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Infection and Immunity > Week 6 - Blood Borne Viruses > Flashcards

Week 6 - Blood Borne Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What cell does HIV infect?

A

-CD4+ T Lymphocyte

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2
Q

Where does HIV replicate?

A

-CD4+ T lymphocyte

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3
Q

Why does HIV cause immunosuppression?

A

-Destroys CD4+ t lymphocytes so the immune system is reduced

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4
Q

What is the average life expectancy of a person with HIV?

A

-77 years

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5
Q

How does the free virus infect cells?

A
  • Free virus binds to CD4+ on Th lymphocyte and with the help of co-stimulatory molecules fuses with the cell
  • Virus penetrates cell membrane and empties viral contents into cell
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6
Q

What happens once HIV has infected a cell to lead to replication?

A
  • Reverse transcription of ssRNA to dsDNA by reverse transcriptase
  • Viral DNA integrated with cellular DNA by integrase
  • Infected cell division results in viral protein production
  • Viral proteins come together and an immature virus pushes out of cell becoming enveloped in cell membrane
  • Maturation and infection of new cell
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7
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A
  • Sexual -> vaginal, anal and oral
  • Sharing injecting equiptment
  • Vertical transmission
  • Medical procedures
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8
Q

Explain the relationship between viral load and CD4+ cell count throughout the disease progression

A

1) Initially acute infection and seroconversion -> CD4+ count and viral count high -> body attempts ab response but it is not enough to clear the infection -> Viral load decreased but not cleared -> acute infection resolves
2) Latent infection lasts 2-10 years with a gradual decline of CD4+ and a slow rise of viral load
3) Symptomatic infection occurs as viral load rises
4) Severe infection/AIDs as CD4+ count diminished and viral load very high

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9
Q

How does the acute infection in HIV present?

A
  • Flu-like illness

- Fever, malaise, vomiting, sores

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10
Q

How does the symptomatic infection of HIV present?

A
  • Pneumonias and candida infections begin to appear

- Increased susceptibility to yeasts, mould and protozoa

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11
Q

Name some AIDs defining illnesses

A
  • Kaposi’s sarcoma
  • PCP
  • TB
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Cryptococcus
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12
Q

How is HIV diagnosed?

A

-Blood test subjected to HIV antigen/antibody tests 4-6 weeks after possible exposure

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13
Q

How is HIV treated?

A
  • Highly active antiretroviral therapy -> combination of three drugs to prevent resistance developing to one drug and that virus replicating
  • HAART drugs target budding, fusion or DNA rep
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14
Q

How is Hep B transmitted?

A

-Blood, sexual, vertical

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15
Q

What is the incubation for Hep B?

A

-6 weeks-6 months

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16
Q

What proportion of hep B infections develop into chronic disease?

A

-6-10%

17
Q

What are common consequences of chronic hep B infections?

A
  • Cirrhosis

- Hepatocellular carcinoma

18
Q

How does acute Hep B infection present?

A
  • Jaundice
  • Fatigue
  • Abdo pain, N+V
  • Arthalgia
19
Q

Describe the features of LFTs in hep B infections

A

-Increased AST and ALT

20
Q

What proportion of Hep B infections go on to fulminant hepatic failure?

A

-1%

21
Q

How is hep B prevented?

A
  • Vaccination with Hep B surface antigen in 3 doses and boosters
  • Check for hep B surface antibody
22
Q

How is Hep B treated?

A

-Antiviral medication in chronic disease

23
Q

How does hep C differ from hep B?

A

-8-% progress to chronic infections in hepatits C

24
Q

Between HIC, Hep B and Hep C, which is the most prevalent world wide?

A

-Hep B

25
Q

What does multiple infections at multiple sites indicate in a patient?

A

-Immuno suppression

26
Q

How does TB present?

A

-Cough, weightloss, Fever, night sweats, haemoptysis, chest pain, fatigue

27
Q

How is TB diagnosed?

A
  • Tubercillin Skin test

- Interferon gamma release assays

28
Q

What type of organism is pneumocystis jirovecii?

A

-Fungus

29
Q

How does PJP present?

A

-Fever, dry cough, SoB and fatigue

30
Q

How is PCP diagnosed?

A

-Broncholavage and staining

31
Q

Persistence of what antigen after 6 months shows chronic hepatitis B infection?

A

-Surface antigen

32
Q

Which antibody is present for life after a hepatitis infection?

A

-Core antibody IgG

33
Q

Presence of which antigen in hepatits B is the infective stage?

A

-e-antigen

34
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

-Retrovirus

Infection and Immunity (15 decks)

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