Flashcards in Pregnancy Physiology Deck (84)
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1
What days is the two cell stage present?
First 3 days of development
2
Define Morula
Solid mass of blastomere cells
3
When does a morula appear?
Day 4
4
What day does the morula become a blastocyst?
Day 5
5
What is the outer layer of the blastocyst consist of?
Trophoblast
Placenta & fetal membranes
6
What is the inner layer of the blastocyst consist of?
Cell mass to become the embryo & fluid
7
What surrounds the blastocyst?
Zona pellucida
8
When does implantation occur?
Day 6-7
9
What is the stem cell of the placenta?
Progenitor cytotrophoblast cell
10
2 Differentiation of Progenitor Cytotrophoblast Cells
Extravillous cytotrophoblast (inner)
Villous cytotrophoblast (outer)
11
Extravillous Cytotrophoblast (Inner) Cells
"Invasive" into decide & myometrium
"Invasive" into the spiral arteries (form uteroplacental arteries)
Form core of villi
12
Villous Cytotrophoblast (Outer) Cells
Forms placental villi with base of cytotrophoblast cells
Forms umbilical arteries & vein
13
Function of Villous Cytotrophoblast (Outer) Cells
Transport of gases
Nutrient & wastes
Synthesis of peptide & steroid hormones that influence placental, fetal, & maternal systems
14
Dicidua
Influence by progesterone & later with the invasion of trophoblasts
15
What forms the basal plate of the placenta?
Decidual cells
16
Define Trophoblast
Layer of trophoblast cells always separate the embryonic circulation from maternal blood & decidua
17
Define Nitabuch's Layer
Layer of fibrin between the boundary zone of compact endometrium & the cytotrophoblastic shell in the placenta
18
Functions of the Placenta
Extra brain
Interface between mom & baby
Prevents rejection of fetal allograft
Enables respiratory gas exchange
Transports nutrients
Eliminates fetal waste products
Secretes peptide & steroid hormones
19
Metabolic Functions of the Placenta
Glycogen synthesis
Cholesterol synthesis
Removal of lactate
Protein metabolism
20
Function of Cholesterol Synthesis
Precursor for production of progesterone & estrogen
21
Define Lactate
Waste product of placental metabolism
22
Placental Peptide Hormones
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Human placental lactogen (hPL)
Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Placental growth factor
23
Function of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Maintains corpus luteum production of progesterone until placenta takes over at 6-8 weeks
Regulates placental steroid production
24
Function of Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)
Antagonizes maternal secretion of insulin to increase fetal glucose supply
25
Function of Placental Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Stimulates fetal ACTH resulting in fetal adrenal making DHEA-S as precursor to placental estrogen
26
Placental Steroid Hormones
Progesterone
Estrogens
Enzymes to degrade maternal glucocorticoids
27
Function of Progesterone
Maintains non-contractile uterus
Anti-inflammatory & immunosuppressive to protect fetus
28
Function of Estrogens
Stimulated by placental HCG
Maternal & fetal blood supply DHEAS
29
Enzymes to Degrade Maternal Glucocorticoids
Placenta regulates exposure of fetus to glucocorticoids
Regulating fetal organ development & maturation
30
