Urinary

Question 1

Location of the kidneys

Answer 1

In the retroperitoneum.
Due to the liver, the right kidney sits lower than the left, both covering several abdomenal regions

Question 2

Near what ribs do the kidneys lie?

Answer 2

Anterior to the eleventh and twelth

Question 3

Where does the renal vein drain?

Answer 3

Into the inferior vena cava

Question 4

Components of the nephron

Answer 4

Renal corpuscle - tuft of capillaries called glomerulus and glomerular capsule (bowman’s) renal tubule

Question 5

Basic mechanisms of urine formation

Answer 5

Glomerular filtration
Tubular resorption, secretion

Question 6

Components of the glomerular wall + capillary

Answer 6

Fenestrations in capillary
Basement membrane
Podocyte foot processes

Question 7

Glomerular capsule parietal layers cells

Answer 7

Simple squamous

Question 8

Glomerular capsule visceral layer cells

Answer 8

Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillary
Basement membrane
Podocyte

Question 9

Proximal convoluted tubule cells

Answer 9

Cuboidal epithelium with increased mitochondria and microvilli, enfolded at the basal plasma membrane.

Question 10

Distal convoluted tubule cells

Answer 10

Simple cuboidal cells, shorter than those in the PCT with numerous mitochondria and basal enfoldings.

Question 11

Nephron loop (thin-limb) cells

Answer 11

Simple squamous epithelial, specialised for water reabsorption.

Question 12

Collecting duct cells

Answer 12

Principal cells (light) (water-sodium balance)
Intercalated cells (dark) with Villi (acid-base balance)

Both cuboidal epithelia.

Question 13

Structure of cortical nephrons

Answer 13

Corpuscles in the high cortex.
Short loops.
Specialised for reabsorption and secretion.

Question 14

Structure of juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 14

Corpuscles near the medulla with long loops into the deep medulla.
Specialised for concentrating urine via the vasa recta.

Question 15

Vasa recta

Answer 15

Hairpin shaped, straight capillaries in the kidney medulla that run parallel to the loops of henle.

Maintain osmotic gradient and supply blood to the medulla.

Question 16

Pyelogram

Answer 16

X-ray with contrast for visualisation of renal blockages.

Also known as urogram.

Question 17

How many pyelogram types, what are they?

Answer 17

1. Ascending (retrograde - dye via catheter)
2. Descending (IV - dye via vein)

Question 18

Through which spinal region does the pyelogram display?

Answer 18

L2 through L5, mostly lumbar.

Question 19

Urethra

Answer 19

Segment past the urinary bladder.

Question 20

Urethra in men vs women?

Answer 20

Much smaller in women which makes UTIs more common but catheterisation easier.

Question 21

Parts of the male urethra

Answer 21

Prostatic/spongy, penile, membraneous.

Question 22

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra?

Answer 22

Membraneous

Question 23

What is microturition?

Answer 23

Voiding of urine

Question 24

Where does the microturition reflex originate?

Answer 24

The pontine microturition center.

Question 25

Function of sensory fibers in the bladder?

Answer 25

Carry stretch sensation from the bladder wall to the spinal cord where it then travels to the pontine microturition center.

Question 26

Parasympathetic efferents to microturition

Answer 26

Triggered to contract the detrusor and open the internal urethral sphincter

Question 27

Sympathetic efferents in microturition

Answer 27

Inhibited upon sensation of stretch

Question 28

Somatic efferents in microturition

Answer 28

Inhibited to external urethral sphincter - relaxation.

Question 29

Where are transplanted kidneys placed?

Answer 29

The iliac fossa! Failed kidneys are not actually removed. q

Question 30

Difference in infant microturition

Answer 30

Infants lack myelination in the connects between the cerebrum and pons to mediate the communications that influence microturition. Thus voiding is involuntary and only originates in the pontine center.

Question 31

Are suprarenal/adrenal glands part of the urinary system?

Answer 31

NO

Question 32

Peritoneum of kidneys

Answer 32

Retroperitoneum, kidneys sit beside L4/5.

Question 33

Position of the abdominal aorta on CT

Answer 33

Slightly to the left of the vertebral column

Question 34

Calyces function

Answer 34

Tubes that join together within the kidneys for the draining of urine into the ureter

Question 35

2 parts of the nephron

Answer 35

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Question 36

Filtration slits

Answer 36

Podocytes and adjacent processes interdigitate.

Question 37

How much of nephrons are cortical?

Answer 37

85%

Question 38

How is the urinary bladder positioned?

Answer 38

Immediately posterior to the pubis. Uterus sandwiched between rectum and bladder in female pelvis Prostate inferior to the bladder in the male pelvis.

Question 39

Muscle of the urinary bladder

Answer 39

Detrusor

Question 40

parasympathetic stimulation of the detrusor

Answer 40

Contraction

Question 41

Sympathetic stimulation of the detrusor

Answer 41

Relaxation

Question 42

Trigone of the bladder

Answer 42

3 angles formed by two ureter orifices and urethral orifice where there are no folds.

Question 43

Innervation of the internal urethral sphincter

Answer 43

Smooth muscle that is supplied by the autonomic

Question 44

Innervation of the external urethral sphincter

Answer 44

Made of skeletal muscle and supplied by somatic nerves

Question 45

Mobility of kidneys

Answer 45

Slightly mobile despite being retroperitoneal

Question 46

Symptoms of renal stones (calculi)

Answer 46

Urinating more often Pain while urinating Pain from loin to groin Blood in urine

Question 47

Vasa recta supply what?

Answer 47

The loop of juxtamedullary nephrons