Tissues

Question 1

Four basic tissue types

Answer 1

Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous.

Question 2

Location of epithelia

Answer 2

Covers a body surfaces or lines a body cavity, forms parts of most glands

Question 3

Functions of epithelia

Answer 3

Protection, secretion, absorption, diffusion, filtration, sensory reception

Question 4

Special characteristics of epithelia

Answer 4

Cellularity - minimal extracellular material
Polarity - apical different from basal surface
Avascular but innervated - receives nutrients from underlying connective tissue
Regeneration - lost cells are quickly replaced by division

Question 5

Simple epithelia

Answer 5

Single layer of cells attached to a basement membrane

Question 6

Stratified epithelia

Answer 6

Multiple layers of cells

Question 7

Squamous cells

Answer 7

Wider than tall (plate-like)

Question 8

Cuboidal cells

Answer 8

As wide as tall, like cubes

Question 9

Columnar cells

Answer 9

Taller than wide

Question 10

Simple squamous epithelia function

Answer 10

Passage of materials by diffusion and filtration.
Secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

Question 11

Stratified squamous epithelia

Answer 11

Many layers with deeper cells appearing cuboidal/columnar.
Thickest epithelial tissue adapted for protection from abrasion.

Regenerate from the basal layer and are named according to the shape of cells at the apical layer.

Question 12

Simple cuboidal epithelia

Answer 12

Secretion and absorption.

Located in the kidney tubules, secretory portion of small glands, and ovary surface.

Question 13

Stratified cuboidal epithelia

Answer 13

Two layers of cube shaped cells that are protective. Forms ducts of the mammary glands, salivary glands, and the largest sweat glands.

Question 14

Stratified transitional epithelia

Answer 14

Protection; stretching to accomodate distension of urinary structures

Question 15

Simple squamous epithelia location

Answer 15

Renal corpuscles. alveoli of lungs, lining of heart, blood, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

Question 16

Basement membranes and diabetes

Answer 16

Glycosylation thickens the BM in epithelial lining due to increased amount of glucose binding.

Question 17

Simple columnar epithelia

Answer 17

Secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

Question 18

Location of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

Answer 18

Lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands

Question 19

Location of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Answer 19

Lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus.

Question 20

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 20

All cells originate at the BM, only tall cells reach the apical surface. Secretes mucus and propels it via cilia.

Question 21

Location of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 21

Lines trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract

Question 22

Location of nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 22

Ducts of male reproductive tubes, ducts of large glands

Question 23

unicellular exocrine glands

Answer 23

Goblet cells
Mucin + water = mucus
Protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces

Question 24

Kartagener’s syndrome

Answer 24

Immotile cilia syndrome, inherited disease, nonfunctional cilia leads to frequent respiratory infections

Question 25

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 25

Located at the epidermis and contains keratin which is waterproofing.

Question 26

Nonkeratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 26

Forms moist lining of body opening s and mucous membranes in the esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina, and urethra.

Question 27

Stratified columnar epithelia

Answer 27

Several layers, basal cells are usually cuboidal and superficial cells are elongated. Functions for protection and secretion. Found in the male urethra and large ducts of some glands (rare).

Question 28

Main classes of connective tissue

Answer 28

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, blood.

Question 29

Important functions of connective tissue

Answer 29

Bassi of skeleton, stores and carries nucleus, surrounds blood vessels and nerves, and leads the fight against infection

Question 30

Special characteristics of connective tissue

Answer 30

Few cells but an abundant extracellular matrix composed of ground substance and fibers, produced by cells of the connective tissue. Common embryonic origin is the mesenchyme

Question 31

Connective fibers

Answer 31

Function in support, includes collagen, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers

Question 32

Collagen fibers

Answer 32

Strongest; resist tension

Question 33

Reticular fibers

Answer 33

Bundles of special type of cartilage

Question 34

Elastic fibers

Answer 34

Contain elastin and recoil after stretching

Question 35

Ground substance

Answer 35

Gel-like substance consisting of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans to cushion body structures and hold tissue fluid.

Question 36

Areolar connective tissue as a model connective tissue

Answer 36

Main battlefield in fight against infection - Defenders gather at infection sites - All 3 fibers provide support - Fibroblasts produce fibers and the ground substance

Question 37

Blood tissue as an atypical connective tissue

Answer 37

Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix that transport respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste. Located within the blood vessels.

Question 38

Muscle tissue

Answer 38

Most are made of muscle fibers containing myofilaments composed of actin and myosin.

Question 39

Three types of muscle tissue

Answer 39

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Question 40

Skeletal muscle cells

Answer 40

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate, with obvious striations. Involved in voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of the environment.

Question 41

Cardiac muscles

Answer 41

Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialised junctions (intercalated discs) Contracts to propel blood into the circulation via involuntary control.

Question 42

Smooth muscle

Answer 42

Spindle shaped cells with central nuclei, no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets. Propels substances or objects (food, urine, babies) along internal passageways via involuntary control.

Question 43

Nervous tissue description

Answer 43

Branching neurons with extended cell processes from the nucleus-containing body. Also includes nonconducting, supportive cells

Question 44

Nervous tissue function

Answer 44

Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effector muscles and glands to control the activity of effector organs.

Question 45

Capacity for regeneration

Answer 45

Replacement of destroyed tissue witht he same type

Question 46

Tissues with good to excellent regeneration

Answer 46

epithelial tissue, bone connective tissue, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and blood-forming connective tissue.

Question 47

Tissues with moderate regeneration

Answer 47

Smooth muscle tissue, dense regular connective tissue

Question 48

Tissues with weak regeneration

Answer 48

Skeletal muscle, cartilage