder

Constipation

38
Q

Diagnosing Enuresis

A

H&P
Voiding diary
UA with PVR
Abdominal X-ray

39
Q

What is included in a voiding diary?

A

Timing of daytime voids
Volume of voided urine
Lower urinary tract symptoms

40
Q

Treatment of Enuresis

A

Stop fluids before bed
Scheduled night waking
Alarms: underwear or bedding
Medications

41
Q

Medication Options for Enuresis

A

Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)
Oxybutynin
Imipramine

42
Q

Two Types of Encopresis

A

Primary

Secondary

43
Q

Define Primary Encopresis

A

Has always soiled their pants

44
Q

Define Secondary Encopresis

A

Completely potty trained & then returns to soiling themselves

45
Q

Physical Cycle of Encopresis

A

Stool retention
Intestinal walls & nerves stretch
Retained stool becomes harder
Liquid stool passes around retained feces

46
Q

Clinical Presentation of Encopresis

A

Repeated soiling of underwear

Child denies visible & olfactory signs of soiling

47
Q

Psychological Effects of Encopresis

A

Struggle within the family
Conflict in other areas of child’s life
Homework with suffer
Chores may be ignored

48
Q

Diagnostics of Encopresis

A

Abdominal X-ray

49
Q

Management of Encopresis

A

Educate child on bowel function
Behavior or reward systems
Psychological counseling

50
Q

Treatment Goals for Encopresis

A

Establish regular bowel habits
Reduce stool retention
Restore normal physiological control over bowel function
Diffuse conflicts and reduce concerns

51
Q

Initial Treatment Phase of Encopresis

A

Enemas

Strong laxatives

52
Q

Maintenance Phase of Treatment of Encopresis

A

Schedules toilet times
Daily laxative
Proper diet: lots of fiber

53
Q

Define Autism

A

Neurodevelopment disorder that affects the functioning of the brain- primarily communication & social interaction

54
Q

Classic Autistic Disorder

A
Limited emotional connection
Very into their own world
Constant routines
Deeply effected by noises, bright lights, & smells
Generally low functioning
55
Q

Key Diagnostic Features of Autism

A

Severe deficits in social responsiveness & interpersonal relationships
Abnormal speech & language development
Repetitive, rigid, or stereotypes interests or behaviors
Onset before age 3
Difficulty feeding
Focus on one thing at a time

56
Q

Key Features in Infancy for Autism

A

Delayed/absent social smile
Failure to anticipate interaction with parents
Lack of attention to parent’s face

57
Q

Key Features in Toddlers for Autism

A

Deficiencies in imitative play
Lack of interest in interactions with others
Language development delay

58
Q

Communication Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Avoid eye contact
Act as if deaf
Develop language, then abruptly stop talking
Fail to use spoken language, without compensating by gesture

59
Q

Exploration of Environment Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Remain fixated on a single item or activity
Repetitive actions like rocking or hand-flapping
Sniff or lick toys or put unusual objects in mouth or need toys to chew on
Show no sensitivity to burns or bruises, & engage in self-mutilation
Intensely preoccupied with a single subject, activity, or gesture
Show distress over change
Insist on routine or rituals with no purpose
Lack fear

60
Q

Social Relationships of Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Act as if unaware of the coming & going of others
Are inaccessible
Fail to seek comfort
Fail to develop relationships with peers
Have problems seeing things from another person’s perspective
May physically attack & injure others without provocation

61
Q

Complications of Autism

A

30% develop seizure disorder
Higher cognitive individuals may become depressed as they become aware of their deficits
Some adults live in 24 hour care centers

62
Q

Specifications fo Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

With/without accompanying intellectual impairment
With/without accompanying language impairment
Associated with a known medical or genetic condition
Associated with another neurodevelopment, mental, or behavioral disorder
With catatonia

63
Q

Rankings of Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

1: requiring support
2: requiring substantial support
3: requiring very substantial support

64
Q

Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders

A

Require specialized therapy, special schooling
Special techniques & psychotherapeutic approaches
Sometimes antipsychotic drugs & antidepressants

65
Q

Specialized Therapeutic & Teaching Approaches for Autism Spectrum Disorders

A

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
Picture exchange communication system (PECS)
Early start Denver model (ESDM)
More than words
Treatment & educations of autistic & communication related handicapped children (TEACCH)
Child’s talk

66
Q

Screening Tools for Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT)
Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers & young children (STAT)
Child look & point when they want you to see something?
Child look when you point to something?
Child use imagination to play?