temp Flashcards

Question

Wild bird index?

Answer 1

By birdlife international and UNEP-WCMC It measures average Population trends of a suite of representatives **wild birds**

Answer 2

* It is an international NGO * ***Founded*** in 1961 * ***Headquarter*** — Gland (Switzerland). * ***Aim*** : wilderness preservation & the reduction of human impact on the environment * It is the world’s largest conservation organization ***Objectives:*** * Conserving the world’s biological diversity * Ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable * Promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption ***Reports & programmes:*** * ***Living Planet Report***— published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation * ***Earth hour*** * ***Debt-for-nature swaps***–financial transactions in which a portion of a developing nation’s foreign debt is forgiven in exchange for local investments in environmental conservation measures. * ***Marine Stewardship Council(MSC)*** — independent non-profit organization which sets a standard for sustainable fishing * ***Healthy GrownPotato*** — eco-brand that provides high-quality, sustainably grown, packaged, and shipped potatoes to consumers by leveraging integrated pest management(IPM) farming practices on large scale farms

Answer 3

* IUCN is a membership union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations. * Created in **1948,** it is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it. * It is headquartered in **Switzerland.** * The **IUCN Red List** of Threatened Species, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. * It is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. * It is also a key indicator for the [**SDGs**](https://www.drishtiias.com/loksabha-rajyasabha-discussions/in-depth-indias-sustainable-development-goals) and Aichi Targets.

Answer 4

* The list assessed 1,05,732 species - the **largest such assessment** of species, out of which 28,338 species are threatened with extinction. * The updated list brings out an alarming rate of decline of freshwater and deep sea species. For example, over 50 % of Japan’s endemic freshwater fishes are under the threat of extinction. * Wedgefishes and giant guitarfishes, collectively known as Rhino Rays because of their elongated snouts, have been listed as the ‘most imperilled marine fish families in the world’. * The main drivers of this decline are the loss of free flowing rivers and increasing agricultural and urban pollution. * Close to 50% of the species assessed by IUCN have been put under the ‘Least Concern’ category. It means the rest 50% are under various degrees of decline. * Of the total assessed, 873 are already extinct while 6,127 are critically endangered. * nearly ⅓rd of all species assessed are under threat of extinction due to human pressure * not a single species was recorded to have improved in status * some notable additions: * bioluminiscent lantern fishes: facing threat from deep fishing, oil and gas drilling and seabed mining * scaly foott snail is the first mollusc that lives on deep sea hydrothermal vents to be added to the Red list and assessed as endangered

Answer 5

The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is an independent intergovernmental body, established by member States in 2012. **Objective of IPBES:** Strengthen the science-policy interface for biodiversity and ecosystem services for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity Findings: 1. up to 1 million of the estimated 8 million plant and animal species on Earth are at risk of extinction within decades. 2. 5 L plants and animal currently have ‘insufficient habitat for long term survival’ 3. 40% of amphibian species are threatened with extinction, along with 33% of reef forming corals and 33% of marine mammals 4. **Loss of pollinators:** Up to $577 billion in annual global crops are at risk from pollinator loss. Insect pollinators are unfortunately an excellent example of the problems caused by human activities."There's a newly coined phrase for insect declines — the **'windshield effect’**. 1. the windscreen phenomenon is a term given to the anecdotal observation that people tend to find **fewer insects smashed on the windscreens** of their cars now compared to a decade or several decades ago. This effect has been ascribed to major global declines in insect abundance. 5. The report identified a **range of risks,** from the **disappearance of insects** vital for pollinating food crops, to the **destruction of coral reefs** that support fish populations that sustain coastal communities, or the **loss of medicinal plants**. 6. 75% of the land environment and 66% of the marine environment impacted due to anthropogenic activities. 7. Unregulated Consumption 1. ⅓rd of all land is used to make food; food cultivation uses 75% of all fresh water on earth 2. 25% of all man made emission comes from agri, mostly from meat production 3. 50% of all new land for agri is taken from forests 4. 93% of marine fish stocks are either over-fished or fished to the limit of sustainability 5. **Decline of native species** in most major land-based habitats by at least 20%, mostly since 1900. 8. Climate risk 1. business as usual is predicted to warm earth by 4.3deg C, thta will wipe out 1/6th of all species 2. Even if Paris targets NDCs are achieved, a 2 Deg C rise in temp will wipe out 5% of earth species. 9. **Pollution and waste** 1. Plastic pollution has increased tenfold since 1980. 2. 300-400 million tons of heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge and other industrial waste are dumped into the world's water systems.

Answer 6

1. Not evaluated 2. Data Defecient 3. Least concern 4. Near threatened: when a species is close to becoming threatened or may meet the criteria for threatened status in the near future 5. Vulnerable 1. pop size reduction is ≥ 50% over last 10 yrs or 3 gen, whichever is longer; or 2. pop size is estimated to number fewer than 1000 mature individuals 6. Endangered 1. pop size reduction is ≥ 70% over last 10 yrs or 3 gen, whichever is longer; or 2. pop size is estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals 7. Critically endangered 1. pop size reduction is ≥ 90% over last 10 yrs or 3 gen, whichever is longer; or 2. pop size is estimated to number fewer than 50 mature individuals 8. Extinct in the wild 9. Extinct

Answer 7

1. rate of pop decline 2. geog range 3. whether species already possesses a small pop size 4. when the species is very small or lives in a very restricted area 5. whether the results of a quantitaive analysis indicate a high probability of extinction in the wild

Answer 8

1. Pygmy Hog 2. Andaman White-toothed Shrew 3. Jenkin’s Andaman Spiny Shrew 4. Nicobar White-tailed Shrew 5. Kondana Rat 6. Large Rock Rat or Elvira Rat 7. Namdapha Flying Squirrel 8. Malabar Civet 9. Sumatran Rhinoceros 10. Javan Rhinoceros

Answer 9

1. Aythya Baeri 2. Forest Owlet 3. Great Indian Bustard 4. Bengal Florican 5. Siberian Crane 6. Spoon-billed Sandpiper 7. Sociable Lapwing 8. Jerdon’s Courser 9. White-backed Vulture 10. Red-headed Vulture 11. White-bellied Heron 12. Slender-billed Vulture 13. Indian Vulture 14. Pink-headed Duck 15. Himalayan Quail

Answer 10

1. Gharial 2. Hawksbill Turtle 3. River Terrapin 4. Bengal Roof Turtle 5. Sispara day gecko

Answer 11

1. Pondicherry Shark 2. Ganges Shark 3. Knife-tooth Sawfish 4. Large-tooth Sawfish 5. Narrow-snout Sawfish

Answer 12

**_South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network_** * It is a Regional network comprised of **eight countries in South Asia:** Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. * It aims at working as a strong **regional inter-governmental body** for combating wildlife crime by attempting common goals and approaches for combating illegal trade in the region. * supports work of SAARC for wildlife conservation * launched in 2012 at Paro (Bhutan)

Answer 13

It is an international body ***set up under International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), signed in 1946*** ***Functions***: ICRW governs the commercial, scientific, and aboriginal subsistence whaling practices of fifty-nine member nations. It has 89 member countries. India has been a member since 1981 In 1986, it adopted ***a moratorium on commercial whaling. This ban still continues***. In 1994, it created the ***Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary*** surrounding the continent of Antarctica. Here, the ***IWC has banned all types of commercial whaling***. ***Only two such sanctuaries*** have been designated by IWC till date. Another is ***Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary*** by the tiny island nation of the Seychelles.

Answer 14

is a collab betn UNEP and UK-based charity World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) that supports international BD conservation measures by compiling, storing and analysing BD data. It supports the following databases: 1. World database on Protected areas 2. UNEP-WCMC species database on organisms of conservation importance 3. CITES databse of trade in protected species

Answer 15

is the collaborative effort of [five inter-governmental organizations](https://cites.org/eng/prog/iccwc.php/Partners): CITES, INTERPOL, UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), WB and World Custom Organisation

Answer 16

Concept of first given by Norman Myers in 1988. Adopted by conservation International in 1989. A region is classified as a biodiversity hotspot if it meet under mention two criteria: 1. It must have at least 1500 vascular plants (\> 0.5% of world's total) as endemics 2. It must have 30% or less of its original natural vegetation or it must be threatened There are 36 biodiversity hotspots of the world The represent just 2.4% of the earth's land surface but support nearly 43% endemic species of birds mammals reptiles and amphibians song

Answer 17

1. The entire Himalayan region 2. indo-burma: include the entire North East India except Assam and Andaman group of island 3. Sundaland: Nicobar grp of islands 4. Western Ghats

Answer 18

Concept was given by conservation International in 1998 Conditions: * Have at least 5,000 of world's plants as endemics * Have Marine ecosystems within border There are 17 megadiverse countries which account for at least two-thirds of all all all non fish vertebrate species and three-fourths of all higher plant species. USA, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil; Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, Madagascar; India, China, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea; Australia

Answer 19

* It is a **global partnership of conservation organisations** that strives to conserve birds, their habitats and global biodiversity, working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources * It is **world’s largest conservation partnerships** for conservation of birds and their habitats. * It was earlier known as International Committee for Bird Preservation. * Its global office is in UK with 6 regional offices – Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and Central Asia, the Middle East and the Pacific. * It publishes a quarterly magazine, **World Birdwatch**, which contains recent news and authoritative articles about birds, their habitats, and their conservation around the world. * It is the **official Red List authority for birds**, for the International Union for Conservation of Nature. * It also published important **bird areas (IBA) inventory**. * Since 1970s Birdlife International has been working to identify, document and protect all places on earth of greatest significance for conservation of world's birds. As a result, over 12000 Important Bird and Biodiversity areas (IBAs) have been identified.

Answer 20

**Conservation International** (**CI**) is an American [nonprofit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit) [_environmental organization_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_organization) adopted the concept of Biodiversity Horspots, given by Norman Myers

Answer 21

a NGO working in conservation and currently in partnership with WWF and IUCN publishes report on illegal global trade in tigers Some ongoing projects of TRAFFIC: 1. Wildlife Trafficking response, Assessment and Priority settling (Wildlife-TRAPS): protect BD from illegal wildlife trade through cooperation of govts and NGOs in tackling wildlife trafficking betn Africa and Asia 2. FairWild Foundation: for promoting ethical and sustainable use of wild collected plant ingredient in trade. helps guide businesses throughout wild plant supply chain. 3. Elephant Trade Information System (ETIS): This is CITESmandated tool that tracks illegal trade in elephant ivory and other elephant products. It is managed and operated by TRAFFIC on behalf of CITES parties. Objectives for ETIS are common to another CITES program, *Monitoring Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE),* which tracks poaching of elephants in the wild through a site based system encompassing Africa and Asia

Answer 22

1. one of 17 mega-diverse countries 2. 2.4% land area but 7-8% of world's recorded species 3. home to nearly 92000 fauna species and 47000 flora species 4. Two biogeographical realm 1. Palearctic realm: himalayan region 2. Malayan realm: rest of country 5. Ten Biogeographic zones- as given by Wildlife institute of India 1. Trans Himalayan zone 2. Himalayan zone 3. desert zone 4. semi-arid zone 5. WG zone 6. Decca plateau zone 7. Gangetic plain zone 8. NE zone 9. coastal zone 10. islands 6. four BD hotspots

Answer 23

1. National Legislations 1. WPA 1972 2. BDA 2002 2. PAN 1. WLS 2. NP 3. Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves 4. Marine PAs 3. BD conservation sites other than PAN 1. BR 2. Tiger Reserves 3. Elephant Reserves 4. WHS-Natural and BD 5. Important coastal and Marine BD areas (ICMBAs) 6. Important Bird areas (IBAs) 7. Key BD Areas (KBAs) 8. Eco-sensitive zone 4. policies/programs/projects 1. NWAP 2017-2031 2. National Action Plan for COnservation for conservation of Migratory Birds (2018-23) 3. Integrated development of Wildlife Habitat (IDWH) 4. Species recovery program 5. GoI-UNDP Sea Turtle Project 5. international cooperation 1. CITES 2. WHS 3. CMS 4. IWS

Answer 24

* extends to whole of India * protection of wildlife * authorities established (next f/c) * prohibition and regulation of hunting of wild animals * establishment of PAs * mgmt of zoos * regulation and control of trade in wildlife articles * schedules of Act

Answer 25

* Wildlife advisory board: * chief wildlife warden: * central zoo authority: * National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) * Conservation reserve mgmt committee * community reserve mgmt committee * Wildlife crime control bureau (WCCB) * NTCA: created by 2006 amendment (f/c #352)

Answer 26

* Schedule I and II: absolute protection and offences warrant highest penalties * eg of schd I: lion tailed macaque, rhino, GIB, blackbuck, narcondam hornbill * eg. of schd II: rhesus macaque,dhole, king cobra, flying squirrel * Schedule III and IV: also protected but lower penalties * eg. of schd III: hyena, nilgai, barking deer * eg. of schd IV: mangooses, vultures * Schedule V: animals which may be hunted- vermin * schedule VI: cultivation, collection, extraction, trade etc. of plants and its derivatives listed in this schedule are prohibited. eg. red vanda, blue vanda, pitcher plant, ladies slipper orchid

Answer 27

* extends to whole of India * obj * conservation of BD * sustainable use of BD * fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of use of biologicla resources and knowledge * ‘Biological resources’ mean plants, animals, and microorganisms or their genetic material but does not include human genetic material * authorities established * exemptions: * The Act excludes **Indian biological resources** that are **normally traded as commodities.** Such exemption holds only so far the biological resources are used as commodities **and for no other purpose.** * The act also excludes **traditional uses** of Indian biological resources and associated knowledge and when they are used in **collaborative research projects between Indian and foreign institutions** with the approval of the central government. * **Uses by cultivators and breeds,** e.g. farmers, livestock keepers and bee keepers and traditional healers e.g.vaids and hakims are also exempted.

Answer 28

1. National Biodiversity Authority 1. advises CG fro implementation of act 2. advises SGs in selection of areas of BD importance as heritage sites 3. it can also take measures to oppose grant of IPR in any other country of any biological resource of knowledge associated with such resource derived from India 4. composition: **A Chairperson; Three ex officio members,** **one representing the Ministry dealing with Tribal Affair**s and two representing the Ministry dealing with Environment and Forests; seven ex-officio members and 5 non-official members 2. State BD Board; advises SGs fro implementation of act * There are no State Biodiversity Boards constituted for Union territories. NBA carries out the fns 3. Biodiversity Management Committee 1. every local body shall constitute one 2. promoting conservation, sustainable use and documentation of BD diversity 3. has to be consulted while taking any decisions relating to use of biological resources and knowledge of these resources 4. composition: **a chair person** and **not more than six persons** nominated by the local body. Out of total members of a BMC, **not less than one third should be women** and not less than **18% should belong to the Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes.** 5. main function of the BMC is to prepare **People’s Biodiversity Register** in consultation with the local people.

Answer 29

* created by CG by 1992 amendment * to enforce min stds and norms for upkeep and healthcare of animals in zoos as well as prevent unplanned proliferation of zoos * power to recognise and derecognise zoos * identify endangered species of wild animals for purposes of captive breeding; manage the acquistion, exchange or loaning of animals for breeding purpose

Answer 30

can permit hunting of wild animals in certain cases

Answer 31

* advises SGs in selection of areas as WLS, NPs * advises in policy formulations in wildlife conservation along with tribal needs and harmonising them both

Answer 32

* created by CG via 2003 amendment * chaired by PM * to promote conservation and development of wildlife and forests * advise CG and SGs in policy formulations for wildlife conservation * recommendations for setting up and mgmt of PAs

Answer 33

* by 2006 amendment * multi-disciplinary body estab under MoEFCC to combat organised wildlife crime * collect and collate intelligence related to organised wildlife crime activities. * establish a centralised wildlife crime data bank: It has developed an **_online Wildlife Crime databse Mgmt system_** for the purpose. * implement obligations under various international conventions and protocols ratified by India * advise govt in wildlife crime related issues * WCCB was awarded in 2018 ‘the Asia Env Protection Award’ by UNEP

Answer 34

1. notified under WPA 1972 2. by SGs 3. no alteration of boundaries shall be made except on a resolution passed the **State Legislature** 4. **some restricted human act allowed inside as per permission of SG** 5. **CHief Wildlife Warden** to manage and maintain all sanctuaries 6. \>550 WLS in India covering 3.6% of India's area

Answer 35

1. notified under WPA 1972 2. by SGs, and also CGs under certain circumstances 3. can be a part of a WLS 4. no alteration of boundaries except on the resolution passed by SL 5. no human activity is permitted inside NP except those permitted by SG under certain conditions given in WPA 1972 6. Mgmt powers to Chief Wildlife warden. can even remove some wildlife if he thinks that will benfit overall wildlife in the park 7. no pvt human activity like grazing by livestock is permitted 8. \>100 NP covering 1.2 % of India's area

Answer 36

* act as buffer zones or migration corridors betn established WLS, NP etc. * introduced in 2002 amendment to WPA 1972 * conservation reserves are uninhabitated and completely owned by GoI bt used for subsistence by local communities * community reserves are uninhabitated but these are privately owned

Answer 37

essentially a WLS/NP space in the ocean where human activities are more strictly regulated than surrounding waters notified under WPA 1972, by SG or CG eg. 1. Gulf of Mannar NP of TN 2. Bhitarkanika NP 3. Sunderbans NP 4. Gulf of Katchh NP

Answer 38

* National Biospher reserve Program started in India in 1986 * 18 in India, out of which 11 are recognised under WNBR by UNESCO * Indian MAB Committee constituted by CG identifies and recommends potential new sites for designation as BR. But notification is to be done by SG. local mgmt of BRs is also the responsibility of SGs * three zones * core zone; * Often conserve the The Wild relatives of economic species and also represent important genetic reservoirs having exceptional scientific interest * May also have a national park or wildlife sanctuary * the core zone is to be kept free from all types of human pressure * buffer zone: * The uses and activities allowed in the buffer zone include restoration, demonstration site for enhancing value addition to the resources, Limited recreation, tourism, fishing, grazing etc. Research and educational activity are to be encouraged * transition zone * Usually not delimited * It is a zone of cooperation where conservation knowledge and management skills are applied and users are managed in harmony with the purpose of the biosphere reserve * Include settlements, crop lands, managed forests and area for intensive recreation and other economic uses * Protection is granted not only to the [flora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora) and [fauna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna) of the protected region, but also to the human communities who inhabit these regions, and their ways of life. BR computer Manav an integral part Whereas other PAN II often have an exclusionary approach of conservation * Unlike WLS or NP, BRs are not notified under any specific act. Existing legally protected areas (NPs/WLS/TR) may become part of a BR without any change in their legal status (usually more than one PA can be part of BR) *

Answer 39

1. Nilgiri BR 2. Gulf of Mannar BR 3. Sunderbans BR 4. Nanda Devi BR 5. Nokrek BR 6. Pachmarhi BR 7. Simplipal BR 8. Achanakmar-amarkantak BR 9. Great Nicobar BR 10. Agasthyamala BR 11. Khangchendzonga BR

Answer 40

1. Manas BR 2. Dibru-Saikhowa BR 3. Dihang-Dibang BR 4. Kachh BR 5. Cold Desert BR 6. Sesachalam BR 7. Panna BR

Answer 41

1. Project Tiger launched by GoI in 1973 2. it is a centrally sponsored scheme of MoEFCC 3. starting from 9 reserves in 1973, it is now 50 in 2018 1. Corbett Tiger Reserve is oldest (1973) 2. Kamlang TR in Arunachal P is latest (2018) 4. Both MH and MP hv highest no. i.e. 5 each 1. MP: Pench, Bandhavgarh, Kanha, Satpura, sanjay-Dubri and Panna 2. MH: Melghat, Tadoba-Andhari, Pench, Sahyadri, Nawegaon-Nagzira and Bor 5. TR constituted on a core-buffer strategy 1. Core areas hv the legal status of a national park or a sanctuary 2. The buffer areas are a mix of forest and non forest land managed as a multiple use area 3. The project tiger promotes an exclusive Tiger agenda in the core areas while an inclusive people-oriented agenda in the buffer

Answer 42

* estab by 2006 amendment of WPA 1972 * obj: * Providing statutory authority to Project Tiger * Fostering accountability of centre state in management of Tiger Reserves * Providing for an oversight by parliament * Addressing livelihood interests of local people in areas surrounding Tiger Reserves * Functions * Approved Tiger conservation plan prepared by State Government * Disallow any ecologically unsustainable land use such as Mining or industry within the Tiger Reserve * Lay down normative standards for tourism activities and guidelines for project tiger * Provide measures for addressing man animal conflict * Approve and co-ordinate Research and monitoring on tiger, co predators, prey habitat, related ecological and socio-economic parameters and evaluation * Tiger reserve and areas linking one protected area or tiger reserve with another protected area or tiger reserve cannot be diverted for ecologically unsustainable users except in public interest and with the approval of the NTCA

Answer 43

carried out every 4 yrs 2018 census was carried out using doubling sample technique. Further, a new digital Tiger census technique was used and an Android application- **Monitoring system for tigers intensive protection and ecological status (M-STrIPES)** was introduced It is the first time Bhutan Bangladesh and Nepal are part of India's Tiger census to jointly estimate the number of tigers in the region of shared border areas 1. The total count of tigers has risen to 2,967 in 2018 from 2,226 in 2014 — an increase of 33% in four years. and 100% since 2006 2. **Tiger population** within reserves is 1,923 (65% of the total tiger population of India) which means 35% of the tiger population still lives outside the reserves. 3. **State wise:** Madhya Pradesh has maximum tigers at 526 followed by Karnataka at 524 (KN was 1st since 2010) and 442 in Uttarakhand. 4. **Chhattisgarh, Odisha** and Mizoram(**0 tiger spotted**) saw a decline in the tiger population and all other States saw a positive increase. 5. **Highest Tiger Reserves:** Corbett Tiger Reserve(Uttarakhand) has the highest tigers followed by Nagarhole tiger reserve(Karnataka) and Bandipur Tiger Reserve(Karnataka). 6. **Dampa** Tiger Reserve(Mizoram), Buxa Tiger Reserve(West Bengal) and Palamau Reserve(Jharkhand) have no tigers left. 7. 2018 tiger census divided tiger habitats in India into five tiger landscapes 1. Shivalik Gangetic plains 2. Central India and Eastern Ghats- 1033 tiger 3. WG- 933 tigers 4. NE Hills and Brahmputra flood plains 5. Sunderbans 8. Kerala had the highest increase in tiger pop (by 313%) followed by TN and Bihar

Answer 44

1. Overall, conservative estimates of **2,359 tigers were seized from 2000 to 2018 across 32 countries** and territories globally. 2. On average, **60 seizures were recorded annually**, accounting for almost 124 tigers seized each year. 3. The **top three countries with the highest number of seizure incidents** were **India** (463 or 40.5% of total seizures) and **China** (126 or 11.0%), closely followed by **Indonesia** (119 or 10.5%). 4. In terms of various body parts seized, **India had the highest share among countries for tiger skins (38%), bones (28%) and claws and teeth** (42%).

Answer 45

1) Generally experts follow popular "source and sink" population theory of a decad ago i.e. beyond the protected core tiger areas (source pop), a dispersing tiger pop was bound to be a sink pop and not guaranteed to survive. 2) Tiger T1C1 (travelled 1300km over 6 months) as well as growing no. of tigers in non-protected forests like Brahmpuri in chandrapur district shows a rethink needed.

Answer 46

● India has achieved the remarkable feat of doubling the tiger population in 2018 itself, 4 years ahead of the targeted year 2022. ● The model of success of India’s tiger governance is now being replicated for other wildlife like the Lion, Dolphin, Leopard, Snow Leopard and other small wild cats. ● The budgetary allocation for tiger conservation has increased from Rs 185 crore in 2014 to Rs 300 crore in 2022. ● 14 Tiger Reserves in India have already been awarded with international CA|TS accreditation and efforts are on to bring in more Tiger Reserves under CA|TS accreditation. * Conservation Assured | Tiger Standards (CA|TS) has been agreed upon as an accreditation tool by the global coalition of Tiger Range Countries (TRCs) and has been developed by tiger and protected area experts. * CA|TS is a set of criteria which allows tiger sites to check if their management will lead to successful tiger conservation * officially launched in 2013 * The Global Tiger Forum (GTF) and World Wildlife Fund India are the two implementing partners of the National Tiger Conservation Authority for CATS assessment in India. ● Approximately 4.3 million man-days of employment are being generated by 51 Tiger Reserves in India and funds from Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) are being utilized for promoting voluntary village resettlement from core areas of the Tiger Reserves. ● India is one of the Founding members of the intergovernmental platform of Tiger Range Countries – Global Tiger Forum, and over the years, GTF has expanded its programme on multiple thematic areas, while working closely with the Government of India, tiger states in India and tiger range countries. ○ Global Tiger forum is the only intergovernmental international body established with members from willing countries to embark on a global campaign to protect the tiger. Two legal instruments that have enabled tiger recoveries in India are: 1. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. 2. The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980, which reinforced Project Tiger.

Answer 47

In 1993, an International Symposium on Tiger Conservation in New Delhi recommended the formation of an Inter-Governmental International Body that would embark on a Global Campaign for the Protection of Tigers. It is the only intergovernmental international body established with the objective to save tiger It covers the tiger range countries-Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Vietnam * Established in 1994, the Global Tiger Forum (GTF) has its headquarters in New Delhi. * The General Assembly of GTF meets after every three years. * It utilises cooperative policies, common approaches, technical expertise, scientific modules and other appropriate programmes. * As per the Global Tiger Forum, it was set up to highlight the rationale for tiger preservation and provide leadership and a common approach throughout the world in order to safeguard the survival of the tiger, its prey, and its habitat. * The Global Tiger Forum was set up to promote a worldwide campaign to save the tiger, its prey and its habitat. * The Global Tiger Forum has plans to promote a legal framework in the countries involved for biodiversity conservation and to increase the protected area network of habitats of the tiger and facilitate their inter passages in the range countries.

Answer 48

The Heads of the Governments of Tiger Range countries at **St. Petersburg, Russia,** had resolved to double tiger numbers across their **global range by 2022** by signing the St. Petersburg declaration on tiger conservation. * There are currently **13 tiger range countries -** India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam. * With **2,967 tigers,** India, four years in advance, has achieved the target set in the **2010 St Petersburg Declaration** of doubling tiger population by 2022. India had around 1,400 tigers in 2006.

Answer 49

1. launched in 1992 by the MoEFCC to provide financial and technical support to wildlife management efforts by states for their free-ranging populations of wild Asian Elephants. 2. a Centrally Sponsored Scheme 3. Objectives: 1. To protect elephants, their habitat & corridors. 2. To address issues of man-animal conflict. 3. Welfare of captive elephants. 4. The Project is being mainly implemented in 16 States / UTs (all except J&K, HP, PJ, Haryana, Raj, GJ, Goa, Telangana, MP, Manipur, sikkim, Mizoram and Bihar) 5. 32 elephant reserves have been notified 6. Project Elephant has been formally implementing MIKE programme of CITES in ten Elepant reserves since 2004.

Answer 50

1. Monitoring the illegal killing of elephants 2. initiative of CITES 3. a site based system, designed to monitor trends in illegal killing of elephants, provide info to range states 4. When an elephant carcass is found, local fight personal try to establish and record the cause of death and other details. It enables MIKE to identify any changes in poaching pressure and to develop regional trend in the illegal killing of elephants 5. Project Elephant has been formally implementing MIKE programme of CITES in ten Elepant reserves since 2004

Answer 51

1. Chirang-Ripu reserve of assam 2. Dihing Patkai reserve, Assam 3. Deomali ER, Arunachal 4. garo hills ER, meghalaya 5. Eastern Doars ER, WB 6. Mayurbhanj ER, odisha 7. Shivalik ER, UK 8. Mysore ER, KN 9. Nilgiri ER, TN 10. Wayanad ER, Kerala

Answer 52

1. ESZs are transition zones from areas of high protection to areas involving lesser protection 2. They are notified and regulated under Environment protection Act 1986. 1. The act empowers the central government to take all measures that it feels necessary for protecting and improving the quality of the environment and to prevent and control environmental pollution 2. It allows for restrictions of areas in which certain developmental activities can be prohibited 3. History: 1. Recommended by committee like Pranab Sen committee 2000, Mohan Ram committee 2001 2. National wildlife Action Plan (2002-16) 2002 guidelines suggested lands within 10 km of the boundaries of national parks and sanctuaries should be notified as Eco fragile zone under Environment protection Act. These were aimed to serve as shock absorber for protected areas. But this caused problems for protected areas in urban areas 3. National Board of wildlife 2005 directions suggested that the delineation of ESZ would have to be side specific and should regulate rather than prohibit specific activities. 4. Supreme Court passed a judgement in 2006 directing all the states to demarcate ESZs extending up to 10 km from the protected areas, giving due regard to the precautionary principle. 5. MoEFCC 2019 notification: 1. Over 30% of India's protected area has been covered under ESZ 2. Out of 651 protected areas in India, is 316 are covered under the final notification; 100 is in A&N islands 3. Prohibits meaning, stone quarrying and crushing unit to be located within 1 km of the protected areas 4. In the absence of the notification and area of 10 km around the protected area is considered default ESZ according to directions of the supreme court

Answer 53

* **Under Section 37 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002** the State Government in consultation with local bodies may notify the areas of biodiversity importance as **Biodiversity Heritage Sites.** * NBA defined them as areas that are unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems - terrestrial, coastal, and inland and marine waters - having rich biodiversity comprising of any one or more of the components like, * Species richness - Wild and domesticated species or intra-specific categories, * High endemism, * Presence of rare, endemic and threatened species, keystone species, species of evolutionary significance, * Presence of wild ancestors of domestic/cultivated species or land races or their varieties, * Past pre-eminence of biological components represented by fossil beds and having cultural or aesthetic values. * Area with significant cultural, ethical or aesthetic values; important for the maintenance of cultural diversity * As of March 2020, there are 17 BHS.

Answer 54

* The PBRs focus on **participatory documentation of local biodiversity,** traditional knowledge and practices. * The register shall contain comprehensive information on the **availability and knowledge of local biological resources,** their medicinal or any other use or any other traditional knowledge associated with them. * They are seen as **key legal documents** in ascertaining the rights of local people over the biological resources and associated traditional knowledge.

Answer 55

Nallur Tamarind GroveBangalore, Karnataka HogrekanChikmagalur, Karnataka University of Agricultural Sciences, BengaluruKarnataka AmbaragudaKarnataka Glory of AllapalliMaharashtra Tonglu BHS and Dhotrey BHS under the Darjeeling Forest DivisionDarjeeling, West Bengal Chilkigarh Kanak Durga West Bengal Mandasaru Odisha Dialong Village Manipur Ameenpur lake Telangana Majuli Assam Gharial Rehabilitation Centre Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh Purvatali Rai Goa Naro Hills Madhya Pradesh AsramamKerala Amboli, Sindhudurg, MH (added in 2021)

Answer 56

* The IBA programme of Birdlife International aims to identify, monitor and protect a global network of IBAs. The IBAs serve as conservation areas for protection of birds at the global, regional or sub-regional level. * According to Birdlife International, designation of IBAs is based on standardized criteria, namely * hold significant numbers of one or more globally threatened bird species, * be one of a set of sites that together hold a suite of restricted-range species or biome-restricted species and * have exceptionally large numbers of migratory or congregatory birds. * The Bombay Natural History Society and Birdlife International have identified 467 IBAs in India. Forty percent of these IBAs fall outside the PA network and thus form an important tool for landscape-level conservation planning.

Answer 57

Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) are nationally identified sites of global significance. KBAs are identified at the national, sub-national or regional level by local stakeholders using the two globally standard criteria of vulnerability and irreplaceability. Vulnerability: This criterion is triggered when there is a regular occurrence of significant (exceeding a threshold) population of a globally threatened species (according to the IUCN Red List) at the site. Currently proposed thresholds comprise presence of a single individual of a Critically Endangered or Endangered species, or 30 individuals of a Vulnerable species. Irreplaceability: This criterion refers to a site which is irreplaceable as it holds a significant proportion of a species’ global population at any stage of the species’ lifecycle. KBAs extend the Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) concept to other taxonomic groups. Examples include Important Plant Areas (IPAs) (Anderson 2002, Plantlife International 2004), Prime Butterfly Areas (van Swaay and Warren 2003), Important Mammal Areas (Linzey 2002) etc. Currently one of the many uses of KBAs is to help governments and communities achieve the 2020 Aichi Biodiversity Targets, especially targets 11 and 12 that focus on expanding the protected area network and preventing extinction of all known threatened species.

Answer 58

Naional Wildlife Action PLan first in 1983 NWAP-2 : 2002-2016 NWAp-3: 2017-31

Answer 59

1. plan is woven around the agenda of SDg-15: "Life on Land" 2. key strategic changes in the new plan is **adopting a “landscape approach”** in **conservation of all the wildlife** — uncultivated flora (plants) and undomesticated fauna (animals) — rather than the areas where they occur. While till now programmes and plans related to wildlife were focused on and around NPs and WLS, now the strategies would be based on the landscape of the region that may not be limited to a reserve forest system alone. 3. plan has been divided into **five components**, which are further divided into 17 themes carrying 103 conservation actions. Each theme has a set of conservation actions and projects — 250, in all. 4. focus areas: 1. Man-animal conflict mitigation, 2. adapting to the climate change, 3. recovery of threatened species of wildlife **while conserving their habitats, incl in coastal, marine and inland acquatic ecosystem** 4. additionally underlines on other two parts of living resource preservation namely, **conservation of genetic diversity** and **sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems** 5. managing eco-tourism, 6. ensuring public participation in the conservation, and recommend'core-buffer-multiple use surround' structure. In the core areas human activities are strictly prohibited whereas in Buffer regions Limited human activities are allowed. The plan also takes into account **strong dependence of forest during communities on forest resources and their rights under forest rights act 2006** 7. developing human resources, 8. strengthening research and monitoring through modern technology like radio collars and drones and 9. ensuring funds for the wildlife sector 10. an increased role of private sector in wildlife conservation. The plan lays down that the Centre would ensure that adequate and sustained funding including CSR 5. This is the **first time that an action plan on wildlife is recognising the impact of climate change on wildlife.** 6.

Answer 60

A flyway is a geographical region within which a single or a group of migratory species completes its annual cycle – breeding, moulting, staging and non-breeding. * Central Asian Flyway (CAF), is one of 9 key flight paths taken by migratory water birds. It **covers a large area of Eurasia between the Arctic and Indian Oceans.** * **Including India, there are 30 countries** under the Central Asian Flyway. * The CAF comprises several important migration routes of waterbirds, most of which extend from the northernmost breeding grounds in Siberia to the southernmost non-breeding wintering grounds in West Asia, India, the Maldives and the British Indian Ocean Territory.

Answer 61

* Approximately one in five of the world’s 11,000 bird species migrate, some covering enormous distances. Conserving migratory birds requires cooperation and coordination along the entire flyway between countries and across national boundaries. * Safeguarding flyways means protecting the birds from poachers, rejuvenating wetlands among others. Saving the wetlands, terrestrial habitats help in fulfilling the bigger purpose of saving an ecosystem. INdia launched a National Action Plan (NAP) 2018-2023 for conservtaion of migratory birds along Central Asian Flyway.

Answer 62

Blak necked Crane Bar headed Goosse Blacak Winged Patincole Caspian Plover Spot bIlled Pelican Brown headed Gull Ibisbill Indian skimmer Sociable lapwing Relict Gull

Answer 63

Obj: * conservation of migratory birds and their habitats * halt the downward trendin declining meta population. * Metapopulation is defined as ‘population of populations’ which is made up of same species Components: 1. species conservation 2. habitat conservation and sustainable mgmt 3. capacity development 4. communication and outreach 5. R&D 6. international Cooperation

Answer 64

is a centrally sponsored scheme modified form of erstwhile Assistance for Development of NPs and WLS during 11th FYP, started in 2008-09 all the PAs, **except TR,** are covered under this scheme. Fin assistance is provided under three heads 1. support to PAs 2. Protection of Wildlife outside PAs 3. recovery programs for saving critically endangered species and habitats has helped in conservation and improvement of habitats of 17 species 1. Asiatic lion 2. snow leopard 3. Bustard (including floricans) 4. Dolphin 5. Hangul 6. Nilgiri Tahr 7. Marine Turtles 8. dugongs 9. Edible Nest swiftlet 10. Asian wild buffalo 11. Nicobar megapode 12. Manipur brown antlered deer 13. vultures 14. malabar civet 15. Indian rhino 16. swamp deer 17. Jerdon's courser 2018, 4 new species added by National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) 1. River terrapin 2. clouded leopard 3. Arabian sea humpback whale 4. red panda

Answer 65

1. It is one of the three components of the Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats (IDWH).

Answer 66

* for conservation of olive ridley turtles and other endangered marine turtles * started by GoI and UNDP in 1999 with Wildlife INstitute of India, Dehradun * implemented in coastal states, with special focus on Odisha coast * Odisha's Rushikulya rookery in Ganjam district is an imp site for mass nesting * Gahirmatha Marine santuary in Bhitarkanika NP * encouraged use of Turtle exclusive device (TED) in fishing trawlers to check turtle mortality in fishing net * The project has helped in preparation of inventory map of breeding sites of sea Turtles, identification of nesting and breeding habitats along the Shore line, and migratory routes taken by the sea Turtles, development of guidelines to safeguard and minimise turtle mortality; development of national and international Cooperative and collaborative action for sea turtle conservation and developing guideline plans for tourism

Answer 67

obj: 1. population mgmt of particular species, to distribute the pop so that its not vulnerable to extinction due to being concentrated in a particular region 2. mitigation of human-animal conflict 3. maintain ecosystem stability 4. recreational and commercial purpose should be the last option for BD conservation * Tiger relocation projects from time to time eg. Ranthambore to Sariska TR; tigers from Kanha, Pench and Bandhavgarh to Panna TR * successful re-introductionof one-horned rhino from Assam to Dedhwa NP * African Cheetah introduction from Africa

Answer 68

1. this year the crisis has been aggravated mainly by loggers and farmers seeking, as they do during the summer months, to clear vast tracts for agricultural or industrial use. 2. In August 2019 the country's National Institute for space research reported that there were more than 80000 fires.. This was the highest ever recorded for the country. they were intentional fire set for clearing the forest land for activities like agribusiness expansion 3. There has been an increase of at least 80% in the number of recorded fires compared to the same period in 2018. 4. The number and intensity of the fires are closely linked to the rate of deforestation. Some reports estimate that in July 2019, the Amazon shrunk by 1,345 sq km, up 39% from the same month last year, and a historical record. 5. Global warming, deforestation and fire vulnerability have the ability to turn 50 to 60% of the Amazon into degraded Savannah and shrubland ecosystem by the mid century. The temperature have risen 2 ° Celsius and the dry season in the southern and Central East and Amazon is getting longer

Answer 69

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing countries 1. first proposed by the Coalition for Rainforest Nations (CfRN), led by Costa Rica nad Papua New Guinea, at 11th CoP to UNFCCC at Montreal in 2005 to **mitigate climate change by reducing the net emission of greenhouse gases from forests (through their degradation)** by the means of **better forest management**, particularly in the **developing countries.** 2. Post this, UN-REDD program was launched in 2008 3. **It is the first Global joint UN initiative on climate change and deploys the support of three agencies: FAO, UNDP and UNEP** 4. involves a provision of **incentives, including effective technical assistance, capacity building and policy advice, to the developing countries to encourage them to "protect, better manage, and save their forest resources".** 5. At [_COP 13_](https://www.adda247.com/upsc-exam/unfccc-and-the-famous-cops/) under the Bali Action Plan, it was decided that REDD is to be included in a post-2012 framework and the details were to be decided during the [_COP 15_](https://www.adda247.com/upsc-exam/unfccc-and-the-famous-cops/) in Copenhagen

Answer 70

1. REDD+ is an extension of the REDD initiative. The "+" here includes, "sustainable management of forests, conservation, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks". REDD+ is a mechanism developed by Parties to UNFCCC. 2. It **creates a financial value for the carbon stored in forests** by offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. Financial incentives are provided under REDD+ to developing country for the carbon stored in forests and investing in low carbon Pathways for sustainable development. Developing countries would receive results based payment for their results based action 3. At 13th CoP at Bali in 2007, the Bali Action Plan was adopted which included the decision to formulate the framework of REDD+ initiative. REDD+ was adopted at COP-16 in 2010 in Cancun. 4. All REDD+ deliberations at the international level recognize, respect, an encourage the participation of local communities in the implementation and monitoring of REDD+ initiative. 5. **UN REDD+ goes beyond simply deforestation and forest degradation and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks**. REDD+ activities include the following: 1. Reducing emissions from deforestation 2. Reducing emissions from forest degradation 3. Conservation of forest carbon stocks 4. Sustainable management of forests 5. Enhancement of forest carbon stocks 6. COP 16 at Cancun, 2010: encouraged developing countries to develop on National Forest reference emission level or National Forest reference level. REL or RL is a benchmark for assessing performance of implementation of REDD+ in a country. The REDD+ result compare Greenhouse gas emissions during REDD+ implementation against the forest emission reference level 7. COP19 in Warsaw in 2013: the rulebook for implementation of REDD+ was formulated. Rule book was called as ‘Warsaw Framework for REDD+’.

Answer 71

1. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission 2. National Mission for Enhance Energy Efficiency 3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat 4. National Water Mission 5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystems 6. National Mission for a Green India 7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture 8. National Mission for Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change

Answer 72

recognised by Forest Survey of INdia 1. all lands, more than one hectare in area, with a tree canopy density of more than 10 percent irrespective of ownership, land use and legal status. 2. Such lands may not necessarily be a recorded forest area. 3. It also includes orchards, bamboo and palm

Answer 73

* The Strategy builds upon existing national circumstances which have been updated in line with India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change, Green India Mission and India’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to UNFCCC. * The strategy report has been prepared by Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education (ICFRE), Dehradun. * Four key aspects 1. National Strategy or Action Plan: 1. creating additional forest carbon sink by 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030 as communicated in the country’s NDC 2. Reducing Deforestation 3. Reducing Forest Degradation 4. Conserving of Forest Carbon Stocks 5. Sustainable Management of forests 6. Enhancement of Forest Carbon stocks thru initiatives like Namami Gange, Green Highways etc. 2. National Forest monitoring System 3. Safeguards Information System 4. Forest Reference Emission Level: India’s proposed Forest Reference Level as submitted to UNFCCC Historical average for the year 2000-2008 is: -49.70 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent

Answer 74

being carried out in the himalayan states jointly by Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) and International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) launched in January 2016 in Mizoram

Answer 75

1. To compensate the loss of forest area and to maintain the sustainability, the Government of India came up with a well-defined Act, known as CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority). 2. Since 2006, the Union government has levied a charge on industries, miners and others who need to fell forests for their projects. This levy, called the “compensatory afforestation” charge, went into the Compensatory Afforestation Fund, which was to be used to plant trees in an area similar in size to the forests that have been lost due to development activity. Till 2016, the fund lay largely unused with the Centre, even as states demanded that it be handed over to them. In June, 2016, the Centre agreed, and passed the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act. 3. The law establishes the National Compensatory Afforestation Fund under the Public Account of India, and a State Compensatory Afforestation Fund under the Public Account of each state. 4. These Funds will receive payments for: (i) compensatory afforestation, (ii) net present value of forest (NPV), and (iii) other project specific payments. 5. The National Fund will receive 10% of these funds, and the State Funds will receive the remaining 90%. 6. According to the Act’s provision, a company diverting forest land must provide alternative land to take up compensatory afforestation. 7. For afforestation, the company should pay to plant new trees in the alternative land provided to the state. 8. The funds can be used for treatment of catchment areas, assisted natural generation, forest management, wildlife protection and management, relocation of villages from protected areas, managing human-wildlife conflicts, training and awareness generation, supply of wood saving devices and allied activities 9. CAMPA has so far disbursed ₹48,606 crore to 32 States. Chhattisgarh and Odisha have had the maximum amount transferred to them, or close to ₹5,700 crore each followed by Jharkhand and Maharashtra at around ₹3,000 crore. 10. Concerns: 1. Critics, right from the time of passage of the act, have demanded that consent be sought under the Forest Rights Act from gram sabhas or village councils before any money is spent on plantations in traditional forests of Adivasis and other forest dwellers. In response to the demand, the Union government said it would ensure that the gram sabha consultations are held. The Compensatory Afforestation Fund law was subsequently passed without any clarity on how it could do with mere consultations when the Forest Rights Act demanded nothing less than the consent of gram sabhas for using forests for any other purpose. 2. Mounting evidence establishes that CA plantations destroy natural forests, harm biodiversity, undermine the rights and nutrition of local communities, and disguise rampant misuse of public funds 3. A macro-analysis of 2,548 plantations, and case studies of 63 CA plantation sites in Odisha, Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh, by forest rights group Community Forest Rights—Learning and Advocacy (CFR-LA) reveals that 60% of these are monocultural commercial plantations, sometimes set up in the name of “forests". These plantations have been carried out over forest lands both claimed and titled under the FRA, and even over dense natural forests. The consent of these communities has not been sought, violating their legal rights and leading to livelihood distress. 4. The Act lacks a mechanism to monitor expenditure of funds, despite the comptroller and auditor general (CAG) report, 2013 finding massive misutilization by the forest department (FD).

Answer 76

1. approx 6.7 mn sq km, soanning across 9 countries: Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guinea and Suriname. 60% though located in Brazil 2. largest tropical rf in the world 3. supporting highest BD anywhere in the world. As per some estimates 30% of world's known species as well as 390 Bn trees belonging to 16000 different species are found here. 4. responsible for 20% of world's oxygen turnover and are called ‘Lungs of the planet’. 5. They regulate climate by carbon sequestration and regulating water vapour flows. Amazon absorbs 2Bn T of CO2 per yr which is 5% of annual global C-emissions of 40BnT

Answer 77

1. Provisions under UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol: both recognise the need for sustainable forest management. Mechanism such as joint implementation (JI) and clean development mechanism (CDM) also encouraged afforestation, reforestation or forest management. 2. UN-REDD and UN-REDD+ 3. Good practices guidance 4. Forest carbon partnership facility 5. Forest Investment Program 6. Global environment facility 7. Sustainable development goals

Answer 78

The carbon stored in the forest ecosystem is called as forest carbon stock. The methodology for quantification of carbon stocks should be internationally accepted by all the countries for uniformity in global assessment. With this objective, IPCC in 2003 developed good practices guidelines as a universally accepted source book for concept definitions methods required for preparing forest carbon stock. As per GPG, there are 5 carbon pools in a forest which comprise the forest carbon stock. (described in next f/c)

Answer 79

1. Above Ground Biomass 1. living biomass 2. below ground mass 1. living biomass 2. live roots which is below the ground 3. Dead wood 1. dead organic matter 2. all non-living woody biomass, either standing or lying on the ground 4. litter 1. dead organic matter 2. all non-living biomass that's not woody 5. soil organic matter 1. soil 2. inludes organic carbon in mineral and organic soils upto a certain depth which is chosen by country itself

Answer 80

1. global partnership of govt, businesses, civil society and indigenous people 2. launched in 2008 3. focusses on REDD+ goals 1. reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation 2. forest carbon stock conservation 3. sustainable mgmt of forests 4. enhancements of forest carbon stocks in developing activities 5. sustain or enhance livelihoods of local communities and to conserve BD 4. works with 47 developing countries across Africa, Asia and Latin america and Carribean 5. India is not a member of FCPF- neither receiver or donor of funds 6. FCPF supports REDD+ through two separate but complementary funds 1. FCPF Readiness Fund 2. FCPF Carbon fund

Answer 81

1. started in 2009 2. It is one of the programme under WB-administered Climate INvestment Fund 3. aims to mobilise funds to provide direct forestry-related investments to developing countries to support their development and REDD+ objectives 4. India is not a part of FIP

Answer 82

1. by MOEFCC in Aug **1992** 2. **National Afforestation Programme is the flagship** proramme of NAEB and provides **physical and capacity building support to** Forest development Agencies (**FDAs**), which are the implememnting agencies

Answer 83

1. **National Commission on agri** used this term fr the first time in 1976 2. also aims at raising plantations by common man to meet growing demands fr **5 Fs** 3. with this scheme, **govt fr the first time recognised the local communities' rights to forest resources** and encouraged rurla participation in the management of natural resources 4. can be categorized into **4 grps**: 1. Farm forestry 2. Community forestry: govt to provide seedlings and fertilisers 3. Extension Forestry: on road sides canals and railways , wastelands 4. Recreational Forestry

Answer 84

1. a centrally sponsored scheme with 100% contri frm CG 2. implemented by Horticulture Deptt of Min of Agri 3. obj: 1. increase in area coverage 2. enhanced yields 3. scientific management 4. marketing of bamboo and bamboo based handicrafts 5. generatio of employment opportunities 4. adoption of an area based differentiated strategy

Answer 85

India first country to hv env in its consti 5th June 1972: UN Conference of Human Env in Stockholm: First Discussion of Env as an international agenda Soon after Stockholm Convention, INdia adopted WPA Constitutional Provisions: ● The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, Forests and Protection of Wild Animals and Birds was transferred from State to Concurrent List. ● Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution states that it shall be the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests and Wildlife. ● Article 48 A in the Directive Principles of State policy, mandates that the State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

Answer 86

1. Beginning in 1887 fr protection of a few wild birds; subsequentlu some wild animals were added in 1912 and later some wild animals were added in 1919 2. Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act 1935

Answer 87

1. An organization under United Nations. (1972) 2. The United Nations General Assembly elects the UNEP governing council members. 3. Headquarter is at Nairobi, Kenya 4. Earthwatch: UNEP keeps constant surveillance on environment, through this program 5. Global Environment Outlook (GEO) published by UNEP. 6. at Nairobi conference, worked on a draft agreement that was accepted at the earth Summit in the form of CBD

Answer 88

* It is an **independently** operating financial organization * GEF is **multilateral financial mechanism** that provides grants to **developing countries** for projects that benefit global environment and promote **sustainable livelihoods** in local communities. **India is both a donor and recepient**. * **setup as a fund under World Bank in 1991**. In **1992**, at the **Rio Earth Summit**, the GEF was **restructured and moved out of the World Bank system** to become a permanent, separate institution. **Since 1994, however, the World Bank has served as the Trustee** of the GEF Trust Fund and provided administrative services. * based in **Washington** DC, United States. * addresses six designated focal areas: * biodiversity, * climate change, * international waters, * ozone depletion, * land degradation and * Persistent Organic Pollutants. * GEF serves as financial mechanism to: * CBD * UNFCCC * UNCCD * Stockholm Convention on (POPs) * Minamata Convention on Mercury * India is both a donor and recepient of the Fund

Answer 89

* **world’s largest environmental fund** * set up in 2010 under the UNFCCC’s financial mechanism to channel funding from developed countries to developing countries to allow them to mitigate climate change and also adapt to disruptions by CC. The decision to set up the Green Climate fund (GCF) was taken at **COP 16 in Cancun on December 2010** and the GCF was **operationalized in COP 17 in Durban in 2011**. The GCF is **head quartered** in Songdo, **Incheon** City, Republic of Korea. * It is intended to be the **centrepiece of efforts to raise Climate Finance of $100 billion a year by 2020** (paris agreement) * The finance is expected to meet the agreed full and incremental costs for activities to enable and support enhanced action on **adaptation**, **mitigation (including REDD-plus)**, **technology** development and **transfer** (including carbon capture and storage), **capacity-building** and the preparation of national reports by developing countries. * Fund is governed and supervised by a **Board** that will have full responsibility for funding decisions and that receives the guidance of COP. Fund is accountable to, and functions under the guidance of, the **COP**. * **MoEFCC** India's Nationally designated Authority fr GCF. **NABARD** has been accredited by GCF as the first Entity for sourcing financial resources from GCF for India. * As of now, the **Groundwater Recharge System Installation project in Odisha and the solar rooftop segment for commercial, housing and industrial sectors all over India** are the only one in progress with funds collected from the GCF.

Answer 90

1. established under the UNFCCC in 2001 to finance projects relating to: adaptation; technology transfer and capacity building; energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management; and economic diversification. 2. This fund was meant to complement other funding mechanisms for the implementation of the Convention 3. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) has been entrusted to operate the SCCF.

Answer 91

* established in 2001 to support the LDC work programme under the UNFCCC including the preparation and implementation of national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs) * It is operated by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) * each LDC is eligible to access up to $50 million cumulatively from the LDCF.

Answer 92

1. established under the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 to finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing country parties to the Kyoto Protocol that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. 2. financed with a share of proceeds from the clean development mechanism (CDM) project activities and other sources of funding. The share of proceeds amounts to 2% of certified emission reductions (CERs) issued for a CDM project activity. 3. Adaptation Fund is supervised and managed by the Adaptation Fund Board (AFB).

Answer 93

Biodiversity Finance Initiative ## Footnote Is a global partnership addressing the biodiversity finance challenge Enables countries to measure their current biodiversity expenditures, assess their financial needs and identify the most suitable finance solutions to Bridge their National biodiversity finance gaps UNDP in 2012 launched BIOFIN. It is managed by UNDP ecosystems and biodiversity program in partnership with the European Union and the governments of Germany and Switzerland India is also part of the initiative. National biodiversity authority is the implementing agency

Answer 94

* CIFs) were designed by developed and developing countries and are implemented with the multilateral development banks (MDBs) to finance clean technology, energy access, climate resilience, and sustainable forests in developing and middle income countries. * CIF is the only multilateral climate fund to work exclusively with MDBs as implementing agencies. * Climate Investment Funds include the: * **Clean Technology Fund** * **Strategic Climate Fund** * **Forest Invetsment Programme: REDD+ objectives** * **under WB**

Answer 95

established by the European Union (EU) in 2007 to strengthen dialogue and cooperation with developing countries, in particular LDCs and small island developing States (SIDS). Alliance helps to ensure that poor developing countries most vulnerable to climate change increase their capacities to adapt to the effects of climate change, in support of MDGs

Answer 96

* FCPF is a WB programme * created to **assist developing countries** to reduce emissions frm deforestation and forest degradation, enhance and conserve forest carbon stocks and sustainably manage forests (REDD+) * consists of a Readiness Fund and Carbon fund * India is not a member of FCPF- neither a participant nor a donor

Answer 97

* Under Section 37 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (BDA) the State Government in consultation with local bodies may notify in the official gazette, areas of biodiversity importance as BHS * BHS are well defined areas that are unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems – terrestrial, coastal and inland waters and, marine having rich biodiversity comprising of any one or more of the following components: * richness of wild as well as domesticated species or intra-specific categories * high endemism * presence of rare and threatened species * keystone species * species of evolutionary significance * wild ancestors of domestic/cultivated species or their varieties * past pre-eminence of biological components represented by fossil beds and * having significant cultural (eg. sacred groves), ethical or aesthetic values and are important for the maintenance of cultural diversity, with or without a long history of human association with them. * creation of BHS may not put any restriction on the prevailing practices and usage of local communities other than those voluntarily decided by them.

Answer 98

1. Nallur Tamarind Grove in Bengaluru: a relic of Chola dynasty; gigantic trees 2. Hogrekan in Chikmaglur: unique Shola vegetation and gras land; acts as wildlife corriodor betn Kudremukha and Bhadra WLS. 3. University of Agri science's GKVK campus in bengaluru: greenery as well as BD 4. Ambaraguda in Shimoga: shola vegetation 5. Glory of allapalli in MH: reserved forest 6. Tonglu in Darjeeling: a medicinal plant conservation area 7. Dhotrey in Darjeeling: a medicinal plant conservation area 8. Dialong village in Manipur 9. Ameenpur lake in telangana 10. majuli in Assam 11. gharial rehab centre in UP

Answer 99

* signed in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development also known as the Earth Summit, the Rio Summit * Convention’s ultimate objective is “to achieve, **stabilization of greenhouse gas** concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner” * **Green Climate Fund** is a financial mechanism under UNFCCC * COP is its highest decision making body * **COP-3 in 1997: Kyoto protocol** ratified by Marrakesh accords at COP-7 in 2001 * **COP 8 Delhi Declaration** focuses on the development needs of the poorest countries and the need for technology transfer for mitigating climate change. * **COP-13 in 2007**: Parties agreed on the **Bali Road Map** and Bali action plan, which charted the way towards a post-2012 outcome. * **COP-15 in 2009: Copenhagen Accord** drafted. Developed countries pledge up to USD 30 billion in fast-start finance for the period 2010-2012. * **COP-16 in 2010**: Resulted in the **Cancun Agreements**, a comprehensive package by governments to assist developing nations in dealing with climate change.The **Green Climate Fund, the Technology Mechanism and the Cancun Adaptation Framework are established.** * **COP-18 in 2012: Doha Amendment** to the Kyoto Protocol is adopted. and launched a second commitment period to Kyoto protocol * **COP-21 in 2015: Paris agreement**

Answer 100

1. in Australia 2. are the most extensive area of subtropical rainforest in the world 3. Collectively, the rainforests are a World Heritage Site with fifty separate reserves totalling 366,500 hectares 4. Gondwana Rainforests are so-named because the fossil record indicates that when Gondwana existed it was covered by rainforests containing the same kinds of species that are living today. 5. largest Gondwanan rainforest in Australia is located in Tasmania's Tarkine wilderness.

Answer 101

participating nations acknowledged that evidence for global warming was unequivocal, and that humans must make "deep cuts in global emissions" nations pledge "policy approaches and positive incentives" on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in developing countries; and enhancement of forest carbon stock in developing countries This paragraph is referred to as “REDD-plus”

Answer 102

first time proposed 33% forest or tree cover target main obj was using forest for timber, thus emphasis on high value plantations or commercial species like teak and sal and exotic species like eucalyptus

Answer 103

* aimed to reduce indiscriminate diversion of forest lands for non-forestry purposes and to help regulate and control the land use changes in forests * for the first time emphasised on the social and ecological importance of forest resources * empowered only CG to give prmisison for diversion of forest for non-forestry purposes * introduced Compensatory afforestation

Answer 104

1. aimed for 33% forest and tree cover 2. paradigm shift in forestry by emphasis on environmental, ecological and social relevnce of forests and **subordinated the commerical interests** 3. recognised tribal relationhips with forests and sought to engage them in their management 4. stressed upon importanc eof MFP fr forest dwellers 5. called for massive afforestation with people's participation; encouraged Participatory forest mgmt thru Joint forest mgmt. 6. led to increase of forest and tree cover frm 19.7% in 1987 to 24.56% in 2019.

Answer 105

launched in 1990, after National Forest POlicy 1988 sought cooperation of local communities and SG in protection of forest resources from fire, illegal grazing and timber cutting. In exchange for forest conservation and protection, forest communities receive non-timber forest products. JFM recognises substantial share of forest communities over Minor forest produce or Non-Timer Forest Produce. JFM is absed on the principle of "Care and Share" institutions under JFM: 1. JFM Commttees: set up as local institutions of forest communities, which are part of Gram sabhas, by the forest deptt; role in conflict with PESA and FRA that gives control of MFP to gram sabhas 2. Eco-development committees: similar to JFMCs bt set up for villages in protected areas and their buffer zones . twin obj- 1)to protect wildlife and 2) undertake eco-development activities 3. Forest Development agencies: set up at district and state level JFM currently covers 30% of total foest area of India and involves 20mn people managing 25mHa of forest area financial flows to JFMs are from both CG and SG under programmes like MNREGA, IWDP, Green India Mission, National Afforestation Program etc.

Answer 106

1. one of eight missions under NAPCC 2. implementation agency MoEFCC 3. aim: protecting, restoring and enhancing India's diminishing forest cover 4. Targets: * increase forest/tree cover on 5 Mn Ha of forest/non-forest lands and improve qlty of forest cover on another 5mn Ha * improve ecosystem services thru treatment of an area of 10mn Ha * increase forest based livelihood income of abt 3mn HHs living in and around forests * increase annual CO2 sequestration by 50-60 MT in 2020

Answer 107

1. India is already complying with the UNFCCC decisions to be REDD+ ready 2. eg. GoI has submitted National Forest reference level- **historical avg fr 2000-08 i.e. -49.7MT of CO2eq** to UNFCCC in Jan 2018- 3. INdia has also prepared its National REDD+ strategy- in line with INdia Paris NDC, NAPCC, green India mission 4. In its Paris NDC, INdia has committed to **capture 2.5-3 Bn T of CO2** thru additional forest and tree cover by 2030 5. INdia's forests are a **C sink fr abt 250 MT CO2eq which is 12.5% of INdia's total GHG** emissions 6. India's REDD+strategy **presently covers all forest areas** irrespective of legal status or ownership as well as **Trees outside Forests** including agroforestry, urban forests, plantations on wastelands. It **doesn't presently include grasslands, blue C and phytoplankton**

Answer 108

1. a national strategy or action plan fr REDD+ implementation 2. A national forest reference emission level and/or reference forest level; voluntary for devleloping countries 3. a national forest monitoring and reporting mechanism 4. a safeguard info system to provide info on how safeguards are being addressed and implemented

Answer 109

flagship scheme of National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board of MoEFCC NAP is for afforestation of degraded forest lands while GIM aims at improving the qlty of forest and increase cover

Answer 110

Temperate Coniferous forests

Answer 111

persistent reduction in capacity of land to support bio-diversity, ecosystem services and human needs. major types of Land degradation: 1. soil erosion: loss of top fertile layer 2. soil salinisation: saline and alkaline encrustations consisting of salts of Na, K or Mg appear on top layers of soil through capillary action 3. Soil acidification: excessive built-up of hydrogen or Al cations ins oil due to long term rainfall or acid deposition due to minig activities 4. soil pollution: presence of unwanted chemicals or in disproportionate amt

Answer 112

Desertification is the extreme form of land degradation that is witnessed in dryland areas. i.e. arid (excluding polar areas), semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. caused by both natural and man made factors **Desertification is not the same as expansion of deserts**

Answer 113

hyper-arid: \<10cm arid: \<25cm semi-arid: 50-85cm dry sub-humid: 85-100 cm moist sub humid: 100-150 cm humid: \>150cm perhumid: \>250cm

Answer 114

lands where rainfall is insufficient to support crops over long term. refers to arid, semi-arid and dry-sub humid regions of the world where annual avg rf is \<100cm

Answer 115

1. total degraded land area varies frm \< 1Bn Ha to \>6Bn Ha globally 2. land degradation due to human activities is adversely impacting 3.2Bn people at least 3. negatively impacting ecosystem functioning (eg. aquifer recharge)- 5% reduction in global net primary productivity due to land degradation 4. It costs more than 10% of annual global gross product in loss of BD and ecosystem services 5. betn 2000-9, land degradation caused global emissions of 3.6-4.4 Bn T of CO2 annually 6. over past two centuries, Soil Organic Carbon (crucial indicator of soil helath) has declined by 8% globally 7. land degradation and CC together are predicted to reduce crop yields by avg 10% globally 8. Land degradation and and CC are likely to force 50-700mn people to migrate by 2050

Answer 116

on natural systems: 1. loss of soil fertility 2. loss of vegetative cover 3. loss of BD 1. Acc to IPBES 2018 report, it costs more than 10% of annual global gross product in loss of BD and ecosystem services 4. decline in BD negatively affects ecosystem services. eg. recharge of GW aquifer 1. Acc to IPBES 2018 report, land degradation has led to 5% reduction in total global net primary productivity 5. reduces ability of carbon sequestration, exacerbating CC 1. betn 2000 and 2009, land degradation was responsible for annual global emissions of 3.6-4.4 BT of CO₂ on human systems 1. threats to food security: land degradation and CC together predicted to reduce crop yields by an avg of 10% globally 2. threat to livelihood 3. uneven burden on women and children eg to bring water 4. increased conflicts 5. forced displacement: Land degradation and CC are likely to force 50-700 mn people migrate by 2050

Answer 117

1. only legally binding internationla agreement which links env and dev to sustainable land mgmt. adopted in 1994. 2. only convention stemming from a direct recommendation of the Rio Conference’s Agenda 21. 3. convention specifically addresses drylands 4. obj: 1. mitigaate effects of droughts on land and people 2. minimise stop and reverse land degradation and desertification 3. focus on adaptation to CC, security and migration and imcreasing land and soil productivity 5. financial mechanism: GEF

Answer 118

defined by UN 1992 Earth summit as "*use of land resources, incl soils, water, animals and plants, for the production of goods to meet changing human needs, while simultaneously ensuring long term productive potential of these resources and the maintenance of their environmental functions*"

Answer 119

1. It is a global commitment to acheive **Land Degradation Neutrality** 2. **adopted at COP-13 at Ordos , China** 3. obj: * improve condition of affected ecosystems; combat and restore productivity of degraded land; promote sustainale land management and contribute to land degradation neutrality * reduce impacts of drought on vulnerable population * improve livelihoods of more than 1.3 bn affected peple globally * mobilise substantial and additional financial and non-financial resources to support implementation of convention by building effective partnerships at global and national level.

Answer 120

SDG 15 ## Footnote Target 15.3: by 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world.

Answer 121

a state where the amt and qlty of land resources, necessary to support ecosystem fns and services and enhance food-security remains stable or increases within spcified temporal and spatial scales and ecosystems

Answer 122

launched in 2007 by African Union to restore Africa's degraded landscape of Sahel rregion. Sahel region extends across parts of Senegal, southern Mauritania, southern Mali, Burkina Faso, NE NIgeria, southern Niger, Chad and Sudan. obj: 1. restore 100mn ha of degraded land 2. sequester 250MT of C 3. create abt 10 mn green jobs

Answer 123

humans use 75% of ice-free land. 25% of ice free land is subject to human induced land- degradation 50% of habitable land used in agri (13% as cropland and 37% as pasture)

Answer 124

* thru photosynthesis and Soil Organic matter * top 1 m of world's soils contains 3X C as the entire atmosphere * 2008-17: land absorbed 30% of world's GHG emissions * trees and forests absorbed almost 11.2 billion tonnes of CO2 every year from the atmosphere.

Answer 125

* deforestation and veg loss contribute CO2 to atm. Agri, Forestry and other land uses (AFLOU) activities together accnt for 25% of anthropogenic GHG emissions * land report said the various kinds of uses that land was being put to — forestry, agriculture, industries, urbanisation — had contributed about 5.2 billion tonnes of CO2 every year between 2007 and 2016 comapred to 11.2 Bn T of absorbing of CO2 * agri mainly causes CH4 due to livestocks and N2O emisisons due to N2 based fertiliser usage * other sources: deforestation, illegal logging, wildfires

Answer 126

1. increased frequency and intensity of droughts eg. NE Brazil, Patagonia, NE China, Africa 2. GW increased frequency and intensity of Heat waves. In deyland areas, lead to desertification. eg. sub-saharan Africa, Mediterranean, parts of east and Central Asia and australia 3. wild fires 4. change in vegetation patterns due to change in rainfall patterns eg. reduced veg cover lead to more soil erosion 5. warmer temp=\> thawing of permafrost=\> wet soil more prone to landslides and floods 6. sea level change in low lying coastal areas=\> intrusion of brackish water 7. increased frequency of intense rf events. air's moisture holding increases by 7% for every 1deg C increase in Temperature. eg. in Central India, 3X increase in widespread extreme rain events during 1950-2015

Answer 127

reduced photosynthesis and veg cover=\> exacerbate CC permafrost thawing: release of GHG degraded lands lead to foest degradation emitting GHG degradation of peta soils

Answer 128

1. yield: 1. in India, warming has reduced wheat yields by 5.2% betn 1981-2009 2. increased level of malnutrition in sahel region due to CC, droughts and land degradation 3. 2015-16 EL Nino=\> widespread crop failure in ethiopia 2. increased pest attack 3. increased atm CO2 lowers nutritionla value of protein and zinc 4. Livetsock productivity can decrease due to heat waves that can cause animal morbidity and mortality 5. decrease in BD and spread of invasive plants 6. direct impact of forest degradation on tribals and MFP

Answer 129

1. 37% of total GHG emissions are attributable to Global food system- agri, ivestock, food storage, transport, processing and food loss and waste 2. livestock rearing contributes 1/3rd of global CH4 emisisons 3. 2/3rd of global N2O emissions come frm agri 4. soil erosion frm agri fields is 100X higher than soil formation rates=\> land deradation=\> CC

Answer 130

for each 4 invested into land restoration, social returns can be abt 3-6$

Answer 131

1. 30% of India is affected by land degradation, within which 25% is undergoing desertification 2. dryland regions in India constitute 69% of total area 3. main drivers of LD&D in India are: water erosion, wind erosion, vegetation degradation (deforestation and salinisation) 4. LD&D is a problem in humid and wetter regions as well 5. states with highest % of area under LD&D: JH (65%)\> RJ (63%) \> Delhi (60%) \> GJ \> Goa

Answer 132

1. Bonn Challenge is a global effort to bring 150 million hectares of deforested and degraded land into restoration by 2020 and 350 million hectares by 2030. 2. The 2020 target was launched at a high level event in Bonn in 2011 organised by the Government of Germany and IUCN, and was later endorsed and extended to 2030 by the New York Declaration on Forests of the 2014 UN Climate Summit. 3. Underlying the Bonn Challenge is the forest landscape restoration (FLR) approach, which aims to restore ecological integrity at the same time as improving human well-being through multifunctional landscapes. 4. It will create approximately USD 84 billion per year in net benefits that could bring direct additional income opportunities for rural communities. 5. At the UNFCC Conference of the Parties (COP) 2015 in Paris, India also joined the voluntary Bonn Challenge pledge

Answer 133

1. aims to restore ecological integrity at the same time as improving human well-being through multifunctional landscapes. 2. FLR is more than just planting trees – it is restoring a whole landscape to meet present and future needs. 3. It is long-term because it requires a multi-year vision of the ecological functions. 4. The majority of restoration opportunities are found on or adjacent to agricultural or pastoral land. In these situations, restoration must complement and not displace existing land uses. 5. This result in a mosaic of different land uses including: agriculture, agroforestry systems and improved ecological corridors. 6. It integrates a number of guiding principles, including: * Focus on landscapes, * restore functionality, * Involve stakeholders, * Tailor to local conditions and * Avoid further reduction of natural forest cover.

Answer 134

1. signatory to UNCCD and ratified it in 1996 2. National action Plan for Combating desertification(2001), as was obligated under UNCCD 1. conduction of soil surveys and land degradation assessments: thru remote sensing 2. Drought monitoring and mgmt: also programmes like Desert Development Program and Drought prone area Program (DPAP) fr drought mgmt in the country 3. watershed mgmt: IWMP implemented by MoRD 4. afforestation and reforesttaion thru GIM 5. IWDP for eco-restoration of degraded lands 3. India is a party to strategic framework 2018-30 to UNCCD 4. INdia joined Bonn challenge at COP-Paris and pledged to restore 21 mn Ha by 2030. India later upscaled her pledge at CoP-14 of UNCCD to 26mn Ha 5. India recently launched a flagship project on enhancing capacity on forest landscape restoration (FLR) and Bonn Challenge in India, through a pilot phase of 3.5 years implemented in the States of Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Nagaland and Karnataka.

Answer 135

adopted by UNCCD members at CoP-14 of UNCCD hosted by India , taking the President chair frm china till 2021. It has 35 decisions that are legally binding on all parties. Important ones are: 1. combat LD&D and mitigate effects of droughts 2. participation frm civil society orgs, local govts and pvt sector crucial 3. implementation of UNCCD shud be community driven and gender-sensitive at local, national and regional levels **Peace Forest initiative:** develop forests in conflicted areas and demilitarized zone of N & S Korea.

Answer 136

1. IPCC is the UN body for assessing the science related to climate change. 2. It was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988. 3. It has 195 member states. 4. The IPCC produces reports that support the UNFCCC. 5. IPCC does not carry out its own original research.Thousands of scientists and other experts contribute on a voluntary basis.

Answer 137

1. ISFR is a **biennial** publication of Forest Survey of India (**FSI**), an organization under **MoEFCC** 2. **First State of Forest Report published by FSI in 1988** 3. ISFR assesses the **forest and tree cover, bamboo resources, carbon stock and forest fires** 4. **Uniqueness**: 1. 2019 report for the first time has assessed the **qualitative nature of the forest cover**, including listing its **biodiversity** and the **type of plants and trees found.** 2. It also created a **national forest inventory** for the first time on **produce** from forests. * Dependence of fuelwood on forests is the highest in the State of Maharashtra, whereas, for fodder, small timber and bamboo, dependence is highest in Madhya Pradesh. 5. The analysis reveals that **21.40% of the forest cover of the country is highly to extremely fire prone.**

Answer 138

Total forest cover in the North Eastern region is 1,70,541 sq km, which is 65.05% of its geographical area. There has been a decrease of forest cover to the extent of 765 sq km (0.45%) in the NE. Except Assam and Tripura, all the States in the region show decrease in forest cover. **_2021 report:_** **The north-east did not show positive results as the current assessment** showed a decrease of forest cover to the extent of 1,020 sq km in the region. **Arunachal Pradesh lost the maximum forest cover of 257 sq km,** followed by Manipur which lost 249 sq km, Nagaland 235 sq km, Mizoram 186 sq km and Meghalaya 73 sq km. **In total 140 hill districts of the country, the** forest cover reduced by 902 sq km in the last two years. In the 2019 report, the forest cover in the hill regions had increased by 544 sq km.

Answer 139

1. ISFR 2021—about 60 per cent of total forest cover i.e. ~42 Mn Ha and 73 per cent of the very dense forests—is concentrated in districts classified as “tribal” by isfr 2021. These districts are listed under Schedule V of the Constitution as habitats of Scheduled Tribes. These 218 districts, covering states of the Northeast and located in parts of central India, highlight the resource curse of the richest lands being the habitat of the poorest. 2. The total forest cover in the tribal districts is 4,22,351 sq km, which is **37.54% of the geographical area of these districts.** 3. There has been a decrease of 741 sq km of forest cover within the Recorded Forest Area/ Green Wash (RFA/GW) in the tribal districts and an increase of 1,922 sq km outside. Recorded Forest Area: The area recorded as forest in the Government records. Green Wash: The extent of wooded areas generally shown in light green colour on the Survey of India toposheets. 1. There has been a decline in tree cover inside forests due to tribal populations getting “land titles” (patta) and there has been a rise in trees outside the forest area due to an increase in tree plantation and afforestation activities.

Answer 140

1. Since isfr 2003, the biennial surveys also include Trees Outside Forests (tof) as a category. In this category, tree cover includes patches of trees and isolated trees on areas less than one hectare 2. These scattered trees altogether make up close to 10 million ha of land area which is 2.89% of the geographical area. 3. Maharashtra has had the highest increase in tree cover and a large part of that is due to horticulture.

Answer 141

Mangrove cover in the country has increased by 54 sq km (1.10%) as compared to the previous assessment. 2021 report: * an increase of 17 sq km in mangrove cover in the country as compared to the previous assessment of 2019. * Total mangrove cover in the country is 4,992 sq km. * **Top three states showing mangrove cover increase** are Odisha (8 sq km) followed by Maharashtra (4 sq km) and Karnataka (3 sq km).

Answer 142

The estimation of forest stock is the volume of all living trees in a forested area. It is a critical indicator to measure sustainability—productivity of forests—and also the basis of calculating biomass and carbon stock 2021 report: * The total carbon stock in the country’s forest is estimated to be 7,204 million tonnes and there is an increase of 79.4 million tonnes in the carbon stock of the country as compared to the last assessment of 2019. * The annual increase in the carbon stock is 39.7 million tonnes. * a 4 per cent increase in the growing stock in the country as compared to 2019, of which the bulk is from forests outside the recorded area * when compared in terms of growing stock, the land with trees outside forest is more productive (61.35 cubic metres per ha) than that in the recorded forest (56.60 cubic metres per ha)

Answer 143

The total number of wetlands located within the RFA/GW is 8.13%. Amongst the States, Gujarat has the largest area of wetlands within RFA in the country followed by West Bengal.

Answer 144

* **The top five states in terms of increase in forest cover** are Andhra Pradesh (647 sq km), Telangana (632 sq km), Odisha (537 sq km), Karnataka (155 sq km) and Jharkhand (110 sq km). * **Among the mega cities in the country,** Ahmedabad has been the biggest loser when it comes to forest cover. * **Area-wise,** Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in the country followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Maharashtra. * 17 states/UTs have above 33 per cent of the geographical area under forest cover. * Out of these states and UTs, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya have more than 75 per cent forest cover.

Answer 145

1. In the present ISFR 2021, FSI has included a new chapter related to **the assessment of forest cover in the Tiger Reserves, Corridors and Lion conservation area of India.** 2. A new initiative of FSI has also been documented in the form of a chapter, where **the ‘Above Ground Biomass’** has been estimated. FSI, in collaboration with Space Application Centre (SAC), ISRO, Ahmedabad, initiated a special study for estimation of Above Ground Biomass (AGB) at pan-India level, using L- band of **Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data.** 3. FSI in collaboration of with Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Goa Campus has performed a study based on **‘Mapping of Climate Change Hotspots in Indian Forests’.** The collaborative study was carried out with the objective to map the climatic hotspots over the forest cover in India, using computer model-based projection of temperature and rainfall data, for the three future time periods i.e. year 2030, 2050 and 2085. 4. **The report also contains information on various parameters State/UT wise.** Special thematic information on forest cover such as hill, tribal districts, and north eastern region has also been given separately in the report.

Answer 146

1. shows a minimal increase of 0.16 million ha (0.2 per cent) in the forest cover between 2019 and 2021. India's forest cover stood at **71.38 Mn Ha** in 2021 (22% of INdia's geographical area) as compared to 71.22 Mn Ha in 2019 2. The quality of forests also seems to have been stable. 1. very dense forest: increased marginally to 9.98 Mn Ha (3% of India's area) and now constitute just 14% of foerst cover 2. moderately dense forest decreased marginally to 30.68 Mn Ha (9%of INdia's area) 3. Open forest increased marginally to 30.7 Mn Ha (9%of INdia's area) 4. There is, in fact, some increase in the “very dense” forest category (with canopy cover of over 70 per cent) and in the “open” forest category (canopy cover 10-40 per cent), and 5. almost an equal decrease in the moderately dense forest category (canopy cover 40-70 per cent). 3. forest cover outside recorded forest area 1. first recorded as part of ISFR 2015 2. isfr 2021 shows that close to 28 per cent of the forest cover is outside the recorded forest area i.e. **19.72 Mn Ha forest cover outside RFA** 3. About 12 per cent of the very dense category of forests is also outside the recorded areas 4. increase in forest cover between 2019 and 2021 has happened primarily because of the growth outside the recorded area. While the forest cover within recorded forests area has witnessed negligible increase, the growth outside has been 0.76 per cent 5. This shows that forests are growing because people are planting trees on their individual lands, and are planting non-forest species, since there are huge restrictions on planting and felling trees listed in the Indian Forest Act, 1927 6. Roughly 40 per cent of the open forests are in the outside recorded areas and in all probability, this is where the tea, coffee or other private plantations would be counted as part of forest cover. 4. Thus India's total forest and tree cover is 71.38 (51.66 inside RFA + 19.72 outside RFA) Mn Ha + 9.6 Mn Ha tree cover (all outside RFA)= 80.98 Mn Ha. 5. Forest and tree cover outside RFA= (9.6 + 19.72)/ 80.98 = 36% i.e. 36% of INdia's totalgreen cover is outside RFA. 6. This land outside recorded forests also contributes to 38 per cent of the forest sinks in the country, acc to FSI

Answer 147

A total of 25.87 million ha of recorded forest area—forest land under the control of state government’s forest department—is not accounted for in the “India State of Forest Report 2021” This is India’s forest area—land classified as forests; land which is out of bounds for all other purposes than to grow trees on. According to the isfr 2021, the recorded forest area in the country is 77.53 million ha, which is some 23 per cent of the country’s geographic area. Over the past three decades, this recorded forest area has remained more or less the same. But the total forest cover inside RFA is only 51.66 mn Ha. This means that 25.87 Mn Ha of area is under RFA but does not have forests on it. This land is not even classified as “scrub”. Forested Madhya Pradesh is missing 3 million ha—the difference between recorded forest area and forest cover is close to 32 per cent; in Jharkhand the difference is over 50 per cent It is not possible to brush aside almost 26 million ha. This is land, which if available, should be used for growing trees. If the remote sensing technology, used by fsi can count individual standing trees on land, it certainly can assess the state of this land— recorded as forest on paper. Otherwise, we have paper forests, not real ones.

Answer 148

The biggest takeaway from ISFR 2021 is, therefore, that forests with forest departments are not growing; and one-third of their land is not even fit for assessment. Forest cover is growing in spite of the government, not because of it.

Answer 149

1. 1st gen forest mgmt: Forest management started in India with the colonial British government, which took away community lands and nationalised them. The forests were meant for extraction to aid the colonial government’s economic exploitation of the country’s resources. first phase of post-Independent India continued this extractive system.

Answer 150

1. 2nd gen: second phase started in the 1980s, when the Forest Conservation Act and its subsequent amendments were passed, centralising the “diversion” of forest land. The push for this was the growing awareness of the rate of deforestation in mid 1980s

Answer 151

1. The third phase came with the mission for afforestation— 1. first it was about growing trees outside forests, in the wastelands. 2. Soon it became clear that the real wasteland was in the lands controlled by the forest department. It also became clear that survival of the trees required people cooperation. —it required villages to protect the land and to be partners in afforestation. 3. Thus started the Joint Forest Management (jfm), under which local communities would get usufruct rights to forest produce like grass and would guard the land in return so that forests grow 4. jfm did not succeed because it was a scheme in which state forest departments remained unwilling participants. The forest department showed up only when the trees, protected over the years, were ready for harvest 5. As part of the agreement, money was to be transferred to the village community. But as has been documented in cases from across the country, the final cheque paid for the forest produce was for such small amounts that it was a joke on the community. It broke trust of people

Answer 152

1. The fourth phase continues till today where forests are a permanent battle ground 1. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act (fra), 2006, has corrected a historical injustice, giving communities rights over land they have been living on 2. till February 2022, some 1.71 million ha of forest land was “settled” as individual rights to people. 3. But there is little attention to the need to afforest these lands and more

Answer 153

1. on the one hand, there is a need for enhanced protection of the remaining forests for ecological security, and on the other, there is a crucial need to build resilience of communities who live in these habitats—all in the times of increased risk because of climate change. 2. —we must shed reticence to plant what will be cut. The fact is that while the first phase of forest management in the country was extractive and exploitative, this 4th phase continues to be based on conservation to the extent that felling trees planted on one’s own land has become a crime. Today, India has to import much of its wood products, and according to a recent report by the International Tropical Timber Organization, this is often sourced from illegally cut forests in Africa and other nations.

Answer 154

1. PROTECTION OF THE REMAINING VERY DENSE AND ECOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT FORESTS IS CRITICAL 1. forests for highest level of protection should be identified and this data be made available so that clearance is not granted for projects in such areas 2. e bulk of these very rich forests are found in the habitats of the poorest people in the country. This means doing much more to build strategies for ecological payments to the communities that co-exist on these lands 3. The grant by FC based on forest cover of state has been made unconditional by 14th FC. which means the states are free to use it as they want, but nobody really knows where it comes or goes. It seems the idea of ecosystem payment for conservation, has been lost. This payment needs to be given to communities that live near the protected, high-value forests. This payment is for ecological services rendered because conservation is happening in their backyard and at their cost. 2. PLAN TO CUT AND PLANT AGAIN ON FOREST LAND WITH COMMUNITIES 1. for community forest management to work, trees will need to be cut and then planted again, and this means making a business of the minor and major forest produce. Felling of trees is not the problem; the problem is our inability to replant and to regrow them. This is what needs to be fixed. It is time we brought back the saw-mills so that wood can be used to replace cement or aluminium or steel in housing and in furniture. We need a woodbased future 3. END THE LICENSE-RAJ ON TREES OUTSIDE FORESTS 1. isfr 2021 shows that people are planting trees on their land against all odds. 2. In India today, it is literally a crime to fell a tree even if you have planted it on your own land 3. Under the Indian Forest Act 1927, timber or other produce derived from trees outside forests are treated as forest produce. This is not all. State governments have added to this through their own Acts that govern felling and transit of different tree species. Today, it is a task riddled with high transaction costs and harassment

Answer 155

work the law to make this happen at scale. India’s tryst with forests started with the Chipko movement, when women living in the high Himalayas “hugged” trees to stop the felling by woodcutters. But we misinterpreted the movement. The women stopped the felling, not because they did not want the tree cut, but they wanted the right to decide when the tree would be felled. They knew their survival was intrinsically linked to forests—they needed these lands for fodder and for water conservation. We heard that trees had to protected at all costs; not that we needed to build a sustainable future that would be based on the utilisation of wood for local economies

Answer 156

* It estimates that there are 53,336 million bamboo clumps in the country, up from 13,882 million in 2019. * The bamboo bearing area is estimated to be 15 million ha—roughly 20 per cent of the forest cover in 2021. * But the potential of this resource remains unutilised because of all the restrictions that come with cutting and transporting trees. * After much discussions, the India Forest Act, 1927, was amended in 2017 to remove bamboo from the definition of tree to remove restrictions on its felling and transit in non-forest lands, but the progress is slow.

Answer 157

Tropical forests: two subtypes 1. Moist Tropical 1. tropical Wet evergreen 2. Tropical semi-evergreen 3. tropical moist deciduous 4. Littoral and swamp 2. Dry 1. tropical dry evergreen 2. tropical dry deciduous 3. tropical thorn forests Montane forest types (1000-3000m) 1. Sub-tropical montane(1000-2000m) 1. Sub-tropical Broad-leaved hill forests 2. sub tropical moist pine 3. sub-tropical dry evergreen 2. Temperate montane(1500-3000m) 1. wet temperate 2. moist temperate 3. dry temperate alpine (\>3000m) 1. Sub-Alpine 2. Moist Alpine scrub 3. Dry Alpine scrub

Answer 158

1. climate 1. rf\>250cm 2. T=25-27 deg C 3. avg humidity≥ 77% 4. distinctly dry season 2. characterestics 1. evergreen 2. lofty: 45-60m 3. highly dense: sun light cannot reach ground 4. multi-layered: variety of climbers, orchids 5. very high BD 3. where? 1. Western sides of WG, south of mumbai 2. in a strip running NE-SW across AP, Upper Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura 3. A&N islands 4. species- 1. mesua, white cedar, hopea, jamun in WG 2. Gurhan, chaplasha, bamboo in Himalayan regions 5. commercial usage 1. timber is fine grained, hard and durable; thereby high commercial value 2. underdeveloped lumbering industry since trees are not in pure strands, very dense forests and lack of transport facilities

Answer 159

1. climate 1. rf:200-250cm 2. T 24-27 deg C 2. characterestics 1. less dense but more gregarious (open clusters) 2. represent a transition from wet evergreen to deciduous 3. buttressed trunks, rougher and thicker bark, heavy climbers less bamboos and abundant epiphytes 3. where? 1. bordering areas of tropical wet evergreen forests 2. western coast 3. Assam, lower slopes of eastern Himalayas 4. Odisha 5. Andamans 4. species 1. aini, semul, gutel, mundani, kadam in WG 2. white cedar, INdian chestnut in Himalayan region 5. commercial usage -----------

Answer 160

1. Climate 1. 100-200cm rf 2. T ~27 deg C 2. characterestics 1. drop their leaves during spring and early summer due to insufficient moisture 2. irregular top storey of different species, 25-60 m high 3. heavily buttressed trees and fairly complete shrubby undergrowth with patches of bamboos, climbers 3. Where? 1. **most common in India** 2. belt running along WG surrounding belt of evergreen forests both on eastern and western slopes 3. a strip along shiwalik range including terai and bhabhar from 77^o E to 88^o E 4. Manipur and mIzoram 5. hills of eastern MP and CHH, Chhota nagpur plateau and most of Odisha, parts of WB 6. A&N islands 4. species: teak, sal, padauk, laurel, badam, rosewood, mahua 5. commercial usage 1. very useful owing to their valuable timber and other forest products 2. comparatively easy to exploit these forests

Answer 161

1. Climate 1. rf:100cm =\> rf less than moist evergreen, thus 'dry'; evergreen forests in areas of such low rf is peculiar and is maybe possible due to seasonal nature of rf in the region 2. mean annual T ~28 deg C 3. humidity 75% 2. characterestics 1. short statured trees, upto 12 m 2. complete canopy with no layer differentiation 3. mostly coriaceous (leather like) leaved trees of short boles (trunk) 4. bamboos are rare or absent 5. grasses not clearly visible 3. where? 1. along coasts of TN 4. species 1. khirni, ritha, tamarind, machkund 5. economic usage 1. most of these lands have been cleared for agri usage or plantations

Answer 162

1. Climate 1. 100-150 cm rf 2. characterestics 1. shed their leaves in dry season 2. represent transition betn moist deciduous and thron forests 3. closed and rather uneven canopy 4. enough light reaches ground to permit growth of grass and climbers 5. bamboos as well 3. where? 1. a large area, in an irregular wide strip running N-S from foot of himalayas to Kaniyakumari 4. species: sal, teak, axlewood, tendu, rosewood, palas, rosewood, red sanders 5. economic usage: large tracts have been cleared for agri purposes

Answer 163

1. Climate 1. \<75cm rf 2. high T 25-30 deg C 3. low humidity 2. characteretics 1. low and widely scattered trees 3. where? 1. NW India- RJ, Kutcch, Kathiawar 2. leeside WG 4. species 1. acacias and eucalyptus are prominent 2. Indian wild date 3. khair, reunjha, neem, babul, cactii 5. economic usage ------

Answer 164

1. Climate 1. rf 75-125 cm 2. T 18-21 deg C 3. avg humidity 80% 2. characterestics 1. luxurious forests of evergreen species 2. fairly high 3. dense 4. climbers and epiphyes common 3. where? 1. in eastern himalayas to the east of 88^o E betn altitudes 1000-2000 m 2. Southern INdia: 1. these forests are not so distinct in southern India due to restricted area of southern hills 2. occur in Nilgiri and Palni hills 3. It is essentially a “**stunted rainforest**” and is not so luxuriant as true tropical evergreen forests 4. higher parts of WG such as Mahabaleshwar, summits of satpura, amikal ranges, highland sof bastar and Mt. Abu in Aravali also carry these types of forests 4. species 1. evergreen oaks and chestnuts predominate with some ash and beech 2. sals and pines as well 5. economic usage 1. mostly been destroyed

Answer 165

1. Climate: rf:100cm (i.e. less than broad-leaved) 2. characterestics 1. often a grassy floor with bulbous plants and little undergrowth, except for stunted evergreen oaks in wetter areas 3. where? 1. occur at the same height as wet hill forests but in western himalayas betn 73^o E and 88^o E 2. some parts of AP, Manipur, naga hills and Khasi hills 4. species 1. Chir or chil is the most dominant; forms pue stands 5. economic usage 1. chir provides valuable timber for furniture, boxes and buildings 2. also used for producing resin and turpentine

Answer 166

1. Climate: rf: 1. 50-100cm (i.e. less than moist pine) 2. summers sufficiently hot and winters cold enough for frequent frost 2. characterestics 1. low, practically scrub forest with small evergreen stunted trees and srubs incl thorny species, herbs and grasses 3. where? 1. found in very limited area- in Bhabhar, shiwaliks and western himalayas upto 1000 m ASL 4. species: 1. olive, acacia modesta and pistacia 2. considerable tracts are covered by dwarf creeping palm Nonnorpops 5. economic usage-------------

Answer 167

1. climate 1. 150-300cm rf 2. T 11-14 deg C 3. avg humidity ≥ 80% 2. characterestics 1. closed evergreen forests 2. trees are mostly short boled (\< 6m) and branchy with large girth 3. leaves are dense and rounded 4. branches are clothed with mosses, ferns and other epiphytes 5. woody climbers are common 3. where? 1. higher hills (1800-3000m) of TN, Kerala 2. eastern himalayas to the east of 88^o E incl hills of WB, assam, AP, Sikkim and Nagaland 4. species: deodar, chilauni, Indian chestnut, birch, plum, hemlock 5. economic usage ------------

Answer 168

1. climate 1. 150-250 cm rf 2. characteristics 1. pure coniferous species, 2. 30-50 m high 3. in wetter east, form high but fairly open forest with shrubby undergrowth 4. in drier western parts, pure stands 3. where? 1. temperate zone of himalayas i.e. 1500-3300 m 2. cover the entire legth of Himalayas in Kashmir, HP, UK, darjeeling ad Sikkim 4. species 1. mainly coniferous species 2. in wetter east 1. broad leaved evergreens are mixed with dominant conifirs 2. pines, cedars, silver firs, spruce 3. undergrowth of oaks, rhododendrons, laurels and some bamboos 3. in drier western parts, deodar dominates and forms almost pure strands 5. economic usage 1. deodar provides fine wood used for construction, timber and rly sleepers

Answer 169

1. climate 1. rf \< 100cm, mostly snow 2. characteristics----------- 3. where? 1. inner dry ranges of Himalayas wher SW monsoon is very feeble; 2000-3000m 2. Ladakh, Lahul, Chamba, kinnaur, Garhwal and Sikkim 4. species 1. predominantly coniferous forests with xerophytic shrubs 2. deodars, chilgoza, oak, ash, maple, olive 5. economic usage------------

Answer 170

1. climate------------------ 2. characteristics 1. sub-alpine: dense growth of small crooked trees and large shrubs with coniferous overwood. It is a mixture of coniferous (30 m) and broad leaved trees (10m) 2. moist alpine scrub: low, evergreen, dense 3. dry alpine: uppermost limit of scrub xerophytic, dwarf shrubs 3. where? 1. occur all along the himalayas at altitudes 2900-3800m 2. three sub-types 1. sub-alpine: occur at upper limit fo tree forest adjoining alpine scrub and grasslands 2. moist alpine scrub: 3000m upto snowline 3. dry alpine: over 3500 m ASL, in dry zone 4. species 1. sub-alpine: fir, kail, spruce, rhododendron 2. moist alpine scrub: rhododendron, birch, honeysuckle 3. dry alpine: Juniper, honeysuckle, artemesia 5. economic usage----------------

Answer 171

1. where? 1. in and around deltas, estuaries, creeks prone to tidal influences 2. while littoral forests occur at several places along the coast, swamp forests aer confined to the deltas of Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery 3. mangroves: sunderban 2. characterestics: 1. most peculiar feature: they can survive and grow both in fresh as well as brackish water 3. species 1. sundri 2. sonneratia, agar, nhendi, keora 4. economic usage 1. useful fuel wood 2. hard and durable timber used for construction and building purpose as well as for making boats

Answer 172

* Tropical Moist deciduous-37% * Tropical dry deciduous- 28% * Tropical Wet evergreen- 8% * montance sub-tropical pine -6% * tropical semi-evergreen-4% * least: dry evergreen-0.2%

Answer 173

RFA gives the extent of forests in terms of legal status. irrespctive actual forest canopy cover. RFA are the land notified as a forest under any Govt act or recorded as a forest in govt records, It may or may not have an actual forest cover on the grnd. Three categories: 1. reserved forests: under IFA, 1927 or state acts; exclusively for use of forest deptts and people had no rights other than those permitted by state 2. protected forests: under IFA, 1927 or state acts; alsomanaged by forest deptts bt people had certain rights wrt MFP 3. unclassed forests: Total RFA in India 7.67L sq km (23.3% of TGA)

Answer 174

1. Section 2(i) of the Forest Rights Act defines a Minor Forest Produce (MFP) 2. all non-timber forest produce of plant origin and includes * bamboo, * brushwood, * stumps, * canes, * cocoon, * honey, * waxes, * Lac, * tendu/kendu leaves, * medicinal plants etc. 3. The definition of “minor forest produce” includes bamboo and cane, thereby changing the categorization of bamboo and cane as “trees” under the Indian Forest Act 1927.

Answer 175

* Union Cabinet, in 2013, approved a Centrally Sponsored Scheme for marketing of non-nationalized / non monopolized MFP and development of a value chain for MFP through MSP * This was a measure towards social safety for MFP gatherers, who are primarily members of the STs and LWEs * Recently, Ministry of Tribal Affairs has announced inclusion of 23 additional MFPs in MSP list, which include * Van tulsi seeds * Van Jeera * Mushroom * Black rice * Johar rice etc. * This enhances the coverage from 50 to 73 items. This comes in view of the COVID-19 pandemic so that much needed support could be provided to the tribal MFP gatherers.

Answer 176

Major Forest Products comprise Pulpwood, Sandalwood, Social Forestry that incudes Fuel and Timber Minor Forest Products include the items such as tamarind, curry leaf, Tendu Patta, gallnut, Cane, Soapnut, tree moss and now Bamboo also Bamboo was recognized as a Minor Forest Produce way back in 2006 Forest Rights Act, now its selling rights have been given to villages many states such as Gujarat, Maharastra, and Rajasthan have given liberty to the tribals for collection of the minor forest products. In states like Tamil Nadu, collection of Minor Forest Produce is leased out to scheduled caste and scheduled tribes Cooperatives societies such as LAMPS at a concessional rate of 10% GoI has assigned the ownership of minor forest produce to the people living in and around forests for the purpose of collection, processing, trade and marketing through national level legislation named as the Scheduled tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest rights) Act, 2006

Answer 177

* A K Sharma Committee fr collaboration betn Min of PRI and MoTA * T Haque Committee:recommended for fixation of MSP for 14 MFPs in its final report.

Answer 178

MoTA on recommendation of TRIFED and the states concerned

Answer 179

1. T 2. F; MoTA

Answer 180

1. Community forest resource: customary common forest land within traditional boundaries of village. includes reserved forests, protected forests and protected areas such as WLS, NPs to which community had traditional access 2. critical wildlife habitat: areas of NP/WLS reqd to be kept inviolate for Wl conservation 3. Forest dwelling ST: members or community of STs including ST pastoralist communities 4. Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs): any member who has for at least three generations prior to Dec 13th 2005, primarily resided in and who depend on fores for livelihood needs

Answer 181

act identify four types of rights: 1. Title rights * It gives FDST and OTFD the right to ownership to land farmed by tribals or forest dwellers subject to a maximum of 4 hectares. * Ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the concerned family and no new lands will be granted. 2. Use rights: 1. Right to hold and live in forest land under individual or common occupation for livelihood or habitation 2. *Nistar rights*: The rights of the dwellers extend to extracting Minor Forest Produce, collect firewood, grazing areas, to pastoralist routes, etc. 3. community forest rights of nomadic or pastoralist communities to use of fish and other products of water bodies, grazing 3. Relief and development rights: To rehabilitation in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement and to basic amenities, subject to restrictions for forest protection 4. Forest management rights: It includes the right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource which they have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use. Also right of access to BD and community rights to IPR and traditional knowledge related to BD.

Answer 182

1. This Act will not give a single square inch of land to anyone. The Act only requires the government to give legal recognition to lands that people have already been farming 2. if I am a tribal cultivating half an acre of forest land as on December 13, 2005, I will receive title to exactly that half acre – no more. 3. If I am cultivating 10 hectares, I receive title to four of those; and 4. if I am cultivating nothing, I receive title to nothing. 5. oreover, the titles recognised under this Act cannot be sold or transferred to anyone

Answer 183

1. What are called “forests” in Indian law often have nothing to do with actual forests. 2. Under the Indian Forest Act, areas were often declared to be “government forests” without recording who lived in these areas, what land they were using, what uses they made of the forest / land – and often without surveying whether it was forest at all. 3. 82% of Madhya Pradesh’s forest blocks, 20% of AP’s government forests and 40% of Orissa’s reserved forests have never been surveyed. 4. Similarly 60% of India’s national parks have till today (sometimes after 25 years, as in Sariska) not completed their process of enquiry and settlement of rights. 5. As a result millions of people are subject to harassment, evictions, etc, on the pretext of being encroachers in their own homes. In the latest national eviction drive from 2002 onwards, more than 3,00,000 families were driven into destitution and starvation

Answer 184

1. Gram Sabha (full village assembly) makes a recommendation i.e who has been cultivating land for how long, which minor forest produce is collected, etc. 2. Forest Rights Committee (FRC) constituted at village level to assist Gram sabha in discharge of its functions. FRC is democratically elected from amongst the members of Gram sabha. 3. gram sabha’s recommendation goes through two stages of screening committees at the taluka and district levels. The district level committee makes the final decision 4. The Committees have six members : three government officers and three elected persons. 5. At both the taluka and the district levels, any person who believes a claim is false can appeal to the Committees, and if they prove their case the right is denied 6. land recognised under this Act cannot be sold or transferred.

Answer 185

1. Members or community of the Scheduled Tribes who primarily reside in and who depend on the forests or forest lands for bona fide livelihood needs. 2. It can also be claimed by any member or community who has for at least three generations (75 years) prior to the 13th day of December, 2005 primarily resided in forests land for bona fide livelihood needs. 3. The Gram Sabha is the authority to initiate the process for determining the nature and extent of Individual Forest Rights (IFR) or Community Forest Rights (CFR) or both that may be given to FDST and OTFD.

Answer 186

Joint committee report 2010 (MoEFCC + MoTA) 1. implementation has been poor 2. FRA doesn't provide any timeframe for completion of process. implementation process by SGs has been slow in general 3. serious flaws in constitution of Forest Rights Committee in many states. 4. FRA stipulates that OTFDs are not to be evicted or removed until their process of recognition and verification of their rights is complete. However, this has been violated in many cases 5. cases of relocaation of tribals from PAs including TRs without having completed procedures under FRA 6. most states have concentrated almost entirely on implementing provisions for individual forest rights with little regards to giving ownership over community forest rights. 2019: SC in feb 2019, had ordered for eviction of millions of forest dwellers from forests ass their claims had been rejected by states. Forest rights have been recognised over only 5.28 million ha of land till date, two-third of which are community rights where communities can’t change the land use and are mandated to protect forests.

temp Flashcards

(214 cards)