25.4 directing groups

Question 1

what do activating groups do?

Answer 1

increase the reactivity of the benzene ring

Question 2

what will happen to the reaction if the compound has an activating group?

Answer 2

reactions will be faster
need lower temps
need more mild conditions

Question 3

what do deactivating groups do?

Answer 3

decrease the reactivity of the benzene ring

Question 4

what will happen to the reaction if the compound has a deactivating group?

Answer 4

reactions will be slower
need higher temps
need harsher conditions

Question 5

what are positions 2/6 known as?

Answer 5

ortho

Question 6

what are positions 3/5 known as?

Answer 6

meta

Question 7

what is position 4 known as?

Answer 7

para

Question 8

what are ortho/para directing groups?

Answer 8

NH2 NHR
force an additional group to substitute onto the ortho or para position on the benzene ring
all activating groups
donate electrons onto the ring
reactivity increases
2nd substitution will be on ortho/ para position

Question 9

name a meta directing group

Answer 9

NO2

Question 10

what do meta directing groups?

Answer 10

they force an additional group to substitute onto the meta position on the benzene ring
groups withdraw electrons from ring
reactivity decreases
2nd substitution at meta position

Question 11

what are electron-donating groups?

Answer 11

electrons in orbitals that overlap with the delocalised ring and increase its electron density

Question 12

examples of electron-donating groups

Answer 12

OH and NH2

Question 13

where do electron-donating groups direct substitutions to?

Answer 13

2,4 and 6

Question 14

what are electron withdrawing groups?

Answer 14

doesn’t have any orbitals that overlap with the delocalised ring and it’s electronegative so it withdraws electron density from the ring

Question 15

examples of electron withdrawing groups

Answer 15

NO2

Question 16

where do electron withdrawing groups direct substitutions to?

Answer 16

3 and 5