Physiology 1 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Salatory conduction is described as conduction or an action potential through which type of fiber? A. Myelinated nerve B. Unmyelinated nerve C. Cardiac muscle D. Smooth muscle
A
A. Myelinated nerve
2
Q
The greatest increase in peripheral vascular restriction in response to wide spread sympathetic stimulation is going to effect which tissue? A. Nepatic B. Cardiac C. Cutaneous D. Pulmonary
A
C. Cutaneous
3
Q
Glomerulus consist primarily of ? that contain relative ? pressure compared to similar vessels in the bobd? A. Capillaries/high B. Capillaries/low C. Arterioles/high D. Arterioles/low
A
A. Capillaries/high
4
Q
Relative refractory period is influenced by which of the following conditions? A. increase Na B. increase K C. decrease Na D. decrease K
A
B. increase K
5
Q
During which of the following stages is the most prolactin secreated? A. Soon after implantation B. After delivery C. Post partum D. Before implantation
A
B. After delivery
6
Q
Which of the following organells of skeletal muscle transmitts the action potential from outside of the cell to the inside of the cell? A. Myofibril B. Sacroplasmic reticulum C. T-tubule D. Cross bridges
A
C. T-tubule
7
Q
The resting membrane potential of a neural membrane is said to be? A. Neutral B. Polar C. Depolarized D. Hyperpolarizied
A
B. Polar
8
Q
In order to absorb Vit. B-12 which of the following is required? A. Bile salts B. Micells C. Intrinsic factor D. Pepsin
A
C. Intrinsic factor
9
Q
Which of the following is a rapidly adapting receptor? A. Golgi tendon apparatus B. Thermoreceptor C. Ruffini coruscle D. Pacinian corpuscle E. Golgi tendon apparatus
A
D. Pacinian corpuscle
10
Q
What maintains basic body temep. Wht the entire body is chilled? A. Skin vasoconstriction B. Sweating C. Chemical thermogensis D. Shivering
A
D. Shivering
11
Q
Which of the following is the stimulus to activate the flexor/withdraw response? A. Pain B. Cold C. Pressure D. Touch
A
A. Pain
12
Q
Stimulation of which of the following tracts causes involuntary contraction of an excitatory extensor? A. Reticulospinal B. Rubrospinal C. Corticospinal D. Vestibulospinal
A
D. Vestibulospinal
13
Q
Which of the following structures is not involved in the light reflex? A. Pretectal B. Edinger westphal nucleus C. Cillary ganglion D. Lateral geniculate
A
D. Lateral geniculate
14
Q
Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle? A. Chodroitin B. Fibers are arranged in sarcomere C. Actin D. Muscle spindles
A
C. Actin
15
Q
Influx of what ion is responsible for depolarization? A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Magnesium D. Magnesium
A
B. Sodium
16
Q
The greatest % of CO2 is transported as? A. Dissolved CO2 B. Carboxylhemoglobin C. Carbaminohemoglobin D. Bicarbonate ion
A
D. Bicarbonate ion-> 70%
17
Q
Which area of the brain coordinates voluntary eye movement? A. Frontal B. Temporal C. Occipital D. Parietal
A
A. Frontal-> (motor) pre motor cortex
18
Q
From which of the following structures is LH derived? A. Leydig cells B. Anterior pituitary C. Posterior pituitary D. Hypothalamus
A
B. Anterior pituitary
19
Q
The pancreas secretes which of the following substances? A. Amylose B. Gastrin C. Somatostatin D. Somatomedin
A
C. Somatostatin-> From delta cells of the pancreas-> Balancing hormone for GH.
NOTE: alpha cells of pancreas-> glucagon. Beta cells of pancreas-> insulin
20
Q
During the resting phase of a neuron what is secreted? A. Na. K. pump B. Na. Out C. K. out D. Ca. In
A
B. Na. Out
21
Q
Which of the following will lengthen the time for blood clotting? A. decrease Vit. K B. increase arterial pressure C. increase venous pressure D. decrease capillary pressure
A
A. decrease Vit. K
22
Q
The stomach secretes which of the following substances? A. Lipase B. Gastrin C. Cholecystokinin D. Secretin
A
B. Gastrin-> 2 functions 1) Activates prital cells to produce HCL. 2) Activates Chief cells.
23
Q
Which of the following is responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum? A. LH B. Estrogen C. Progesterone D. FSH
A
A. LH
24
Q
When you come in contact with a cold object heat is lost by which of the following means? A. Convection B. Conduction C. Evaporation D. Radiation
A
B. Conduction
25
```
When body temperature is decreased by air currents what type of heat loss is this?
A. Convection
B. Conduction
C. Evaporation
D. Radiation
```
A. Convection-> air currents
26
```
Which of the following is most apt to produce the lowest renal filtration faction for glucose?
A. Hypoglycemia
B. Hyperglycemia
C. Glucosuria
D. Galactosemia
```
A. Hypoglycemia
27
```
Which the following is present in both cascade pathways?
A. C-1
B. C-2
C. C-3
D. C-4
```
C. C-3-> links alternate and classical
28
```
Systemic circulation differs from pulmonic circulation in that it has a ? Pressure and a ? resistance to flow?
A. Lower/lower
B. Lower/higher
C. Higher/lower
D. Higher/higher
```
D. Higher/higher
29
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause edema?
A. Decrease arterial pressure
B. Increase plasma
C. Increase venous pressure
D. Increase lymphatic pumping from skeletal muscle action
C. Increase venous pressure
30
```
Which of the following is increased in fast muscle fibers?
A. Concentration of glycolytic enzymes
B. Concentration of Mitochondria
C. Concentration of myoglobin
D. Intercellular K concentration
```
A. Concentration of glycolytic enzymes
31
```
Which of the following does not promote the secretion of Glucose?
A. Cortisol
B. Epinephrine
C. Norepinephrine
D. Acetylcholine
```
D. Acetylcholine
32
```
The glomerulus freely filters ? but does not filter?
A. Urea, glucose
B. Urea, albumin
C. Creatine, glucose
D. Glucose, sodium
```
B. Urea, albumin
33
```
Which of the following has largest cross-sectional area?
A. Venules
B. Capillaries
C. Arterioles
D. Arteries
```
B. Capillaries
34
```
The P wave on the EKG demonstrates the?
A. Ventricular repolarization
B. Ventricular depolarization
C. Atrial repolarization
D. Atrial depolarization
```
D. Atrial depolarization
35
```
The sucking reflex stimulates the release of which of the following from the posterior pituitary?
A. Oxytocin
B. LH
C. Estrogen
D. FSH
```
A. Oxytocin
36
```
Which of the following is secreted from the follicular stage of the menstrual cycle?
A. Estradiol
B. LH
C. Testosterone
D. Progesterone
```
A. Estradiol
37
```
The function of angiotensin II is for the?
A. Absorption of glucose
B. Constriction of arterioles
C. Absorption of Na
D. Absorption of potassium
```
B. Constriction of arterioles
38
```
Which of the following cause the delay in the in the impulse in the heart?
A. SA node
B. AV node
C. Purkinje fibers
D. Bundle of his
```
B. AV node= between atrium and ventricles
39
```
Which has the largest lung the volume?
A. Tidal volume
B. Inspiratory reserve
C. Expiratory reserve
D. Vital capacity
```
D. Vital capacity
NOTE: Vital to TIE -> Vital = tidal + inspiratory + expiratory (remember it is vital to TIE)
40
```
The first audible sound found in diastole?
A. Closure of AV valve
B. Atrial relax
C. Closure of similar valve
D. Here of the 1st sound
```
C. Closure of similar valve
41
```
That makes action potential of a neuron stronger?
A. Brain
B. Increased myelination
C. Increased stimulation
D. Increase diameter
```
C. Increased stimulation
42
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Which of the followingmost effectively causes a loss of body heat when compared to ambient heat?
A. Radiation
B. Evaporation
C. Convection
D. Conduction
```
A. Radiation
43
```
Which of the following neurotransmitters is released at a somatic neuromuscular junction?
E. Dopamine
F. Serotonin
G. Epinephrine
A. Acetylcholine
```
A. Acetylcholine
44
```
Neurotransmitter molecules are released at nerve cell endings due to which ion?
A. Ca
B. Na
C. Chloride
D. Potassium
```
A. Ca
45
```
Which of the following is transported in the lymphatic system?
A. Chylomicrons
B. Cholesterol
C. Bile salts
D. LDL
```
A. Chylomicrons
46
```
An increase in thyroid hormone would result in which of the following?
A. Decrease Glucose production
B. Decrease blood pressure
C. Increase fat metabolism
D. Weight gain
```
C. Increase fat metabolism
47
```
A lower motor neuron lesion extends from the _ to the _
A. Cortex, spinal cord
B. Spinal cord, cortex
C. Spinal cord, effector
D. Effector, spinal cord
```
C. Spinal cord, effector
NOTE : upper motor neuron lesion is from brain to anterior horn. There is no atrophy with the upper motor neuron lesions but there is atrophy with lower motor neuron lesions.
48
```
Which of the following is the integrated system of the spinal cord?
A. White spinal cord
B. They spinal cord
C. Extrapyramidal system
D. Cerebral motor cortex
```
D. Cerebral motor cortex
49
```
When exercising a muscle which of the following does not cause a muscle to shorten?
A. Isotonic
B. Eccentric
C. Isometric
D. Concentric
```
C. Isometric
50
```
51. Which substance made by the kidney is responsible for the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?
A. Aldosterone
B. Erythropoietin
C. Renin
D. Angiotensin
```
B. Erythropoietin
51
```
The amount of air left in the lung after maximal forceful expiration is called what volume?
A. Tidal volume
B. Inspiratory reserve
C. Expiratory reserve
D. Residual
```
D. Residual
52
```
Pacinian corpuscles are stimulated by?
A. Insignificant vibration
B. Pain
C. Temperature
D. Severe depression of tissue .
```
A. Insignificant vibration
53
```
On an EKG Atrial repolarization is represented by?
A. RS wave
B. T wave
C. P wave
D. Hidden by the QRS wave
```
D. Hidden by the QRS wave
54
```
Which is the greatest amount of resistance in the periphery?
A. Capillaries
B. Arteries
C. Veins
D. Arterioles
```
A. Capillaries
55
```
Total lung capacity could be defined as?
A. Tital volume + residual volume
B. Vital capacity + residual volume
C. Inspiratory reserve + vital capacity
D. Tital volume + inspiratory reserve
```
B. Vital capacity + residual volume
56
```
The PO2 is greater and the pulmonary Veins than the O2 pressure of?
A. Left atrium
B. Inspired air
C. Pulmonary alveoli
D. Atmospheric pressure
```
A. Left atrium
57
```
The greatest percent of filtrated water is resorbed in the?
A. Descending loop of Henely
B. Proximal tubule
C. Early distal tubule
D. Collecting duct
```
B. Proximal tubule 90%
58
```
Which of the following substances is not a catacholamine?
A. Norepinephrine
B. Epinephrine
C. Dopamine
D. Acetylcholine
```
D. Acetylcholine
59
```
Which hormone is responsible for producing milk?
A. Prolactin
B. Oxytocin
C. Estrogen
D. Progesterone
```
A. Prolactin
60
```
What is the function of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
A. Inactivates the Na channels
B. Increased potassium channels
C. Activate sodium potassium pump
D. Activates calcium channels
```
D. Activates calcium channels
61
```
The hormones are involved in the initiation?
A. LH and progesterone
B. FSH, LH
C. LH and testosterone
D. FSH and testosterone
```
B. FSH, LH
62
```
Which of the following is responsible for reducing Peripheral Arterial pressure?
A. increase sympathetics
B. decrease Parasympathetic’s
C. increase para sympathetics
D. Decrease sympathetics
```
D. Decrease sympathetics
there are no Parasympathetic’s in the periphery
63
```
The descending pain modular system specifically inhibits which the following?
A. Internal C fiber in the dorsal horn
B. Alpha fibers from spinal nerves
C. Renshaw cells in the ventral horn
D. Periaqueductal gray containing neuron
```
A. Internal C fiber in the dorsal horn
64
Which of the following conditions increases the secretion of rennin?
A. increase plasma chloride concentration
B. increase blood volume
C. Decrease blood pressure
D. incrase plasma sodium concentration
C. Decrease blood pressure
ADH released by the posterior pituitary in response to low blood pressure (AKA for ADH is vasopressin)
65
```
66. The role of the troponin/ tropomysoin complex in skeletal muscle is?
A. Regulate Ca
B. Inhibit cross bridge formation
C. Hydrolyze ATP
D. Regulate membrane permeability to Na
```
B. Inhibit cross bridge formation
66
The Hering-Brewer reflex is initiated by which of the following?
A. Stretch receptors in the lung and Bronchioles B. Chemoreceptors in Medulla
C. Peripheral chemoreceptors
D. Arterial baroreceptors
A. Stretch receptors in the lung and Bronchioles
-> keep lungs from exploding when you breathe -> located in the phumotaxic center ->Apneustic center inhabits pnumotaxic center.
67
```
The most difficult aspect of breathing to overcome is
A. Airway resistance
B. Tissue resistance
C. Elastic resistance
D. Surface tension
```
C. Elastic resistance
68
```
69. Which of the following does not have a rule in regulating blood sugar?
A. Growth hormone
B. Luteinizing hormone
C. Epinephrine
D. Cortisol
```
B. Luteinizing hormone
69
The absence of a cost around causes what to occur?
A. Reabsorption of filtrated Na from the distal tubule is decreased
B. Sodium is not reabsorbed by the proximal tubule
C. increase the GFR
A. Reabsorption of filtrated Na from the distal tubule is decreased
70
The net amount of tension developed in skeletal muscle is determined by?
A. The relative number of the fast twitch fibers
B. The amount of cholinesterase at the myoneural junction
C. The number of motor units recruited
D. The number of slope which fibers
C. The number of motor units recruited
-> motor unit -> the nerve with all the muscles it supplies
71
```
Which of the following is the primary factor in long-term altered blood pressure?
A. CNS Ischemic reflex
B. Blood volume
C. Chemoreceptors
D. Barroreceptors
```
B. Blood volume
72
```
Protein metabolism can best be measured through?
A. Glucose nitrogen urine
B. Uric acid in urine
C. Creatinine in urine
D. Urea in the urine
```
D. Urea in the urine
73
```
Osmoreceptors are located in?
A. Adenohypophysis
B. Hypothalamus
C. Proximal convoluted tubule
D. Neurohypopysis
```
B. Hypothalamus
74
```
Which of the following connective tissues is derived from monocytes?
A. Mast cells
B. Plasma cells
C. Lymphocytes
D. Macrophages
```
D. Macrophages
75
```
Proprioceptive fibers for sensory information from joints, tendons, muscles and ligaments are carried by what ascending tract?
A. Spinocerebellar
B. Spinothalamic
C. Vestibulospinal
D. Corticospinal
```
A. Spinocerebellar -> unconscious proprioception
76
After ACH binds with this receptor, a channel opens in the end plate region that is large enough for both sodium and potassium ions to pass through. Initally, sodium ions move through and potassium ions don’t. What best explains this?
A. Calcium ion movement inhibits potassium movement
B. K is at an electrochemical equilibrium
C. Na is at an electrochemical equilibrium
D. Ca/Na binds & becomes too large
B. K is at an electrochemical equilibrium
77
```
Most metabolically produced CO2 is transported in the?
A. Plasma
B. Hemoglobin
C. Erythrocytes
D. Albumin
```
A. Plasma
78
```
The greatest percent infiltrated water is reabsorbed in the?
A. Descending loop of Henle
B. Proximal tubule
C. Distal tubule
D. Who really knows
```
B. Proximal tubule
79
```
The greatest delay and not transmission of the cardiac system is?
A. SA node
B. AV node
C. Purkinje fibers
D. Bundle of his
```
B. AV node
80
```
What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle?
A. Motor end plates
B. Sarcoma
C. Motor unit
D. Muscle spindle
```
C. Motor unit
81
```
Where do muscle tendons signals transmit?
A. Post central gyrus
B. Pre-central gyrus
C. Superior temporal
D. Middle temporal
```
A. Post central gyrus
82
```
Fixed action patterns or motor programs for suckling in the bombing reflex are controlled by centers in the?
A. Basal ganglia
B. Hypothalamus
C. Motor cortex
D. Brain stem
```
D. Brain stem
83
```
Node to node conduction best describes?
A. Saltatory conduction
B. Axoplasmic
C. Chronaxic
D. Electronic
```
A. Saltatory conduction
84
```
The adrenal medulla is analogous to?
A. Postganglionic Parasympathetic nerves
B. Preganglionic parasympathetic nerves
C. Postganglionic sympathetic nerves
D. Preganglionic sympathetic nerves
```
C. Postganglionic sympathetic nerves
85
```
What chemical produces hyperpolarization reactions in humans?
A. Potassium
B. Na
C. Ca
D. Cl
```
A. Potassium
86
```
Neurons which mediate conscious control over single muscle groups are located in the?
A. Cerebral cortex
B. Cerebellum
C. Basal ganglia
D. Pre-motor cortex
```
D. Pre-motor cortex
Best answer
87
When there is a significant decrease in Extracellular Na there is also a(n)?
A. Decrease in amplitude of action potential
B. Increase in amplitude of action potential
B. Increase in amplitude of action potential
88
```
Which ion is primarily responsible for reverse potential of over shoot of an action potential?
A. Ca
B. Na
C. Potassium
D. Chloride
```
B. Na
89
```
What is the pituitary hormone involved in the secretory phase of menstruation?
A. LH
B. FSH
C. Estrogen
D. Progesterone
```
A. LH
90
```
Stimulation of Baro receptors cause an increase in?
A. Vagal stimulation of the heart
B. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart
C. Deep breathing
D. Ganglionic filtration
```
A. Vagal stimulation of the heart
91
```
HCl acid is responsible for activation of?
A. Parietal cells
B. Chief cells
C. Pepsinogen
D. Pepsin
```
C. Pepsinogen
92
```
The sympathetics exert the least effort on which of the following?
A. Aorta
B. Large arteries
C. Arterioles
D. Capillaries
```
A. Aorta -> you never want to constrict aorta
93
```
Laminar blood flow is characterized by
A. Parabolin velocity profile
B. Murmurs
C. Turbulence
D. Eddy currents
```
A. Parabolin velocity profile
94
```
Normal Serum contains the greatest amount of?
A. IgA
B. IgE
C. IgG
D. IgD
E. IgM
```
C. IgG greatest amount
95
The primary function of the lymphatic system is to control the?
A. Concentration of protein in the interstitial fluid.
B. Maintain positive interstitial pressure
C. Controlled concentration of fat in the circulatory system
D. Control venous pressure
A. Concentration of protein in the interstitial fluid.
96
```
At normal, partial pressure of O2 in the alveolar the hemoglobin is?
A. 40%
B. 97%
C. 45%
D. 105%
```
B. 97% saturated
97
```
The respiratory system in the brain stem is most strongly influenced by?
A. CO2 concentration in blood
B. O2 concentration in the blood
C. Blood pressure fluctuation
D. Osmolality of the blood
```
A. CO2 concentration in blood -> Pontomedullary center -> this increases respiration
98
```
The air remaining in lungs after maximal expiration is known as?
A. Title volume
B. Expiratory volume
C. Total lung capacity
D. Residual volume
```
D. Residual volume
