Study Guide Leftovers 1 Flashcards
What are some of the environmental risk factors that were mentioned with respect to influencing cancer risk?
- smoke
- chemicals
- asbestos
- ionizing radiation
- Agent Orange
What are 3 common imaging techniques used to screen for breast cancer?
- mammograms
- breast ultrasound
- breast MRI
prostate exam
- DRE
- palpate prostate
thyroid exam
palpation
Which lymph nodes sites are most commonly palpated?
- cervical
- axillary
- inguinal
What types of cancer does a CBC primarily detect?
- bloodborne (leukemia or multiple myeloma)
- lymphomas
***also detects if body is fighting cancer
What number on the Gleason scale is problematic?
above 2.5
Dysplastic cells with urine cytologicy is often an indication of this
rhabdo
metaplasia: how do basal cells (epithelial stem cells) behave?
- switch to making another cell type in response to stress
- reversible, but dysplasia can easily follow
Metastasis via bloodstream
hematogenous or vascular
How might a biopsy of a basic tumor cause benign mechanical transport?
- lymphatic transport of epithelial cells displaced by biopsy
Steps of metastasis
- spread of tumor within tissue of origin through local invasion
- spread to micro-vasculature by intravasation
- circulation through vasculature before being trapped in microvasculature of other organs
- tumor cells extravasate into other organs to form a secondary tumor
What is self-sufficiency of growth?
- ability to self-produce GFs
- no longer require external factors
Cell division is normally inhibited at this point in the cell cycle by _____
- G1 checkpoint
- P53
How do cancer cells avoid apoptosis?
through suppression of apoptotic factors
